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Loran c Enav
Loran-C is a hyperbolic radio navigation system developed by the US Coast Guard. It works by measuring the difference in arrival time of radio signals transmitted from two synchronized stations. By obtaining time differences from multiple station pairs, a receiver can calculate its position on the globe. The system uses a network of transmission stations around the world to broadcast low frequency radio pulses that are precisely timed using atomic clocks. Loran-C provides positioning accuracy within a few miles and was an important maritime and aviation navigation system before being replaced by GPS.
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Loran c Enav
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- 2. Loran C LORAN-Cis a hyperbolic navigation system. Operates by measuring time distance of arrival of signals from a pair of synchronised transmitters. By using two pairs of transmitters a fix can be obtained. LOPs Transmitter 1 Extended Baseline Transmitter 2
- 3. A navigation systemthat was developed by the US Coast Guard. The system is comprised of transmission stations located around the world. The Loran-C signal is transmitted from these stations at specified intervals. By measuring the time delay between transmissions a user can determine their position relative to the towers.
- 4. The LORAN-C conceptis based on groups or “chains” of stations around the world. Worldwide there are 28 chains. Each chain consists of one master station and 4 – 6 secondary stations in a geographic area The master station of each chain broadcasts a continuous string of Low Frequency pulses (measures in microseconds). The unique time between the start and stop of each pulse identifies the particular chain.
- 5. DIAGRAM 1.1 Aand B - transmitting stations Curved lines- “TD” lines or Time Difference
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- 7. 100kHz centre frequency 99% of power within 90-110kHz…
- 9. Loran C Timing Up to three commercial cesium atomic clocks are used to generate 5 MHz and pulse per second (or 1 Hz) signals that are used by timing equipment to generate the various GRI-dependent drive signals for the transmitting equipment.
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- 11. Phase Coding wherea minus sign indicates an inverted pulse (180° phase shift) and a plus sign means no phase shift. This pattern is repeated every two GRI's. Simply stated,phase coding determines whether the first peak in the pulse is upwardsor downwards.
- 12. 0 Loran CPulses 50 100 150 200 Timings from 3rd zero-crossing (30S)
- 13. Unlike GPS, LORAN-Caccuracy depends on receiver location with respect to transmitters Best on baseline between master and slave because LOPs are closer here LORAN accuracy is also best over water during the day. Conversely it is least accurate over land masses at night (sky waves more intense at night).
- 14. Types of Accuracy: Repeatable Accuracy- ability to return to a pre-set position for LORAN-C is .01 NM or 60ft. Absolute Accuracy- ability of the receiver to determine its position independently is generally within at least 3 NM for distances up to 2,800 NM.
- 15. Chayka was developedby USSR (Russia) Similar to LORAN-C Same frequency but different pulse shape Russian Chayka chains also remain operational West Russia chain available in Eastern Europe Some Loran-C receivers also use Chayka signals
- 16. Transmitter Designation Emission Delay (μS) Location Country Coordinates Power (kW) Latitude Longitude Lessay 6731 Chain M Lessay France 49°08′55.224″N 01°30′17.029″W 250 X 13,000 Soustons France 43°44′23.099″N 01°22′49.584″W 250 Y 27,300 Anthorn UK 54°54′41.949″N 03°16′42.587″W 250 Z 42,100 Sylt Germany 54°48′29.975″N 08°17′36.856″E 250 Bø 7001 Chain M Bø Norway 68°38′06.216″N 14°27′47.350″E 400 X 14,100 Jan Mayen Norway 70°54′51.478″N 08°43′56.525″W 250 Y 29,100 Berlevåg Norway 70°50′43.014″N 29°12′15.980″E 250 Eiði 9007 Chain M Eiði Faroe 62°17′59.837″N 07°04′26.079″W 400 W 14,200 Jan Mayen Norway 70°54′51.478″N 08°43′56.525″W 250 X 28,000 Bø Norway 68°38′06.216″N 14°27′47.350″E 400 Y 41,100 Værlandet Norway 61°17′49.435″N 04°41′46.618″E 250 Sylt 7499 Chain M Sylt Germany 54°48′29.975″N 08°17′36.856″E 250 X 14,100 Lessay France 49°08′55.224″N 01°30′17.029″W 250 Y 29,500 Værlandet Norway 68°38′06.216″N 14°27′47.350″E 250
- 17. Jan Mayen Rugby Lessay Soustons Berlevåg Petrozavodsk Former NELS & Chayka Chains Simferopol Slonim Karachev Bø Værlandet Eiði Sylt
- 20. MARTHA’S VINEYARD 4120N – 70 49W 1957 - 1962 Y CAROLINA BEACH 1957 - Present 34 03 46.36N 77 54 46.19W M JUPITER INLET 1957 - Present 27 01 59.09N 80 06 52.92W Station relocated approx 2 miles north 1962 X S-0/1957 – 1962 SL-0/1962 - 1965 Y NANTUCKET 1962 - Present 41 15 11.93N 69 58 38.76W Replaced Martha’s Vineyard First Proven Loran System Status “Experimental” until 1962 “Operational” 1962 CHAIN CODE NAME: CLOSE
- 21. SS0/1966 – 1969 SS7/1969 – 1975 9930/1975 – 1978 Y X W NANTUCKET 1962 – Present 41 15 11.930N 69 58 39.090W CAROLINA BEACH 1957 – Present 34 03 46.040N 77 54 46.760W JUPITER INLET 1957 – Present 27 01 58.490N 80 06 53.520W M CAPE RACE 1966 – Present 46 46 32.180N 53 10 28.160W NOTE: WILDWOOD used as temp Master or Slave “T” CARIBOU USED as Slave S Z DANA 1967 – Present 39 51 07.540N 87 29 12.140W BERMUDA 32 15 53.261N 64 52 34.270W EGLIN 30 35 05.518N 86 36 54.470W 7930-Z
- 22. SENECA 9960/1978 -Present 1978 – Present 42 42 50.603N 76 49 33.862W CARIBOU 1978 – Present 46 48 27.199N 67 55 37.713W M W X 5930-M NANTUCKET 1962 – Present 41 15 11.930N 69 58 39.090W CAROLINA BEACH 1957 – Present 34 03 46.040N 77 54 46.760W Y 8970-M 8970-X DANA 1966 – Present 39 51 07.540N 87 29 12.140W Z PLUMBROOK 41 21 45N 82 38 52W CAPE ELIZABETH 43 34N – 70 12W SANDY HOOK 40 28 17N 74 01 05W MAYPORT 30 22 58.253N 81 25 13.314W 5930-X 7980-Z
- 23. 5930/1980 - PRESENT CARIBOU 46 48 27.199N 67 55 37.713W 1980 - PRESENT NANTUCKET 41 15 11.93N 69 58 39.09W 1980 - PRESENT CAPE RACE 46 46 32.18N 53 10 28.16 1980 - PRESENT FOX HARBOR 1984 - PRESENT Z Y M X 7930-W 9960-W 7930-M 9960-X
- 24. 7930/1984 - 1994 FOX HARBOR 52 22 35.252N 55 42 27.862W ANGISSOQ 59 59 17.27N 45 10 27.47W X CAPE RACE 46 46 32.286N 53 10 27.606W M W 7930-Z 5930-Y
- 25. 7270/1995 - Present COMFORT COVE 49 19 53.57N 54 51 42.57W CAPE RACE 46 46 32.286N 53 10 27.606W FOX HARBOR 52 22 35.252N 55 42 27.862W M X W 5930-Y 5930-Z
- 26. SL-6/1959 – 1964 SL-0/1964 – 1966 SL-3/1966 – 1975 7970/ 1975 - 1994 Chain Code Name: RAIL X BO, NORWAY 1959 – 1994 68 38 06.150N 14 27 47.000E M EJDE, FAEROES 1959 – 1994 62 17 59.680N – 07 04 26.710W SANDUR, ICELAND 1959 – 1994 64 54 26.580N – 23 55 21.750W Y JAN MAYEN 1959 - 1994 70 54 52.610N 08 43 58.690W SYLT, GERMANY 1964 – 1994 W Z 54 48 29.800N – 08 17 36.330E SHETLAND 60 26 25.347N 01 18 05.220W SL-7-W 7930-W 9980-M SL-7-X (1996-75) 7930-X (1975-83) 9980-X (1984-94) ON AIR Mar 1960
- 27. SL-6 29 Mar1962 – Ejde tower collapased Chain Code Name: RAIL X BO, NORWAY 1959 – 1994 68 38 06.150N 14 27 47.000E Y JAN MAYEN 1959 - 1994 70 54 52.610N 08 43 58.690W M ON AIR Mar 1960 SANDUR, ICELAND 1959 – 1994 64 54 26.580N – 23 55 21.750W
- 28. M SL-7/1966 –1975 7930/1975 - 1983 ANGISSOQ 1966 – 1983 59 59 17.270N 45 10 27.470W CAPE RACE 1966 –1983 46 46 32.180N 53 10 28.160W Z KEFLAVIK 63 57 26N 22 43 29W X EJDE SANDUR 1959 – 1983 64 54 26.580N 23 55 21.750W W SL-3-Y 7970-Y SL-3-M 7970-M 1959 – 1983 62 17 59.680N 07 04 26.710W ST ANTHONY 51 21 37N 55 37 28W SS-0-X (1966-69) SS-7-X (1969-75)
- 29. 9980/1984 - 1994 SANDUR 64-54-26.58N 23-55-21.75W EJDE 62-17-59.68N 07-04-26.71W M X W 7930-X ANGISSOQ 59-59-17.27N 45-10-27,47W 7970-M
- 30. ESTARTIT, SPAIN Oct1961 – Dec 1994 42 03 36.490N 03 12 15.900E Z Construction started DEC 58…ON AIR AUG 59 SL-4/X SL1-7990/Y MATRATIN, LIBYA 1959-1970 30 36N – 18 24E SL-4/1959 –1966 SL-1/1967 – 1975 7990/1975 - 1994 LAMPEDUSA AUG 1972 - DEC 1994 35 31 20.880N 12 31 29.960E Chain Code Name: TACK KARGABARUM, TURKEY AKA: TUSLOG DET 52 AKA: TARGABARUM 1959 – 1993* 40 58 20.950N 27 52 01.520E SELLIA MARINA, ITALY AKA: SIMERI CRICHI 1959 – 1994 38 52 20.610N 16 43 05.960E M SL-4/Y SL-1/X X RHODES 36 25 20.746N 28 09 31.920E SARDINIA 39 10 51.348N 09 09 35.020E
- 31. 8970/1980 - Present DANA 1967 – Present 39 51 07.540N 87 29 12.140W SENECA 1978 – Present 42 42 50.603N 76 49 33.862W MALONE 1978 – Present 30 59 38.740N 85 10 09.305W BAUDETTE 1978 – Present* 48 36 49.947N 94 33 17.915W M W X Y MUSKEGON 43 13N – 86 16W MABLEHEAD 41 32N – 82 43W ELGIN 30 35 05.518N 86 36 54.470W MAYPORT 30 22 58.253N 81 25 13.314W BOISE CITY 1980 - Present Z 8290-W 9610-M (1991) 9960-Z 7980-M 9960-M
- 32. M 8290/1991-PRESENT 8970-Y BAUDETTE 48 36 49.947N 94 33 17.915WW GILLETTE 44 00 11.305N 105 37 23.895W X 9610-V HAVRE 48 44 38.589N 109 58 53.613W WILLIAMS LAKE 51 57 58.876N 122 22 01.686W 5990-M Y W
- 33. 9610/1991 - PRESENT BOISE CITY 36 30 20.783N 102 53 59.487W 8970-Z GRANGEVILLE 30 43 33.018 90 49 43.600W 7980-W Z RAYMONDVILLE 26 31 55.006 97 50 00.093 7980-X Y X W SEARCHLIGHT 35 19 18.305N 114 48 16.881W LAS CRUCES 32 04 18.130N 106 52 04.388W 9940-Y V GILLETTE 44 00 11.305N 105 37 23.895W 8290-X M
- 34. 7980/1978 - Present MALONE 1978 – Present 30 59 38.740N 85 10 09.305W GRANGEVILLE 1978 – Present 30 43 33.018N 90 49 43.600W W RAYMONDVILLE 1978 – Present 26 31 55.006 97 50 00.093 M X JUPITER 1957 – Present 27 01 58.490N 80 06 53.520W Y CAROLINA BEACH 1957 – Present 34 03 46.040N 77 54 46.760W MAYPORT 30 22 58.253N 81 25 13.314W Z EGLIN 30 35 05.518N 86 36 54.470W SABINE PASS 29 40N –93 50W 9960-Y 9610-Z 8970-W 9610-Y
- 35. 9940/1977 - Present M GEORGE 1977 – Present 47 03 47.990N 119 44 39.530W FALLON 1977 – Present 39 33 06.620N 118 49 56.370W W NORTH BEND 43 24 36.210N 124 14 27.920W MIDDLETOWN 1977 – Present 38 46 56.990N 122 29 44.529W SEARCHLIGHT 1977 – Present 35 19 18.305N 114 48 16.881W Y X PT PINOS 36 37 59.020N 121 56 05.580W 9610-W 5990-Y
- 36. 5990/1977 - PRESENT GEORGE 1977 – PRESENT 47 03 47.990 119 44 39.530W Y 9940-W SHOAL COVE 55 26 20.940N 131 15 19.094W PORT HARDY 50 36 29.830N 127 21 28.489W Z X M WILLIAMS LAKE 51 57 58.876N 122 22 01.686W 7960-Y 8290-Y JUNEAU 58 17 54.847N 134 24 45.369W ALBERT BAY 50 35 10.0N 126 54 39.0W NORTH BEND 43 24 36.210 124 14 27.920
- 37. M TOK 1977– Present 63 19 42.810N 142 48 31.900W 7960/1977 - Present NARROW CAPE 1977 – 1990 KODIAK 1990 - Present 57 26 20.210N 152 22 11.219W 9990-Z X SHOAL COVE 1977 – Present 55 26 20.850N 131 15 19.850 Y 5990-X KODIAK Monitor 57 44 00.703N 152 30 20.356W JUNEAU 58 17 54.847N 134 24 45.369
- 38. NARROW CAPE 1977– 1990 KODIAK 1990 - Present 57 26 20.210N 152 22 11.219W SL-2/Z SH-7/Y KODIAK Monitor 5930/Y 57 44 00.703N 152 30 20.356W 9990/Y 9990/Z ST PAUL 1960 – Present 57 09 09.880N 170 14 59.810W SL–2/1960 – 1969 SH-7/1969 – 1975 5930/1975 – 1977 9990/1977 - Present M ATTU 1960 – Present 52 49 45.050N 173 10 52.310W SL-2/Y SH-7/X 5930/X 9990/X PORT CLARENCE 1961 –Present 65 14 40.120N 166 53 14.470W SL-2/X SH-7/Z 5930/Z SITKINAK 1960 –1977 7960-X 56 32N – 154 08W AKA: Bering Sea Chain early 60’s
- 39. SS-3/1964-1975 9970/1975-1981 7930/1981(IWOO/A) 9970/1981-1993 Chain reconfigured Mar 64 – Dec 64 due to Towers failure at Iwo and Yap. Again in 1981 for tower maintenance @ Iwo. X 7930 YANKEE M HOKKAIDO 1964 – 1993 42 44 37.000N 143 43 09.060E IWO JIMA 1964 – 1993 24 48 04.100N 141 19 28.999E MARCUS* 1964 – 1993 24 17 07.700N 153 58 51.500E *Master when Iwo off air W GESASHI 1964 –1993 26 36 24.990N 128 08 56.210E 7930 X-RAY Y YAP 1964 – 1987 09 32 45.660N 138 09 55.230E Z BARRIGADA 1987 - 1993 Z SAIPAN 15 07 47.115N 145 41 37.620W KAMISEYA 35 29 11.555N 139 29 25.120E
- 40. AKA: Hawaii Chainearly 60’s M SH-4/1961-1969 S-1/1969-1975 4990/1975-1992 UPOLA POINT 1961 – 1992 20 14 49.160N 155 53 09.700W X JOHNSTON ISLAND 1961 – 1992 16 44 43.950N 169 30 31.200W Y KURE ISLAND 1961 – 1992 28 23 41.770N 178 17 30.200W FRENCH FRIGATE 23 52 23.066N 166 17 19.600W
- 41. S3/1966 - 1969 SH-3/1969 - 1975 M Y X CONSON 1966 – 1975 08 43N – 106 38E LAMPANG 1966 – 1975 18 20N – 99 23E SATTAHIP 1966 –1975 12 37N – 100 58E Z TAN MY 1969 – 1975 16 33N – 107 39E UDORN 1966 – 1975 MONITOR