Optimizing ground heat exchanger length with GeoperformX pipeJasmin Raymond
This document summarizes research on optimizing ground heat exchanger length using GeoperformX pipe. Numerical simulations and thermal response tests showed the GeoperformX pipe can reduce borehole thermal resistance by up to 31% and borehole length by 6-25% compared to conventional pipes. A case study of a campus ground source heat pump system in Grayslake, IL demonstrated a 25 foot borehole length reduction per heat exchanger using GeoperformX pipe. In conclusion, reducing borehole thermal resistance through higher conductivity pipes like GeoperformX is an effective way to optimize heat exchanger length and lower installation costs of ground source heat pump systems.
Insights from field experiments to conduct thermal response tests with heatin...Jasmin Raymond
This document summarizes research on using heating cable sections to conduct thermal response tests (TRTs) at lower costs than conventional methods. Key points:
- Heating cable sections allow measuring thermal conductivity profiles in boreholes, providing data to design efficient ground source heat pump systems.
- Tests conducted in Canada found heating section tests produced consistent thermal conductivity values compared to conventional TRTs, while reducing equipment needs, costs, and consumed energy by around 90%.
- Further research aims to use heating section profiles to identify favorable geological layers, explore deep geothermal resources, and correct temperature profiles for paleoclimate effects.
New Methods to Spatially Extend Thermal Response Test AssessmentsJasmin Raymond
This document describes two new methods for spatially extending thermal response test (TRT) assessments: 1) Inverse numerical modeling of temperature profiles from multiple boreholes at a site can be used to evaluate subsurface thermal conductivity beyond a single TRT well. 2) At a district scale, geostatistical simulation using thermal conductivity data from outcrops, boreholes, and multiple TRTs can provide stochastic realizations of subsurface properties to spatially interpolate between test locations. Both methods allow TRT assessments to be expanded beyond their typical limited spatial scope, creating new opportunities for evaluating ground source heat potential.
Basic heat exchanger equations and calculations outlines three key equations for calculating the rate of heat exchange (Q) in an adiabatic heat exchanger with no heat loss to the environment. The equations relate Q to the mass flow rates, specific enthalpies, and temperatures of the process and utility streams. HYSYS software uses the first equation to calculate Q for heaters/coolers and heat exchangers based on specifications for two streams. It displays Q/average temperature difference as the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) times the heat transfer area (A), which must be divided by U and a correction factor F to determine the actual heat exchanger area A.
Performance prediction of a thermal system using Artificial Neural NetworksIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on using artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict the performance of a condenser system and assess fouling over time. Experiments were conducted on an industrial condenser to collect temperature and flow rate data. An ANN model was developed and trained to predict the overall heat transfer coefficient of the clean condenser system based on the input parameters. The model was then used to calculate the fouling factor by comparing the predicted clean performance to the actual performance measured over time, indicating degradation due to fouling on the heat transfer surfaces. The developed system provides a method to monitor condenser performance and identify when cleaning is needed to improve efficiency.
Pinch analysis technique to optimize heat exchangerK Vivek Varkey
This document summarizes a student project applying pinch analysis to optimize the heat exchanger network (HEN) for a CFU unit at an ONGC Hazira plant. The student calculated heat duties for 5 heat exchangers and determined the minimum hot and cold utility requirements. By drawing temperature interval diagrams, the student designed an optimized HEN that couples process streams to maximize heat exchange and minimize utility needs. The optimized design was found to reduce heating utility needs by 83.4% and cooling needs by 33.8% compared to the current design.
Performance optimization assessment for a proper heat pump technology functio...Premier Publishers
This investigation represents a thermodynamic assessment of thermal performance optimization for a proper heat pump technology suitable for district hot water production at (60-65) °C. The clean energy sources integrated with environment friendly refrigerants were studied to optimize and validate the use of Cascade heat pump technology at various configurations. Three pure, R744, R600a and R134a, and one azeotropic mixture R410A refrigerants were circulated at different cycle arrangements. Two Cascade systems (Three Cycles), single Cascade system (Two Cycles), and compound Cascade system (Three Cycles) were proposed for the present assessment. The low temperature cycle operated at evaporator temperature of (-15 to -2) °C and the high temperature condenser was set at a temperature of (70) °C. The single Cascade heat pump circulating R410A/R134a and the two Cascade R410A/R717/R134a systems showed the best heating coefficient of performance (COP). The former refrigerant pair exhibited higher heating (COP) than that of the latter by (3.6-5) % calculated at (22.5) °C low temperature cycle intermediate temperature for the whole range of test conditions. The lowest (COP) was experienced by the two Cascade heat pump technology circulating R744/R717/R134a and R744/R717/R600a refrigerant pairs. The compound Cascade heat pump is definitely a promising option for low temperature heat source technology on the long term basis due to its low running cost for heating load generation. The heating (COP) showed a range of (2 to 2.7) at (70 %) compressor isentropic efficiency according to the system type, refrigerant pair and operating conditions considered in the present work. Any improvement for the compressor isentropic efficiency provides a valuable augmentation for the heating (COP) of the Cascade heat pump.
CFD modelling of a once through steam generator for optimization of flow dist...R&R Consult
CFD analysis of a Once Through Steam Generator from Innovative Steam Technology with supplementary firing from 5 grid burners from De Jong Combustion. The modelling included detailed models of the grid burners and the super heater. The flow and temperature distribution were optimized for 3 load. The Flow Correctional Devices, FCD, were designed for optimum operational conditions for the grid burners and even temperature distribution upstream the super heater tubes for all three load cases.
www.R-R-Consult.dk
www.linkedin.com/company/R&R-Consult/
Optimizing ground heat exchanger length with GeoperformX pipeJasmin Raymond
This document summarizes research on optimizing ground heat exchanger length using GeoperformX pipe. Numerical simulations and thermal response tests showed the GeoperformX pipe can reduce borehole thermal resistance by up to 31% and borehole length by 6-25% compared to conventional pipes. A case study of a campus ground source heat pump system in Grayslake, IL demonstrated a 25 foot borehole length reduction per heat exchanger using GeoperformX pipe. In conclusion, reducing borehole thermal resistance through higher conductivity pipes like GeoperformX is an effective way to optimize heat exchanger length and lower installation costs of ground source heat pump systems.
Insights from field experiments to conduct thermal response tests with heatin...Jasmin Raymond
This document summarizes research on using heating cable sections to conduct thermal response tests (TRTs) at lower costs than conventional methods. Key points:
- Heating cable sections allow measuring thermal conductivity profiles in boreholes, providing data to design efficient ground source heat pump systems.
- Tests conducted in Canada found heating section tests produced consistent thermal conductivity values compared to conventional TRTs, while reducing equipment needs, costs, and consumed energy by around 90%.
- Further research aims to use heating section profiles to identify favorable geological layers, explore deep geothermal resources, and correct temperature profiles for paleoclimate effects.
New Methods to Spatially Extend Thermal Response Test AssessmentsJasmin Raymond
This document describes two new methods for spatially extending thermal response test (TRT) assessments: 1) Inverse numerical modeling of temperature profiles from multiple boreholes at a site can be used to evaluate subsurface thermal conductivity beyond a single TRT well. 2) At a district scale, geostatistical simulation using thermal conductivity data from outcrops, boreholes, and multiple TRTs can provide stochastic realizations of subsurface properties to spatially interpolate between test locations. Both methods allow TRT assessments to be expanded beyond their typical limited spatial scope, creating new opportunities for evaluating ground source heat potential.
Basic heat exchanger equations and calculations outlines three key equations for calculating the rate of heat exchange (Q) in an adiabatic heat exchanger with no heat loss to the environment. The equations relate Q to the mass flow rates, specific enthalpies, and temperatures of the process and utility streams. HYSYS software uses the first equation to calculate Q for heaters/coolers and heat exchangers based on specifications for two streams. It displays Q/average temperature difference as the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) times the heat transfer area (A), which must be divided by U and a correction factor F to determine the actual heat exchanger area A.
Performance prediction of a thermal system using Artificial Neural NetworksIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on using artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict the performance of a condenser system and assess fouling over time. Experiments were conducted on an industrial condenser to collect temperature and flow rate data. An ANN model was developed and trained to predict the overall heat transfer coefficient of the clean condenser system based on the input parameters. The model was then used to calculate the fouling factor by comparing the predicted clean performance to the actual performance measured over time, indicating degradation due to fouling on the heat transfer surfaces. The developed system provides a method to monitor condenser performance and identify when cleaning is needed to improve efficiency.
Pinch analysis technique to optimize heat exchangerK Vivek Varkey
This document summarizes a student project applying pinch analysis to optimize the heat exchanger network (HEN) for a CFU unit at an ONGC Hazira plant. The student calculated heat duties for 5 heat exchangers and determined the minimum hot and cold utility requirements. By drawing temperature interval diagrams, the student designed an optimized HEN that couples process streams to maximize heat exchange and minimize utility needs. The optimized design was found to reduce heating utility needs by 83.4% and cooling needs by 33.8% compared to the current design.
Performance optimization assessment for a proper heat pump technology functio...Premier Publishers
This investigation represents a thermodynamic assessment of thermal performance optimization for a proper heat pump technology suitable for district hot water production at (60-65) °C. The clean energy sources integrated with environment friendly refrigerants were studied to optimize and validate the use of Cascade heat pump technology at various configurations. Three pure, R744, R600a and R134a, and one azeotropic mixture R410A refrigerants were circulated at different cycle arrangements. Two Cascade systems (Three Cycles), single Cascade system (Two Cycles), and compound Cascade system (Three Cycles) were proposed for the present assessment. The low temperature cycle operated at evaporator temperature of (-15 to -2) °C and the high temperature condenser was set at a temperature of (70) °C. The single Cascade heat pump circulating R410A/R134a and the two Cascade R410A/R717/R134a systems showed the best heating coefficient of performance (COP). The former refrigerant pair exhibited higher heating (COP) than that of the latter by (3.6-5) % calculated at (22.5) °C low temperature cycle intermediate temperature for the whole range of test conditions. The lowest (COP) was experienced by the two Cascade heat pump technology circulating R744/R717/R134a and R744/R717/R600a refrigerant pairs. The compound Cascade heat pump is definitely a promising option for low temperature heat source technology on the long term basis due to its low running cost for heating load generation. The heating (COP) showed a range of (2 to 2.7) at (70 %) compressor isentropic efficiency according to the system type, refrigerant pair and operating conditions considered in the present work. Any improvement for the compressor isentropic efficiency provides a valuable augmentation for the heating (COP) of the Cascade heat pump.
CFD modelling of a once through steam generator for optimization of flow dist...R&R Consult
CFD analysis of a Once Through Steam Generator from Innovative Steam Technology with supplementary firing from 5 grid burners from De Jong Combustion. The modelling included detailed models of the grid burners and the super heater. The flow and temperature distribution were optimized for 3 load. The Flow Correctional Devices, FCD, were designed for optimum operational conditions for the grid burners and even temperature distribution upstream the super heater tubes for all three load cases.
www.R-R-Consult.dk
www.linkedin.com/company/R&R-Consult/
Eksempler på anvendelse af (Computational Fluid Dynamics) CFD til kraftværker...R&R Consult
Præsentation af hvor vi har anvendt CFD til design, til bl.a. affaldsforbrændingsanlæg, biomassefyret anlæg, afsvovlingsanlæg (DeSOx) og til DeNOx (SCR)
Flere eksempler www.R-R-Consult.dk
This document discusses methods for assessing the energy performance of heat exchangers over time. It describes calculating the overall heat transfer coefficient U to determine if fouling or other issues have reduced efficiency. The procedure involves monitoring operating parameters, calculating thermal properties, and determining U by measuring the heat duty, surface area, and log mean temperature difference. An example application to a liquid-liquid exchanger is provided, comparing test data to design specifications to identify potential fouling issues.
This software simulates the thermal performance of solar water heating systems. It calculates the mass and energy balances in the storage tank each time step based on meteorological data, collector parameters, and hot water load. The software was validated by comparing results to the TRNSYS simulation software, with average hourly temperature differences of 3.73% for Rio de Janeiro and 2.81% for Istanbul, demonstrating satisfactory accuracy.
Evaluating mathematical heat transfer effectiveness equations using cfd techn...aeijjournal
Mathematical heat transfer equations for finned double pipe heat exchangers based on experimental work carried out in the 1970s can be programmed in a spreadsheet for repetitive use. Thus avoiding CFD analysis which can be time consuming and costly. However, it is important that such mathematical equations be evaluated for their accuracy. This paper uses CFD methods in evaluating the accuracy of mathematical equations. Several models were created with varying; geometry, flue gas entry temperature,
and flow rates. The analysis should provide designers and manufacturers a judgment on the expected level
of accuracy when using mathematical modelling methodology. This paper simultaneously identifies best
practices in carrying out such CFD analysis
In this Thesis I will try to understand the concept associated with cooling towers and model a laboratory sized cooling tower in a software package called Engineering Equation Solver (EES). An example of system modelling is presented in this progress report, along with the comparison of a set of results with an experimental data from P.A Hilton Model H892 Bench top cooling tower with a maximum of 9% error. A user interface is also modelled to simulate off-design performance rather than conducting experiments. It also allows you to do additional scenarios that cannot be practically being done in lab,
like Relative humidity, etc.
Numerical Modelling of Trans-Triple Point Temperature Near-Field Sonic Dispersion of CO2 from High Pressure Dense Phase Pipelines, Chris Wareing, University of Leeds. Presented at CO2 Properties and EoS for Pipeline Engineering, 11th November 2014
R&R Consult and VODA A/S collaborated to redesign the secondary air supply and introduce water-cooled boiler walls for a waste heat incinerator at RenoSyd I/S. R&R Consult conducted CFD simulations to map the combustion process before and after the rebuild. The simulations included modeling of the fuel and primary air supply, secondary air distribution, heat transfer, and thermal radiation. The results were used to design an improved secondary air supply system and optimize the fuel/air distribution throughout the boiler domain. The model also helped verify that the boiler would meet environmental requirements for complete combustion.
This document evaluates air cooling requirements for various cooler configurations in a Formula One car through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. It finds that placing a charged air cooler (CAC) upstream of other radiators results in the greatest total heat transfer to cooling air. Using a carburettor upstream of the compressor or transferring heat from compressed air to fuel can each reduce CAC heat rejection requirements. The aim is to predict the configuration requiring the lowest air mass flow to cool the engine within 2014 regulations.
The document summarizes the simulation of gas quenching of a carburized pinion gear. Different heat transfer coefficients were applied to three zones of the gear to predict temperature profiles, residual stresses, phase distributions, and hardness profiles. The simulation results matched measured temperature data and predicted distortion of 0.0213mm radially after quenching.
At the technology round table strategic presentations on Industrial Refrigeration will be presented by leading industry representatives, followed by a panel discussion.
The document presents the results of an experimental study on latent thermal energy heat exchangers using paraffin wax as the phase change material (PCM) and air as the heat transfer fluid. Two heat exchanger designs were tested: a tubular heat exchanger with a single PCM storage tube, and a compact heat exchanger model based on an automobile radiator. The experiments analyzed parameters like charging and discharging durations, temperature profiles of the inlet and outlet air, and temperature distribution within the PCM. While the tubular design showed the influence of operating parameters on performance, the compact design demonstrated higher heat transfer but incomplete melting within the PCM due to its low thermal conductivity.
Rolls-Royce claimed additional fuel gas heaters were needed for gas turbine packages due to changes in gas compositions after the purchase order. The study analyzed the phase behavior of the original and new gas mixtures to determine if the minimum 50K dew point margin could be met by the existing heater. For cases 2, 3, 4, and 6 the margin was less than 50K with just the existing heater but greater than 50K when including an additional heater, justifying Rolls-Royce's request. The high dew point margin of 50K compared to other suppliers' 28K standard may have been due to uncertainties around the gas properties and limited vapor saturation curve data provided to Rolls-Royce
This document summarizes a project to optimize combustion at the Crystal River Unit 4 power plant through continuous combustion management. Equipment was added to measure and control coal and air flows to burners. Coal flow was balanced across pulverizers and burners. Secondary air flows were measured and automatically adjusted at each burner. O2 and CO probes were relocated or augmented. These changes improved boiler efficiency by 0.5%, reduced NOx emissions by 7-15%, and lowered operating costs through reduced reagent and fuel usage and extended equipment life.
Green House Gas and Automatic Weather Station data analysis. We compare seasonal variation of CO2 & CH4 vs Wind Speed and Wind direction. How to analyze wind rose diagram.
This document evaluates the performance of an air heater that was installed at a power plant as part of an efficiency improvement project. It describes the standard ASME method for evaluating air heater performance and discusses issues with applying that method in practice. The document then presents a new method for applying the vendor's performance curves to evaluate the air heater performance according to the ASME standard. It derives equations to calculate temperature correction factors needed for the evaluation and discusses estimating the uncertainty of the results.
Design simulation and test rig for laboratory scale latent heat thermal energ...Coeintes teriuniversity
1) A laboratory scale latent heat thermal energy storage system was developed using a shell and tube heat exchanger prototype.
2) The prototype was experimentally tested and analyzed to understand heat transfer between the heat transfer fluid and phase change material.
3) Numerical simulations were also conducted to model heat transfer considering fluid flow parameters, phase change of the material, and heat diffusion.
This document summarizes the analysis of stream conditions at various points in a liquefied natural gas plant using the Peng-Robinson-Nishiumi-Arai-Takeuchi equation of state to model phase behavior. Key streams were checked to determine if they were in the vapor or vapor-liquid region. For streams in the vapor-liquid region, the mole fractions of components in the vapor and liquid phases were calculated. The results from the equation of state were compared to values provided in the plant design documents. The summary concludes that the equation of state performed well but that more complex equations may provide improved accuracy.
This document summarizes research on cold-climate air-source heat pumps conducted in Minnesota homes. Eight heat pumps were monitored, including six ducted whole-home systems and two ductless mini-split systems. The heat pumps performed well down to 5-10 degrees Fahrenheit for ducted systems and below -13F for ductless. Annual COPs were 1.2-2.1, providing energy savings of 40-60% compared to electric resistance or propane heating. Paybacks were estimated at 6 years or less when paired with replacing an existing heating or cooling system. Further research is needed to optimize controls and expand applications to multifamily buildings.
The document summarizes the itinerary and activities of an international meeting held in Liden, Sweden from May 18-22, 2015 as part of the ERASMUS+ DOME project. Over the course of the meeting, the group traveled to Liden, had sightseeing outings and cultural activities around the local area, attended working sessions on cultural heritage and education, visited classrooms and a teachers' working session at a local school, attended an international conference, learned about Swedish history on a trip to Sundsvall, and had a local outing where they cooked their own lunch.
Eksempler på anvendelse af (Computational Fluid Dynamics) CFD til kraftværker...R&R Consult
Præsentation af hvor vi har anvendt CFD til design, til bl.a. affaldsforbrændingsanlæg, biomassefyret anlæg, afsvovlingsanlæg (DeSOx) og til DeNOx (SCR)
Flere eksempler www.R-R-Consult.dk
This document discusses methods for assessing the energy performance of heat exchangers over time. It describes calculating the overall heat transfer coefficient U to determine if fouling or other issues have reduced efficiency. The procedure involves monitoring operating parameters, calculating thermal properties, and determining U by measuring the heat duty, surface area, and log mean temperature difference. An example application to a liquid-liquid exchanger is provided, comparing test data to design specifications to identify potential fouling issues.
This software simulates the thermal performance of solar water heating systems. It calculates the mass and energy balances in the storage tank each time step based on meteorological data, collector parameters, and hot water load. The software was validated by comparing results to the TRNSYS simulation software, with average hourly temperature differences of 3.73% for Rio de Janeiro and 2.81% for Istanbul, demonstrating satisfactory accuracy.
Evaluating mathematical heat transfer effectiveness equations using cfd techn...aeijjournal
Mathematical heat transfer equations for finned double pipe heat exchangers based on experimental work carried out in the 1970s can be programmed in a spreadsheet for repetitive use. Thus avoiding CFD analysis which can be time consuming and costly. However, it is important that such mathematical equations be evaluated for their accuracy. This paper uses CFD methods in evaluating the accuracy of mathematical equations. Several models were created with varying; geometry, flue gas entry temperature,
and flow rates. The analysis should provide designers and manufacturers a judgment on the expected level
of accuracy when using mathematical modelling methodology. This paper simultaneously identifies best
practices in carrying out such CFD analysis
In this Thesis I will try to understand the concept associated with cooling towers and model a laboratory sized cooling tower in a software package called Engineering Equation Solver (EES). An example of system modelling is presented in this progress report, along with the comparison of a set of results with an experimental data from P.A Hilton Model H892 Bench top cooling tower with a maximum of 9% error. A user interface is also modelled to simulate off-design performance rather than conducting experiments. It also allows you to do additional scenarios that cannot be practically being done in lab,
like Relative humidity, etc.
Numerical Modelling of Trans-Triple Point Temperature Near-Field Sonic Dispersion of CO2 from High Pressure Dense Phase Pipelines, Chris Wareing, University of Leeds. Presented at CO2 Properties and EoS for Pipeline Engineering, 11th November 2014
R&R Consult and VODA A/S collaborated to redesign the secondary air supply and introduce water-cooled boiler walls for a waste heat incinerator at RenoSyd I/S. R&R Consult conducted CFD simulations to map the combustion process before and after the rebuild. The simulations included modeling of the fuel and primary air supply, secondary air distribution, heat transfer, and thermal radiation. The results were used to design an improved secondary air supply system and optimize the fuel/air distribution throughout the boiler domain. The model also helped verify that the boiler would meet environmental requirements for complete combustion.
This document evaluates air cooling requirements for various cooler configurations in a Formula One car through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. It finds that placing a charged air cooler (CAC) upstream of other radiators results in the greatest total heat transfer to cooling air. Using a carburettor upstream of the compressor or transferring heat from compressed air to fuel can each reduce CAC heat rejection requirements. The aim is to predict the configuration requiring the lowest air mass flow to cool the engine within 2014 regulations.
The document summarizes the simulation of gas quenching of a carburized pinion gear. Different heat transfer coefficients were applied to three zones of the gear to predict temperature profiles, residual stresses, phase distributions, and hardness profiles. The simulation results matched measured temperature data and predicted distortion of 0.0213mm radially after quenching.
At the technology round table strategic presentations on Industrial Refrigeration will be presented by leading industry representatives, followed by a panel discussion.
The document presents the results of an experimental study on latent thermal energy heat exchangers using paraffin wax as the phase change material (PCM) and air as the heat transfer fluid. Two heat exchanger designs were tested: a tubular heat exchanger with a single PCM storage tube, and a compact heat exchanger model based on an automobile radiator. The experiments analyzed parameters like charging and discharging durations, temperature profiles of the inlet and outlet air, and temperature distribution within the PCM. While the tubular design showed the influence of operating parameters on performance, the compact design demonstrated higher heat transfer but incomplete melting within the PCM due to its low thermal conductivity.
Rolls-Royce claimed additional fuel gas heaters were needed for gas turbine packages due to changes in gas compositions after the purchase order. The study analyzed the phase behavior of the original and new gas mixtures to determine if the minimum 50K dew point margin could be met by the existing heater. For cases 2, 3, 4, and 6 the margin was less than 50K with just the existing heater but greater than 50K when including an additional heater, justifying Rolls-Royce's request. The high dew point margin of 50K compared to other suppliers' 28K standard may have been due to uncertainties around the gas properties and limited vapor saturation curve data provided to Rolls-Royce
This document summarizes a project to optimize combustion at the Crystal River Unit 4 power plant through continuous combustion management. Equipment was added to measure and control coal and air flows to burners. Coal flow was balanced across pulverizers and burners. Secondary air flows were measured and automatically adjusted at each burner. O2 and CO probes were relocated or augmented. These changes improved boiler efficiency by 0.5%, reduced NOx emissions by 7-15%, and lowered operating costs through reduced reagent and fuel usage and extended equipment life.
Green House Gas and Automatic Weather Station data analysis. We compare seasonal variation of CO2 & CH4 vs Wind Speed and Wind direction. How to analyze wind rose diagram.
This document evaluates the performance of an air heater that was installed at a power plant as part of an efficiency improvement project. It describes the standard ASME method for evaluating air heater performance and discusses issues with applying that method in practice. The document then presents a new method for applying the vendor's performance curves to evaluate the air heater performance according to the ASME standard. It derives equations to calculate temperature correction factors needed for the evaluation and discusses estimating the uncertainty of the results.
Design simulation and test rig for laboratory scale latent heat thermal energ...Coeintes teriuniversity
1) A laboratory scale latent heat thermal energy storage system was developed using a shell and tube heat exchanger prototype.
2) The prototype was experimentally tested and analyzed to understand heat transfer between the heat transfer fluid and phase change material.
3) Numerical simulations were also conducted to model heat transfer considering fluid flow parameters, phase change of the material, and heat diffusion.
This document summarizes the analysis of stream conditions at various points in a liquefied natural gas plant using the Peng-Robinson-Nishiumi-Arai-Takeuchi equation of state to model phase behavior. Key streams were checked to determine if they were in the vapor or vapor-liquid region. For streams in the vapor-liquid region, the mole fractions of components in the vapor and liquid phases were calculated. The results from the equation of state were compared to values provided in the plant design documents. The summary concludes that the equation of state performed well but that more complex equations may provide improved accuracy.
This document summarizes research on cold-climate air-source heat pumps conducted in Minnesota homes. Eight heat pumps were monitored, including six ducted whole-home systems and two ductless mini-split systems. The heat pumps performed well down to 5-10 degrees Fahrenheit for ducted systems and below -13F for ductless. Annual COPs were 1.2-2.1, providing energy savings of 40-60% compared to electric resistance or propane heating. Paybacks were estimated at 6 years or less when paired with replacing an existing heating or cooling system. Further research is needed to optimize controls and expand applications to multifamily buildings.
The document summarizes the itinerary and activities of an international meeting held in Liden, Sweden from May 18-22, 2015 as part of the ERASMUS+ DOME project. Over the course of the meeting, the group traveled to Liden, had sightseeing outings and cultural activities around the local area, attended working sessions on cultural heritage and education, visited classrooms and a teachers' working session at a local school, attended an international conference, learned about Swedish history on a trip to Sundsvall, and had a local outing where they cooked their own lunch.
The document analyzes the structural framing of a two-storey bungalow divided into three parts by three students. Roy Yiek analyzes beams and columns in his assigned zone. He calculates the loads on Beam 4/A-E on the first floor, including self-weight, wall weight, slab weight and live loads. He determines the shear force and bending moment diagrams. Roy also analyzes secondary Beam C/3-4 and Beam A/1-3, calculating their ultimate loads.
The document describes the design of a retail space for an upscale chocolate and pastry boutique. The floor plan incorporates soft, sweeping curves inspired by draping fabrics to create a feminine atmosphere. Muted pinks and yellows define the color palette, and traditional furnishings use fabrics in muted pinks and creams to establish a formal yet comfortable environment consistent with the neighborhood location. Multiple sketches demonstrate the design process leading to the practical application of the design solution.
Lands' End provides school uniforms and allows customers to shop online using their school's preferred number or name, on their mobile device by scanning a code, or over the phone by calling and providing the school number and student details. Customers can also visit a local Lands' End at Sears store for sizing help and to place an online order, though selection may be limited. The document encourages signing up for school email updates on landsend.com.
The document discusses privacy issues related to genomic data and genetic testing. It describes how an individual's genome contains sensitive personal information and is difficult to anonymize. A new research community is studying privacy-preserving approaches like differential privacy and computing on encrypted genomes to allow for genetic analysis while protecting individual privacy. Open problems remain around long-term security of encrypted data and balancing privacy with the utility of genomic research.
Dr. Thomas Zurbuchen discusses research frontiers in space weather. He notes that space weather is as important to space researchers as cancer is to biologists. His presentation covers the role of universities in fundamental research, modeling challenges like the University of Michigan's model, new distributed sensor network architectures using fleets of nanosatellites, and the educational challenge of training students in developing new technologies and analyzing data.
The document discusses the role of mHealth and nurses in modernizing clinical pathways. It argues that nurses will play a key role in creating trust in mHealth applications and educating patients on their use. For mHealth to be effective, investment is needed in educating health professionals and developing evidence-based guidelines for using mHealth tools. The conclusion states that mHealth can help shift toward integrated care if nurses are supported to build trust and provide training, and if guidelines provide evidence for their implementation.
[1] O documento descreve como começar a desenvolver aplicativos para Android, requisitos mínimos e opções dependendo do nível de experiência do desenvolvedor, incluindo recursos para aprender Java e Android. [2] É recomendado aprender Java primeiro e conceitos básicos de programação orientada a objetos. [3] São fornecidas referências como cursos, livros, comunidades e mais para auxiliar no aprendizado de Java e desenvolvimento para Android.
How to find defects in SMT electronics manufacturingBill Cardoso
This presentation covers several examples of defects found in today's SMT electronics manufacturing lines. Learn how x-rays can be used to find these defects, and most importantly, diagnose your manufacturing line.
All x-ray images taken with TruView X-Ray Inspection systems.
- Where Are Defects Introduced in the SMT production line?
- Solder Paste Application Defects
- Component Placement Defects
- Reflow Oven Defects
- Statistical Process Control
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
This document summarizes research on using spray-freezing of phase change materials (PCMs) for indirect dry cooling of power plants. The key points are:
1) Current power plant cooling methods rely heavily on water resources and face regulatory challenges. Novel cooling systems are needed that use little to no water.
2) The proposed method uses recirculating PCM slurries that are sprayed and freeze into spheres in air. This allows heat to be removed indirectly via air cooling.
3) Preliminary experiments show the PCM spray characteristics and freezing behavior. Computational modeling examines heat transfer during melting and settling of PCM particles.
4) The innovative system could reduce steam condensation
The document provides the test procedure for evaluating condenser performance, including instrumentation requirements and steps to determine condenser heat load, circulating water flow, terminal temperature difference, and the expected versus actual saturation temperature and back pressure. Key parameters that will be measured include circulating water temperatures, condenser back pressure, air-steam mixture temperature, and condenser duty. Deviations from expected performance will be analyzed based on differences in circulating water inlet temperature, flow rate, and condenser heat load.
This document describes the development of a numerical model to simulate heat transfer and fluid dynamics in a helical double-pipe vertical condenser. The condenser is part of an absorption heat transformer system integrated with a water purification process. Experimental data from the condenser is used to validate the model. The model considers heat transfer via conduction in the tube walls and the phase change that occurs inside the inner tube. Governing equations for continuity, momentum and energy are discretized and solved using an implicit method. The model is evaluated dynamically to determine how operating variables like mass flow rate affect heat flux, pressure and temperature in the condenser. This helps optimize control of the overall system.
DSD-INT 2018 River Temperature Modeling, USA - BoyingtonDeltares
Presentation by Matt Boyington, Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), USA, at the Delft3D - User Days (Day 2: Hydrodynamics), during Delft Software Days - Edition 2018. Tuesday, 13 November 2018, Delft.
The Melting of an hailstone: Energy, Heat and Mass Transfer EffectsAkinola Oyedele
The document presents a mathematical model for simulating the melting of a hailstone. It uses energy conservation principles and Fourier's law of heat transfer to model the heat flux and phase change during melting. A finite volume method is used to numerically solve the partial differential equations describing the transient heat transfer. The model was verified against an approximate analytical solution and showed good agreement. Results demonstrate that longer times are required to melt the center of the hailstone compared to the outer parts.
Design and Thermal Analysis of Hydraulic Oil Cooler by using Computational Fl...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study analyzing the thermal performance of a hydraulic oil cooler using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It involves:
1) Designing a hydraulic oil cooler with cross-flow heat exchanger cores to transfer heat from hot hydraulic oil into ambient air.
2) Developing a thermal model and equations to calculate heat transfer rates, oil/air temperatures, heat transfer coefficients, and surface area required.
3) Validating the model through experimental testing of an oil cooler setup and comparing predicted vs actual temperature values.
Simulation and Optimization of Cooling Tubes of Transformer for Efficient Hea...IJAEMSJORNAL
This document describes a numerical simulation and optimization of cooling tubes in a distribution transformer to improve heat transfer efficiency. Five optimization cases are studied: 1) normal case without modifications, 2) implanting axial grooves and fins in cooling tubes, 3) adding a porous media inside tubes, 4) combining porous media with axial grooves and fins, and 5) inclining the cooling tubes. The simulation is performed using ANSYS Fluent to model fluid flow and heat transfer. The results are analyzed to determine the maximum hot spot temperatures and evaluate which case provides the most efficient cooling of the transformer core and windings.
Analytical approach of thermosyphon solar domestic hotGaaliche Nesrine
Abstract—An efficient and simple simulation approach for thermosyphon solar water heaters has been
developed and compared with experimental data. This approach, valid for solar-only systems, gives the ability
to link the system main design and constructional parameters with the expected energy output through an
analytical determination of the coefficients of the characteristic input–output equation of the system. The
proposed methodology can be used not only for energy optimization of the system in the design phase but also
for evaluation of test results of an existing system in order to improve it further. 2002 Elsevier Science
Ltd. All rights reserved.
The document summarizes a study analyzing the effect of heat transfer on the spring characteristics of hydro-pneumatic struts used in vehicle suspensions. A thermal time constant model was developed using real gas equations of state to model the irreversible heat transfer during compression and expansion cycles. The analysis defines a non-dimensional frequency parameter and shows through numerical simulation that this single parameter fully characterizes the energy dissipation and spring behavior of hydro-pneumatic springs regardless of other variables. The existence of this parameter is also determined analytically by modeling the hydro-pneumatic spring as an anelastic model.
This document discusses research being conducted to optimize the cooling system design of the Villanova Steel Orca Research Center data center. Various cooling strategies and containment configurations will be tested using CFD software to minimize total energy consumption for cooling. Key factors like supply air flow rate and chiller supply temperature setpoint will be optimized. The most efficient designs will be validated at the new research facility to improve data center energy efficiency.
This document discusses research being conducted to optimize the cooling system design of the Villanova Steel Orca Research Center data center. Various cooling strategies and containment configurations will be tested using CFD software to minimize total energy consumption for cooling. Key factors like supply air flow rate and chiller supply temperature setpoint will be optimized. The most efficient designs will be validated at the new research facility to improve data center energy efficiency.
The document discusses modeling HVAC processes in eQUEST and defining topics for a final project. It provides information on using predefined and detailed models in eQUEST, then lists example HVAC system models in eQUEST including packaged single zone DX coils with and without heating. The document also discusses integrating HVAC, building physics, and plant models and provides schematics of an air handling unit model and equations for its energy and mass balances. Possible final project topics are suggested related to software analysis, detailed modeling of systems like heat recovery or geothermal heat pumps.
This document summarizes the final technical report for a project to design and build a microchannel heat exchanger flow loop. Key accomplishments include constructing and validating the flow loop, developing experiment manuals for measuring friction factor and Nusselt's number, and delivering all work to the client on time and to specifications. Recommendations include expanding experiments to study two-phase flow and slug flow, and potential flow loop improvements like better sensors and housing design.
This research paper models and controls the temperature of a shell and tube heat exchanger using two PID controller tuning methods. An ARMAX model is obtained from experimental PRBS data to mathematically model the heat exchanger dynamics. PID settings are designed using Internal Model Control (IMC) tuning and relay auto-tuning methods. Experimental results show that the IMC-tuned PID controller provides better control of the cold fluid outlet temperature in terms of error metrics than the relay auto-tuned controller.
Optimization of Air Preheater for compactness of shell by evaluating performa...Nemish Kanwar
Designing of an Air Preheater with increased performance from an existing design through alteration in baffle placement. Analysis of 4 Baffle designs for segmented Baffle case was done using Ansys Fluent. The net heat recovery rate was computed by subtracting pump work from heat recovered. Based on the result, Air Preheater design was recommended.
This document reports on viscosity measurements of n-hexadecane, n-octadecane, and n-eicosane at pressures up to 243 MPa and temperatures up to 534 K using a novel windowed rolling-ball viscometer. The data extend the database of viscosity measurements to high-pressure, high-temperature conditions and provide the first reported viscosity values for n-eicosane above 2 MPa over the entire temperature range. The experimental viscosity data are modeled using free volume theory and density values from equations of state to correlate viscosity as a function of temperature and pressure.
Sandia National Laboratories conducted experiments using a Dry Cask Simulator (DCS) to validate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models for spent nuclear fuel storage cask thermal analyses. The DCS uses a scaled prototype boiling water reactor assembly inside a pressure vessel to simulate internal conditions of dry casks. Thermocouples measure temperature profiles under various decay heat and helium pressure conditions to model aboveground and belowground cask storage. Initial testing of the aboveground configuration showed good agreement between experimental temperature measurements and CFD simulations, within estimated uncertainties.
The document summarizes an Ansys CFD simulation of film cooling effectiveness comparing different shaped cooling holes. It discusses that CFD uses numerical methods to solve complex fluid flows and is used in aerospace, sanitation, medicine, and more. The simulation process in Ansys 15.0 includes CAD modeling, meshing, setup of variables like momentum and boundaries, solution of the mesh, and results analysis including velocity, vorticity, and temperature contour comparisons to experimental data. The simulation aimed to match results from a dissertation on film cooling effectiveness of different hole shapes.
Similar to Long Term Water Temperature Modelling for Fish Habitat (20)
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as the Directive 2002/95/EC. It includes the restrictions for the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS is a WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
2. Study Purpose
To examine long-term data series of
water temperature, from which fish
habitat and season variability can be
characterized
Also required:
synthesis for discharge in tributary streams
and air temperatures
6. Solution Procedure
Hydrodynamics engine based temperature
model
St. Venant’s equations solved by linear finite
elements – FERNS
Routines added to FERNS for the solution of
Temperature conservation equation
7. Key Elements
Velocity, depth, flow fields
Temperature computations for:
Main stem, tributaries &
Embayment
Four-day average air temperature as inflow
water temperature
Daily air temperature
8. Model Features
226 nodes, tree based network
Cross-sections defined as x-y coords (up to
600 points)
3-hour & 24-hr time step
Predictor-corrector hydraulic solution
Runge-Kutta explicit temperature solution at
60 & 150 sec. time steps
9. Analytical Steps
Data collection
Hydraulic & channel geometry
Water levels at the outlet
Water temperatures – air and water
Water supplies into the Bay of Quinte
Data synthesis
Five running average air temperature to surrogate
water temperatures
Regional and Net Basin Supplies analysis to map and
extend tributary flows