The document provides an overview of LTE technology in 10 minutes by covering 25 frequently asked interview questions about LTE. It aims to help readers quickly understand LTE basics, ace interviews, and get answers to technical questions. The questions cover topics like LTE bandwidths, resource blocks, throughput, UE states, handover types, measurements, random access procedures, Automatic Neighbor Relationships, Quality of Service classes, control channels, and more. The document is authored by Azar Taufique, a technology trainer who has taught LTE to over 2500 professionals. It encourages readers to email additional questions to the author.
What LTE Parameters need to be Dimensioned and OptimizedHoracio Guillen
How to Dimension user Traffic in 4G networks
What is the best LTE Configuration
Spectrum analysis for LTE System
MIMO: What is real, What is Wishful thinking
LTE Measurements what they mean and how they are used
How to consider Overhead in LTE Dimensioning and What is the impact
How to take into account customer experience when Designing a Wireless Network
To meet customers' requirements for high-quality networks, LTE trial networks must be optimized during and after project implementation. Radio frequency (RF) optimization is necessary in the entire optimization process. This document provides guidelines on network optimization for network planning and optimization personnel.
Throughput Performance Analysis VOIP over LTEiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Minimizing network delay or latency is a critical factor in delivering mobile broadband services; businesses and users expect network response will be close to instantaneous. Excess latency can have a profound effect on user experience—from excess delay during a simple phone conversation, reducing throughput at edge of cell coverage areas by reducing effectiveness of RAN optimization techniques, to slow- loading webpages and delays with streaming video. Response delays negatively impact revenue. In financial institutions, low latency networks have become a competitive advantage where even a few extra microseconds, can enable trades to execute ahead of the competition.
The direct correlation between delay and revenue in the web browsing experience is well documented. Amazon famously claimed that every 100 millisecond reduction in delay led to a one percent increase in sales. Google also stated that for every half second delay, it saw a 20 percent reduction in traffic.
For LTE network operators, control of latency is growing in importance as both an operational and business issue. Low latency is not only critical to maintaining the quality user experience (and therefore, the operator competitive advantage) of growing social, M2M, and real-time services, but latency reduction is fundamental to meeting the capacity expectations of LTE-A, where latency budgets will be cut in half and X2 will need to perform at microsecond speed.
Total network latency is the sum of delay from all the network components, including air interface, the processing, switching, and queuing of all network elements (core and RAN) along the path, and the propagation delay in the links. With ever tightening latency expectations, the relative contribution of any individual network element, such as a security gateway, must be minimized. For example, when latency budgets were targeting 150ms, a network node providing packet processing at 250μs was only adding 0.17% to the budget. However, in LTE-A, with latency targets slashed to 10ms, that same network node will consume almost 15x more of the budget. More important, when placed on the S1 with a target of only 1ms, 250 μs is 25% of the entire S1 latency allocation, and endangers meeting the microsecond latency needed at the X2. Clearly, operators need to apply stringent latency requirements for all network nodes, when designing LTE and LTE-A networks.
The important goal of this thesis is represented as demonstrating a self-organising based process for current versions of heterogeneous LTE-Advanced networks to simultaneously improve both quality of service and ability. The main index terms of this research could be exhibited as: SON; LTE-A, HetNets; Femtocell; Interference, Multi-Layer; Handover, Access Control; Power Control, eICIC. The self-organizing method of this research is described as the primary goal, to be got through the following targets: ThesisScientist.com
Abstract— Scheduler is the backbone of intelligence in a LTE network. Scheduler will often have clashing needs that can make its design very complex and non-trivial.
The overall system throughput needs to be maintained at the best possible value without sacrificing the cell edge user experience.
In this paper, authors compared different scheduler designs for voice and packet services. They explained the role of configuration parameters through simulations. These parameters control the tradeoff between the sector throughput and the fairness in system through. They explained a possible scheduler implementation.
Page 1 Planning LTE Network Deployments Introduction LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the 4th Generation (4G) technology comprising of Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) and Evolved Packet System (EPS) components. LTE brings speeds up to 300 Mbps for roaming users needing wireless access Internet. LTE is the next generation technology of the popular and widely deployed 3G technology UMTS, and is being developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), a worldwide standards body comprising of service providers, equipment manufacturers, and R&D institutions. As the wireless access technology continues to evolve and become more flexible, planning and predicting performance of such networks becomes a challenging task. Often claims made in the popular media about the speed, scalability and reliability of the LTE networks are purely theoretical in nature, and the actual performance of these networks depends upon a myriad of factors. Understanding such factors and designing network deployments to achieve the maximal performance out of the given resources is indeed a critical task. In this lab exercise, we will study how OPNET Modeler/Guru can be used as a planning tool. We will use out-of-the-box reports, statistics, and other software tools to understand the network performance and how it relates to the LTE technology itself. Using planning workflows, we will optimize network parameters to achieve target objectives. The labs make use of OPNET Modeler/Guru, the Wireless module, and the specialized LTE model to perform this planning exercise. Lab 1: LTE Cell Planning Study Overview In this lab, we will deploy an LTE cell in OPNET Modeler/Guru and analyze how to determine and set the cell range. You will understand how interference can affect cell range. In the optional lab, we will study an “efficiency-based” workflow, in which setting certain attributes in the simulations and running them without the physical layer (efficiency mode) speeds up the simulation considerably. Methodology • Use the wireless network wizard to deploy an LTE network • Understand how to find and set up the range of the LTE cell • Understand how interference affects the cell range Understand how to speed up the LTE simulations for planning studies intended for large networks (optional/take home lab) Part I 1. Start OPNET Modeler/Guru. a. Double-click on the OPNET Modeler/Guru icon on the desktop. 2. You will deploy a single cell LTE network with a single end user in this scenario using the Wireless Deployment Wizard. 3. Deploy a simple LTE network with a single cell and a single end user using the wizard. a. Choose the menu option Topology > Deploy Wireless Network. Click Continue in the dialog box. Page 2 b. The option “Use wizard to provide network specifications” should already be selected. Click Next. c. Click on “Create network in current subnet” and change the X coordinate to 0 as shown. Click Next. d. In the dialog box, select LTE from the “C.
Page 1
Planning LTE Network Deployments
Introduction
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the 4
th
Generation (4G) technology comprising of Evolved
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) and Evolved Packet System (EPS)
components. LTE brings speeds up to 300 Mbps for roaming users needing wireless access
Internet. LTE is the next generation technology of the popular and widely deployed 3G
technology UMTS, and is being developed by the 3
rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), a
worldwide standards body comprising of service providers, equipment manufacturers, and
R&D institutions.
As the wireless access technology continues to evolve and become more flexible, planning
and predicting performance of such networks becomes a challenging task. Often claims made
in the popular media about the speed, scalability and reliability of the LTE networks are
purely theoretical in nature, and the actual performance of these networks depends upon a
myriad of factors. Understanding such factors and designing network deployments to achieve
the maximal performance out of the given resources is indeed a critical task.
In this lab exercise, we will study how OPNET Modeler/Guru
can be used as a planning tool. We will
use out-of-the-box reports, statistics, and other software tools to understand the network
performance and how it relates to the LTE technology itself. Using planning workflows, we
will optimize
network parameters to achieve target objectives.
The labs make use of OPNET Modeler/Guru, the Wireless module, and the specialized
LTE model to perform this planning exercise.
Lab 1: LTE Cell Planning Study
Overview
In this lab, we will deploy an LTE cell in OPNET Modeler/Guru and analyze how to determine
and set the cell range. You will understand how interference can affect cell range. In the
optional lab, we will study an “efficiency-based” workflow, in which setting certain attributes
in the simulations and running them without the physical layer (efficiency mode) speeds up the
simulation considerably.
Methodology
• Use the wireless network wizard to deploy an LTE network
• Understand how to find and set up the range of the LTE cell
• Understand how interference affects the cell range
Understand how to speed up the LTE simulations for planning studies
intended for large networks (optional/take home lab)
Part I
1. Start OPNET Modeler/Guru.
a. Double-click on the OPNET Modeler/Guru icon on the desktop.
2. You will deploy a single cell LTE network with a single end user in this scenario using the
Wireless Deployment Wizard.
3. Deploy a simple LTE network with a single cell and a single end user using the wizard.
a. Choose the menu option Topology > Deploy Wireless Network. Click Continue in the
dialog box.
Page 2
b. The option “Use wizard to provide network specifications” should already be selected.
Click Next.
.
What LTE Parameters need to be Dimensioned and OptimizedHoracio Guillen
How to Dimension user Traffic in 4G networks
What is the best LTE Configuration
Spectrum analysis for LTE System
MIMO: What is real, What is Wishful thinking
LTE Measurements what they mean and how they are used
How to consider Overhead in LTE Dimensioning and What is the impact
How to take into account customer experience when Designing a Wireless Network
To meet customers' requirements for high-quality networks, LTE trial networks must be optimized during and after project implementation. Radio frequency (RF) optimization is necessary in the entire optimization process. This document provides guidelines on network optimization for network planning and optimization personnel.
Throughput Performance Analysis VOIP over LTEiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Minimizing network delay or latency is a critical factor in delivering mobile broadband services; businesses and users expect network response will be close to instantaneous. Excess latency can have a profound effect on user experience—from excess delay during a simple phone conversation, reducing throughput at edge of cell coverage areas by reducing effectiveness of RAN optimization techniques, to slow- loading webpages and delays with streaming video. Response delays negatively impact revenue. In financial institutions, low latency networks have become a competitive advantage where even a few extra microseconds, can enable trades to execute ahead of the competition.
The direct correlation between delay and revenue in the web browsing experience is well documented. Amazon famously claimed that every 100 millisecond reduction in delay led to a one percent increase in sales. Google also stated that for every half second delay, it saw a 20 percent reduction in traffic.
For LTE network operators, control of latency is growing in importance as both an operational and business issue. Low latency is not only critical to maintaining the quality user experience (and therefore, the operator competitive advantage) of growing social, M2M, and real-time services, but latency reduction is fundamental to meeting the capacity expectations of LTE-A, where latency budgets will be cut in half and X2 will need to perform at microsecond speed.
Total network latency is the sum of delay from all the network components, including air interface, the processing, switching, and queuing of all network elements (core and RAN) along the path, and the propagation delay in the links. With ever tightening latency expectations, the relative contribution of any individual network element, such as a security gateway, must be minimized. For example, when latency budgets were targeting 150ms, a network node providing packet processing at 250μs was only adding 0.17% to the budget. However, in LTE-A, with latency targets slashed to 10ms, that same network node will consume almost 15x more of the budget. More important, when placed on the S1 with a target of only 1ms, 250 μs is 25% of the entire S1 latency allocation, and endangers meeting the microsecond latency needed at the X2. Clearly, operators need to apply stringent latency requirements for all network nodes, when designing LTE and LTE-A networks.
The important goal of this thesis is represented as demonstrating a self-organising based process for current versions of heterogeneous LTE-Advanced networks to simultaneously improve both quality of service and ability. The main index terms of this research could be exhibited as: SON; LTE-A, HetNets; Femtocell; Interference, Multi-Layer; Handover, Access Control; Power Control, eICIC. The self-organizing method of this research is described as the primary goal, to be got through the following targets: ThesisScientist.com
Abstract— Scheduler is the backbone of intelligence in a LTE network. Scheduler will often have clashing needs that can make its design very complex and non-trivial.
The overall system throughput needs to be maintained at the best possible value without sacrificing the cell edge user experience.
In this paper, authors compared different scheduler designs for voice and packet services. They explained the role of configuration parameters through simulations. These parameters control the tradeoff between the sector throughput and the fairness in system through. They explained a possible scheduler implementation.
Page 1 Planning LTE Network Deployments Introduction LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the 4th Generation (4G) technology comprising of Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) and Evolved Packet System (EPS) components. LTE brings speeds up to 300 Mbps for roaming users needing wireless access Internet. LTE is the next generation technology of the popular and widely deployed 3G technology UMTS, and is being developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), a worldwide standards body comprising of service providers, equipment manufacturers, and R&D institutions. As the wireless access technology continues to evolve and become more flexible, planning and predicting performance of such networks becomes a challenging task. Often claims made in the popular media about the speed, scalability and reliability of the LTE networks are purely theoretical in nature, and the actual performance of these networks depends upon a myriad of factors. Understanding such factors and designing network deployments to achieve the maximal performance out of the given resources is indeed a critical task. In this lab exercise, we will study how OPNET Modeler/Guru can be used as a planning tool. We will use out-of-the-box reports, statistics, and other software tools to understand the network performance and how it relates to the LTE technology itself. Using planning workflows, we will optimize network parameters to achieve target objectives. The labs make use of OPNET Modeler/Guru, the Wireless module, and the specialized LTE model to perform this planning exercise. Lab 1: LTE Cell Planning Study Overview In this lab, we will deploy an LTE cell in OPNET Modeler/Guru and analyze how to determine and set the cell range. You will understand how interference can affect cell range. In the optional lab, we will study an “efficiency-based” workflow, in which setting certain attributes in the simulations and running them without the physical layer (efficiency mode) speeds up the simulation considerably. Methodology • Use the wireless network wizard to deploy an LTE network • Understand how to find and set up the range of the LTE cell • Understand how interference affects the cell range Understand how to speed up the LTE simulations for planning studies intended for large networks (optional/take home lab) Part I 1. Start OPNET Modeler/Guru. a. Double-click on the OPNET Modeler/Guru icon on the desktop. 2. You will deploy a single cell LTE network with a single end user in this scenario using the Wireless Deployment Wizard. 3. Deploy a simple LTE network with a single cell and a single end user using the wizard. a. Choose the menu option Topology > Deploy Wireless Network. Click Continue in the dialog box. Page 2 b. The option “Use wizard to provide network specifications” should already be selected. Click Next. c. Click on “Create network in current subnet” and change the X coordinate to 0 as shown. Click Next. d. In the dialog box, select LTE from the “C.
Page 1
Planning LTE Network Deployments
Introduction
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the 4
th
Generation (4G) technology comprising of Evolved
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) and Evolved Packet System (EPS)
components. LTE brings speeds up to 300 Mbps for roaming users needing wireless access
Internet. LTE is the next generation technology of the popular and widely deployed 3G
technology UMTS, and is being developed by the 3
rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), a
worldwide standards body comprising of service providers, equipment manufacturers, and
R&D institutions.
As the wireless access technology continues to evolve and become more flexible, planning
and predicting performance of such networks becomes a challenging task. Often claims made
in the popular media about the speed, scalability and reliability of the LTE networks are
purely theoretical in nature, and the actual performance of these networks depends upon a
myriad of factors. Understanding such factors and designing network deployments to achieve
the maximal performance out of the given resources is indeed a critical task.
In this lab exercise, we will study how OPNET Modeler/Guru
can be used as a planning tool. We will
use out-of-the-box reports, statistics, and other software tools to understand the network
performance and how it relates to the LTE technology itself. Using planning workflows, we
will optimize
network parameters to achieve target objectives.
The labs make use of OPNET Modeler/Guru, the Wireless module, and the specialized
LTE model to perform this planning exercise.
Lab 1: LTE Cell Planning Study
Overview
In this lab, we will deploy an LTE cell in OPNET Modeler/Guru and analyze how to determine
and set the cell range. You will understand how interference can affect cell range. In the
optional lab, we will study an “efficiency-based” workflow, in which setting certain attributes
in the simulations and running them without the physical layer (efficiency mode) speeds up the
simulation considerably.
Methodology
• Use the wireless network wizard to deploy an LTE network
• Understand how to find and set up the range of the LTE cell
• Understand how interference affects the cell range
Understand how to speed up the LTE simulations for planning studies
intended for large networks (optional/take home lab)
Part I
1. Start OPNET Modeler/Guru.
a. Double-click on the OPNET Modeler/Guru icon on the desktop.
2. You will deploy a single cell LTE network with a single end user in this scenario using the
Wireless Deployment Wizard.
3. Deploy a simple LTE network with a single cell and a single end user using the wizard.
a. Choose the menu option Topology > Deploy Wireless Network. Click Continue in the
dialog box.
Page 2
b. The option “Use wizard to provide network specifications” should already be selected.
Click Next.
.
Report of the LTE breakout session (NB-IoT) by Mediatek Inc. (Session Chair)Yi-Hsueh Tsai
7.16 WI: Narrowband IOT
(NB_IOT-Core; leading WG: RAN1; started: Sep. 15; target: Mar. 16; WID: RP-151621)
Time budget: N/A
Overall: At this meeting we need to determine the scope of the work. Which parts of LTE TSes to be reused, which parts are not applicable, which parts need change. Identification of issues and candidate solutions. The mindset should be that Requirements in TR 45.820 shall be fulfilled.
NETWORKING SYSTEMS 1
NETWORKING SYSTEMS 5
Networking System
Sarju Thapa
Dr. Stephen Gardner
East Central University
Abstract
In this report, the planning to design the network will be discussed and demonstrated in detail. The planning to design the network layout will be made according to the scenario given in the requirements. The plan will be implemented by the evaluation of the aspects that are important to design the network and other necessary things to design and implement the network. After implementing the network, the network will be tested by secure communication, WAN communication Channel, Wireless network, and PAN network. The troubleshooting of the network will also be discussed and elaborated in detail. The protocols used in this network will also be taken into consideration.
Introduction
Designing a network is not a simple task for someone. There are different phases to design the network. Each phase has a very important role to design the network. The first phase is to collect all the requirements to design the network. The second phase is to evaluate the requirements to make sure that either requirement is enough to design the network or not. After evaluating the requirements, the third phase is to implement all the aspects that are gathered in requirements. The fourth and last phase after implementing the network design is to optimize the network by performance.
Network Layout
The physical arrangement of the network is called network layout. The network layout of the given is scenario is shown below:
Diagram created using CISCO PACKET TRACER 7.3.0
Demonstration
This network consists of two different places one place is headquarter which is the main point of this network and another place is Therall which is the working point of this network.
Headquarter
In headquarter, the Executive office, R&D, Reception, Guest office, and accounting office’s host are connected with one switch. Twisted pair cable is used in this part of the network. Each device directly connected with the headquarter switch. 8P8C (Actually, RJ-45 is the more common term) jack is used in this part of the network and it is located in the reception area. Bus topology is used in this part of the network. (I think that what you have in your diagram is a bus-star hybrid. The switch is the bus, the individual cables to the hosts are the star)
Thrall
In Thrall Remote, the Engineering area, production area, and reception area’s host are connected with the switch. Twisted pair cable is used in this part of the network. Each device directly connected with the headquarter switch. 8P8C jack is used in this part of the network and it is located in the reception area. Bus topology is used in this part of the network.
For bot.
Studying the Impact of LTE-U on Wi-Fi Downlink performanceAmr ABDELFATTAH
To address the mobile data growth challenges,
mobile operators need to access more spectrum resources. LTE
in unlicensed spectrum (LTE-U) has been proposed to extend
the usual operation of LTE in licensed spectrum to cover also
unlicensed spectrum, mainly at 5 GHz band due to its wide
spectrum availability. However, this extension poses significant
challenges especially regarding the coexistence between LTE-U
and legacy systems like Wi-Fi. In case of LTE-U adopts Time-
Division Multiplexing (TDM) schemes to share the spectrum with
Wi-Fi, we expect performance degradations of Wi-Fi networks.
In this paper, we quantify the impact of TDM schemes on Wi-Fi
performance in a coexistence scenario. We provide an analytical
model to compute the probability of collision faced by Wi-Fi and
its downlink throughput performance. This model provides an
upper bound of the probability of collision that could be faced
by a finite number of Wi-Fi stations. NS3 simulations show
that the model estimates accurately the collision probability and
the throughput experienced by Wi-Fi. The model is then used
to study and compare different coexistence schemes showing
for instance that the Wi-Fi frame size impacts globally the
performance of Wi-Fi users.
This tutorial has been designed for audiences with a need to understand the LTE technology basics in very simple terms. This tutorial will give you enough understanding on LTE technology from where you can take yourself at higher level of expertise.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary concept that connects everyday objects and devices to the internet, enabling them to communicate, collect, and exchange data. Imagine a world where your refrigerator notifies you when you’re running low on groceries, or streetlights adjust their brightness based on traffic patterns – that’s the power of IoT. In essence, IoT transforms ordinary objects into smart, interconnected devices, creating a network of endless possibilities.
Here is a blog on the role of electrical and electronics engineers in IOT. Let's dig in!!!!
For more such content visit: https://nttftrg.com/
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
2. “A blank page is no empty space.
It is brimming with potential...
It is a masterpiece in waiting
-- yours.”
3. LTE in 10 Minutes:
When it comes to technology, there is way too much noise out there
and less actual content which solves the problems of professionals. The
reason I call this cheat sheet as LTE in 10 minutes is: Because when it
comes to learning technical stuff, you can spend your whole career in
understanding a particular technology and still the next project or
assignment you worked on may not require the insights you learned in
the past.
This is where this book comes in handy. You can use it whenever and
wherever you want to brush up your LTE knowledge to know the basics.
The questions I have added in here, are an aggregate of typical
questions asked by the interviewees. These questions have been
collected from various industries which are using LTE technology in
one or the other.
The book will help you to focus so that you can :
Because you have only so
much time in the day while
your freedom and life awaits!!!
Ace up your interviews
Impress your co-workers by showing your knowledge
Get answers to all your technical questions in no time.
Finish up your projects on time.
Impress your teachers
and professors
Get more raises, promotions
and bonuses at work
4. Who's Behind This?
I am Azar Taufique
and I use the skills of training,
sales and persuasion to teach technology.
In the last 5 years, I have taught more than
2500+
technical professional,
engineers and
executives from companies such as
Ericsson,
ATT, Sprint,
Verizon,
MetroPCS,
T-Mobile,
US Cellular etc.
If you find any question related to LTE,
which are not given in here or a question
you will
liked to be answered?
Not a problem,
just send me an email at
azar@techtrained.com
and I will get back to you.
Enjoy the next 10 minutes
of your life while you explore
LTE in 10 minutes.
Yours in
Technology Training,
Azar