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- 1. Citizenship and inequality Overview Sharlene Tauia 17354875 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11
- 2. “Human rights... do not belong to human beings; this assists us to create who and how one becomes human” Costas Douzinas (2009). In this notion of citizenship in Australia, it is seen as an entitlement to identity and rights to the protection of individual freedoms, political voting and mate ship for a ‘fair go.’ However, to understand the key concepts that bind them together carries with it unwanted frameworks that have been shaped and embedded from the myth of a classless society Hage, G. (2003). The displacement and dispossession which had Aboriginal people segregated and lost within a system referred to as White Australia Hage, G. (2003). The theoretical frameworks of power have liberal, pluralist, Marshallian, and Marxist theories, that have highlighted the ever-present inequality since the French revolution Nash, K. (2007). This National sovereignty model implemented has presently restricted citizens in endless circumstances, economically, politically and socially by both objective criteria and subjective experience Arvanitakis, J. (2009). Image 2 Image 1 Image 3 Image 2
- 3. Aborigines have been subjected to years of inequality from 1788 with the British invasion, isolated through assimilation policies, discriminated through the white policy subjected to remote then lost through the stolen generation. This has highlighted multi-dimensional inequalities related to marginal status in society based on gender, culture, colour, location, age, health and many other counts Wilkinson, R & Pickett, K. (2009). In redressing cultural nationalism the positive concept for Australia is better access to health and education, gender equality for women – initiatives for more girls to attend school, more leadership given to women and helping the unemployed Wilkinson, R & Pickett, K. (2009). The Australian government within a shrinking society need to play an active role for a vision of a better world and the sense of ‘hope’ Hage, G. (2003). Image 6 Image 4 Image 5
- 4. In analysing the theories that have influenced how past and present governments have integrated their decisions have constructed a rigid and a facade of unchangeable distinctions on multicultural citizenship Nash, K. (2007). These cultural and social constraints have been seen as problematic that as individuals face multiple challenges as Gilroy refers to as ’ethnic absolutism’ (Gilroy, 1993). The twentieth century has developed a nation of fear where even Australia day interpreted to many as a celebration or remberance day, to others a day of invasion and sadness. Since 1950s and 1960s the vision of equality bring constant protests, struggles and extensive power wars amongst the powers that be. Finally, the conepts of citizenship and inequality need to change with the ’no one left behind’ concept recognising that ’Fair Go’ mate ship in Australia Wilkinson, R & Pickett, K. (2009). Image 8 Image 9 Image 7
- 5. Wk 9 Inequalities Overview in Australia References Arvanitakis, J. (2009) Contemporary Society. Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Gilroy, (1993) Hage, G. (2003), Against Paranoid Nationalism: Searching for hope in a Shrinking Society, Pluto Press, Sydney. Nash, K. (2007) ‘Citizenship’, Contemporary Political Sociology: Globalisation, Politics, and Power. London: Wiley Wilkinson, R & Pickett, K. (2009). The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better. Allen Lane/The Penguin Press, 2009.
- 6. Wk 10 Citizenship & Inequality Migration Sorry, when we said “we require you to speak English we meant only English.” Connecting from the citizenship overview to the concept of ‘no one left behind’. The need to design goals and basic economic opportunities that focus on reaching excluded groups. For example track progress at all levels of income, and provide social protection to help citizens develop resilience to life’s fears Cesarani, D. & Fulbrook, M. (1996). The Australian representative democratic model through migration has been the central topic of debate. In 1901, the Immigration Act that clearly discriminated against Non Europeans and Asians with illegal immigration and asylum seekers threatening border controls. The underlying reality in this 21st Century, is that the Australian government have become dependent on trade with the emerging ‘Asian nation’, within the context Marixism theory of capitalism has had Australia embrace multiculturalism with the abolishment of the Immigration Act in 19th Century. (Image 6). Both economics and sociology while each recognizes capitalism have seen global processes depict the country. Nash, K (2007) p178. Image 12 Image 10 Image 11
- 7. For example Gina Rinehart 29th richest person in the world having ‘Capitalism Bargaining Power’ negotiate with government an ‘Enterprise Migration Agreements’ in allowing foreign workers to work in Australia at a low rate of pay to work at the Roy Hill Iron Ore project (Image 6). These Neo liberal ideologies, have resulted in Australia taking measures to incorporate a globalised and racialized legal policy to combat illegal immigration that has highlighted and exposed the exploitation on asylum seekers, refugees, citizens, and workers in Australia. Nash, K (2007) p179. These controls were detention camps, deprivation of political rights, inhuman exploitation of labor and excluded migrants from citizenship entitlements. It has acknowledged UK, NZ, China and India migrants numbers are steady since 2013. Nash, K (2007)p181. In analyzing the disparities in citizenship through migration has highlighted income-based inequalities together with social equity targets to be redressed. The need is for strengthened set of targets and indicators for a more equitable system for example, in a wage share of GDP, access to decent work, human development outcomes and the elimination of multiple forms of discrimination relating to poverty and inequalities Wilkinson, R & Pickett, K. (2009). Image 14 Image 13 Image 15
- 8. CONCLUSION Finally, it is important to emphasise that the actions taken by government have been the fear and the threatening component of skilled and unskilled migrants arriving taking work from natural citizens these methods adopted included key characteristics, which have played a central role in inequalities. These actions need to be readdressed for inclusive and effective participation in such social accountability mechanisms.
- 9. Wk 10 Citizenship & Inequality II: Migration in Australia References Cesarani, D & Fulbrook, M (1996) , Citizenship, Nationality and Migration in Europe. London: Routledge. Nash, K. (2007) ‘Citizenship’, Contemporary Political Sociology: Globalisation, Politics, and Power. London: Wiley Wilkinson, R & Pickett, K. (2009). The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better. Allen Lane/The Penguin Press, 2009.
- 10. Week 11 Citizenship and inequalities Gender and sexuality “Liking your body can be a revolutionary act” Jessica Valenti Analysing gender and sexuality have highlighted citizenship inequalities through the complexities of social norms. Arvanatakis (2009) p72-81 Week eleven has the recognition of the citizenship components linking gender and sexuality will have us analyse the concept of promoting gender equality to empower citizens and acknowledge the gap that has been an ongoing impact creating this inequality. Gender and sexuality is a range of behavioural, biological, mental and physical characteristics relevant to, and giving balance to the differentiation between feminism and masculinity. Power, N (2009). In the context of citizenship sex based social structures will outline and recognise the citizens identity and roles within Australia. The need to design goals and basic economic opportunities that focus on reaching excluded groups. For example track progress at all levels of income, and provide social protection to help citizens develop resilience to life’s fears Inequalities are multiple-dimensional and intersecting in nature - spanning the economic, social, political, legal, cultural and environmental spheres. Intersecting inequalities reinforce
- 11. GENDER the10 UNICEF and UN Women, 2013, Addressing Inequalities, Synthesis Report of Global Public Consultation3 deprivations faced by specific groups and individuals, and are closely related to marginal status in society – e.g. based on gender, ethnicity, location, age, disability and indigenous identity11. Multiple inequalities are reinforced in turn by dominant ideologies, political and socio-economic marginalization, and, often, group stereotyping and various forms of discrimination and violence. Pervasive examples are the many forms of gender-based violence and the widespread denial to marginalized women and adolescents of access to services for the realization of their sexual and reproductive health and rights. In some cases
- 12. gender • Gender is socially constructed and it is not transgender – Australia, India and Pakistan • f ‘blame avoidance’ (Weaver 1986; Pal/Weaver 2003). A ‘gestalt switch’ in ideology has occurred: The publicly provided benefits – yesterday’s efficient means of redressing social inequalities and correcting market failures – are now seen as hindering economic growth, undermining individual self-sufficiency, and overburdening public budgets (Prasad 2005). In public discourse, ideological positions and political actors which see the welfare state not as part of the solution to social problems, but as part of the problem, have gained influence. A number of governments in power have explicitly committed themselves to a smaller, less bureaucratic and less expensive welfare state and have brought the dynamic of • welfare-state expansion to a halt, shift.
- 13. Wk 11 Citizenship & Inequality III: Gender & Sexuality in Australia References Quote: http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/j/jessica_valenti.html Book: Cesarani, D & Fulbrook, M (1996) , Citizenship, Nationality and Migration in Europe. London: Routledge. Nash, K. (2007) ‘Citizenship’, Contemporary Political Sociology: Globalisation, Politics, and Power. London: Wiley Wilkinson, R & Pickett, K. (2009). The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better. Allen Lane/The Penguin Press, 2009.
- 14. references • Image 1 • https://www.google.com.au/search?q=free+images+on+citizenship&es_sm=93&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&s a=X&ei=WSN8U9ucB4zmkgXfwoHIAw&ved=0CGYQsAQ&biw=1600&bih=799#q=free+images+on+citizenship+in+a ustralia&tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=4MPqtNVxpKR6oM%253A%3B4_c7RFZUC- mEDM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.independentaustralia.net%252F_lib%252Fslir%252Fw350-h260- c4x3%252Fi%252Farticle%252Fimg%252Farticle-6278- thumb.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.independentaustralia.net%252Faustralia%252Faustralian- history%3B347%3B260 • • Image 2 • https://www.google.com.au/search?q=free+images+of+australia+mateship&rlz=1C1KMZB_enAU566AU567&tbm= isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=tlN_U5LoH8vhkgW7zIHIDg&ved=0CDQQsAQ&biw=1280&bih=656#q=free+im ages+of+aborigines&tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=8TrOOdU69CIfGM%253A%3BoohkUuALPU4anM%3Bhtt p%253A%252F%252Fwww.aboriginalculture.com.au%252Fimages%252FB231s.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fww w.aboriginalculture.com.au%252Fbodyadornments.shtml%3B300%3B187 • • Image 3 • https://www.google.com.au/search?q=free+images+on+citizenship&es_sm=93&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&s a=X&ei=WSN8U9ucB4zmkgXfwoHIAw&ved=0CGYQsAQ&biw=1600&bih=799#q=free+images+on+australian+citize nship&tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=95WvysoZWFPLFM%3A%3BBpWdF3K98uMa3M%3B95WvysoZWFPLFM%3A&im grc=95WvysoZWFPLFM%253A%3BMAFL4rV7kKRfPM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fblogs.crikey.com.au%252Ffullysi c%252Ffiles%252F2013%252F06%252FEnglish.png%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fblogs.crikey.com.au%252Ffullysic% 252F2013%252F06%252F03%252Fthe-bouncer-at-the-national-door-the-australian-citizenship- test%252F%3B743%3B353 • Image 4 • https://www.google.com.au/search?q=free+images+of+australia+mateship&rlz=1C1KMZB_enAU566AU567&tbm= isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=tlN_U5LoH8vhkgW7zIHIDg&ved=0CDQQsAQ&biw=1280&bih=656#q=free+im ages+of+citizenhip+and+migration+into+australiaaustralia+mateship&tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=JFGClYdPpl- G1M%3A%3Bw4EfD7EsM51fPM%3BJFGClYdPpl-G1M%3A&imgrc=JFGClYdPpl- G1M%253A%3BXe_EgMlOF8NG4M%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.thepunch.com.au%252Fimages%252Fupload s%252Fmulticulturalismcartoon.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.thepunch.com.au%252Ftags%252Fculture% 252F%3B470%3B313 • •
Editor's Notes
- https://www.google.com.au/search?q=free+images+of+australia+mateship&rlz=1C1KMZB_enAU566AU567&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=tlN_U5LoH8vhkgW7zIHIDg&ved=0CDQQsAQ&biw=1280&bih=656#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=ibqhUGILO4lwaM%253A%3BODzRhTVCJGn5kM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fmedia-cache-ec0.pinimg.com%252F236x%252Ff8%252Fdc%252F5e%252Ff8dc5eb03dd5f8b2f7268011e927ca3e.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.pinterest.com%252FRiawatiDjuwita%252Faustralian-mateship%252F%3B236%3B346
- http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/j/jessica_valenti.html