The document provides an overview of key concepts in logistics management. It defines logistics and supply chain management, outlines common logistics functions like transportation and warehousing, and lists approaches used in logistics like just-in-time and outsourcing. Specific logistics applications and challenges are described for industries like fuel transportation, vehicle logistics, and milk run distribution. Key logistics roles like freight forwarders and the use of e-marketplaces are also summarized.
The 12 Fundamental Best Practices of Supply Chain ManagementIntalere
This article highlights the fundamental best practices of healthcare supply chain management. Intalere assists our customers in managing their entire non-labor spend, providing innovative technologies, products and services, and leveraging the best practices of a provider-led model.
Explanation on Problems Faced By Companies in their logistic & Supply Chain Management and how they overcome on it by analysing its results before and after the measures taken by them. The two companies are Papa John's & Procter & Gamble.
The 12 Fundamental Best Practices of Supply Chain ManagementIntalere
This article highlights the fundamental best practices of healthcare supply chain management. Intalere assists our customers in managing their entire non-labor spend, providing innovative technologies, products and services, and leveraging the best practices of a provider-led model.
Explanation on Problems Faced By Companies in their logistic & Supply Chain Management and how they overcome on it by analysing its results before and after the measures taken by them. The two companies are Papa John's & Procter & Gamble.
Digitization will reinvent the world economy with individuals, businesses, and societies becoming
interconnected in real time. This new digital economy is more collaborative, intelligent,
responsive, and efficient, with dramatic increases in productivity and economic value.
The digital economy will transform the way we live and work, how business runs, and how society
functions – and it will do this in a timeframe that is much shorter than any other major economic
transition in history.
A warehouse management system (WMS) is a key part of the Supply Chain. Warehouse management systems often utilize automatic identification and data capture technology, such as barcode Scanners, mobile computers, wireless LANs and potentially radio frequency identification (RFID) to efficiently monitor the flow of products. Once data has been collected, there is either a batch synchronization with, or a real-time wireless transmission to a central database. The database can then provide useful reports about the status of goods in the warehouse.
Strategic Sourcing - A High level overviewRam Raghuraman
'Strategic Sourcing - An Introduction' delivered by Ram Raghuraman (Founder - BCube Global Solutions, Chennai) as part of ISM India's webinar series on Strategic Sourcing.
The last mile: The next battleground for businesses adapting to changing cons...Deloitte Canada
With online shopping in Canada poised to surge, the last mile is quickly becoming the next major opportunity for brand differentiation. From offering drive-through pick-up services to easy returns, it’s the perfect time to think big if you want to stand out.
Is your organization ready? View our presentation on the last mile to discover how improving the last mile, improves the customer experience.
This presentation is a brief overview of the services that LMI can offer to any business regardless of size. By controlling your freight expenses and increasing visibility of freight expenditures, companies can capture 10-30% off what they are currently spending...why have you not looked into collaborating with a leader in the marketplace? Call today for a FREE analysis to see if you can increase your bottom line figures today!
Digitization will reinvent the world economy with individuals, businesses, and societies becoming
interconnected in real time. This new digital economy is more collaborative, intelligent,
responsive, and efficient, with dramatic increases in productivity and economic value.
The digital economy will transform the way we live and work, how business runs, and how society
functions – and it will do this in a timeframe that is much shorter than any other major economic
transition in history.
A warehouse management system (WMS) is a key part of the Supply Chain. Warehouse management systems often utilize automatic identification and data capture technology, such as barcode Scanners, mobile computers, wireless LANs and potentially radio frequency identification (RFID) to efficiently monitor the flow of products. Once data has been collected, there is either a batch synchronization with, or a real-time wireless transmission to a central database. The database can then provide useful reports about the status of goods in the warehouse.
Strategic Sourcing - A High level overviewRam Raghuraman
'Strategic Sourcing - An Introduction' delivered by Ram Raghuraman (Founder - BCube Global Solutions, Chennai) as part of ISM India's webinar series on Strategic Sourcing.
The last mile: The next battleground for businesses adapting to changing cons...Deloitte Canada
With online shopping in Canada poised to surge, the last mile is quickly becoming the next major opportunity for brand differentiation. From offering drive-through pick-up services to easy returns, it’s the perfect time to think big if you want to stand out.
Is your organization ready? View our presentation on the last mile to discover how improving the last mile, improves the customer experience.
This presentation is a brief overview of the services that LMI can offer to any business regardless of size. By controlling your freight expenses and increasing visibility of freight expenditures, companies can capture 10-30% off what they are currently spending...why have you not looked into collaborating with a leader in the marketplace? Call today for a FREE analysis to see if you can increase your bottom line figures today!
X leaders is a project of next Leadership development program (LDP) of SPE- Young professionals (EGYPT branch )which was created at April - 2016, and has won the award of the competition.
The project describes the academic, financial, logistics, HR and PR plans for the next year.
In this presentation, we will discuss the concept of information and how it affects decision making in management, management information system. We will also talk about processing of orders and documents, logistic information system designs and various other aspects.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit: http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
The haulage services are added with the transportation of the various goods by vehicles like lorries and trucks. They are essential in various logistics scenarios where different items are needed to be moved from one place to another.
Logistics meaning, objective, evolution of transportation, components of supply chain, principle of transportation, logistics activities, meaning of Road ,marine ,air, transportation, type, advantage and disadvantage.
Transportation is the key object in every business. The technology and their possible outcomes in near by future are explained over here. What could be the future technology and the possibilities in India ?
TRUCK TRANSPORTATION
SERVICES
Truck Transportation
Truck transport is the transport of goods and services by a vehicle
called truck. There are two types of truck transporters; One of the
first things owned by rental carriers to deliver their trucks to
businesses is the personal use of vehicles for personal work. Trucking
services are mainly used in the construction industry for importing
and exporting goods and services.
Advantages of Truck Transport
Cost effectiveness
Flexible service
Complete door to door services
Flexible service
Another important use of the truck is that it is well suited for small cargo
shipments and deliveries as it appears to be cheaper and better for export.
Trucking services are very much easy and flexible, and they can go in
every direction and wherever they want and wherever they want to go. The
roads and streets are very much immune to these transportation services.
Cost effectiveness
Rail and air transport are relatively expensive modes of transport,
requiring little capital investment in road transport. The cost of
construction, operation and maintenance of roads is cheaper than rail or
air transport. Therefore, only a small amount of revenue is charged for
using the roads.
Complete door to door services
The first and foremost benefit of trucking is that it provides door-todoor home services to anyone who wants to receive goods and services at
their doorstep.
The greatest advantage of road transport, that makes it the core lifeline of
the transport industry, is its ability to provide door-to-door, from source to
destination, warehouse-towarehouse, doorstep services.
Advantages of Truck Transport
Cost effectiveness
Quick and scheduled delivery
Flexible service
Track and trace of cargo and the truck
Complete door to door services
InterModal
Intermodal transportation means moving large-sized properties in the
same steel-based containers through two or more modes of transport.
This process brings many benefits, such as increased safety for the goods
and faster delivery. We offer multiple levels of rail service to efficiently
transport your LTL & TL shipments.
It’s a typical way of affecting goods in modern times. The intermodal
transfer may include truck, rail, ship, and then truck again.
Cross Border
The activities, infrastructures, and flows that confirm the passage of
passengers and freight across an international border.
Cross-border transportation can be facilitated, monitored, controlled, and
even prevented.
X-Dock
Cross-docking is an operational procedure where products are
directly transferred from received to outbound transport.
Unlike traditional warehousing, you do not typically hold or store any
product. Cross-docking decreases inventory and operation costs by
eliminating unnecessary handling and storage.
Logistics
Logistics refers to the overall process of managing how resources are acquired, stored, and transported to
their last destination.
Logisti
TRUCK TRANSPORTATION
SERVICES
Truck Transportation
Truck transport is the transport of goods and services by a vehicle
called truck. There are two types of truck transporters; One of the
first things owned by rental carriers to deliver their trucks to
businesses is the personal use of vehicles for personal work. Trucking
services are mainly used in the construction industry for importing
and exporting goods and services.
Advantages of Truck Transport
Cost effectiveness
Flexible service
Complete door to door services
Flexible service
Another important use of the truck is that it is well suited for small cargo
shipments and deliveries as it appears to be cheaper and better for export.
Trucking services are very much easy and flexible, and they can go in
every direction and wherever they want and wherever they want to go. The
roads and streets are very much immune to these transportation services.
Cost effectiveness
Rail and air transport are relatively expensive modes of transport,
requiring little capital investment in road transport. The cost of
construction, operation and maintenance of roads is cheaper than rail or
air transport. Therefore, only a small amount of revenue is charged for
using the roads.
Complete door to door services
The first and foremost benefit of trucking is that it provides door-todoor home services to anyone who wants to receive goods and services at
their doorstep.
The greatest advantage of road transport, that makes it the core lifeline of
the transport industry, is its ability to provide door-to-door, from source to
destination, warehouse-towarehouse, doorstep services.
Advantages of Truck Transport
Cost effectiveness
Quick and scheduled delivery
Flexible service
Track and trace of cargo and the truck
Complete door to door services
InterModal
Intermodal transportation means moving large-sized properties in the
same steel-based containers through two or more modes of transport.
This process brings many benefits, such as increased safety for the goods
and faster delivery. We offer multiple levels of rail service to efficiently
transport your LTL & TL shipments.
It’s a typical way of affecting goods in modern times. The intermodal
transfer may include truck, rail, ship, and then truck again.
Cross Border
The activities, infrastructures, and flows that confirm the passage of
passengers and freight across an international border.
Cross-border transportation can be facilitated, monitored, controlled, and
even prevented.
X-Dock
Cross-docking is an operational procedure where products are
directly transferred from received to outbound transport.
Unlike traditional warehousing, you do not typically hold or store any
product. Cross-docking decreases inventory and operation costs by
eliminating unnecessary handling and storage.
Logistics
Logistics refers to the overall process of managing how resources are acquired, stored, and transported to
their last destination.
The Ultimate Guide to General Freight ShippingEarlesTransport
Freight shipping is the process of transporting goods by land, sea, or air. It is a complex process that involves many different steps, from packing and loading the goods to tracking their progress and delivering them to the final destination. There are many different types of freight shipping, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The most common types of freight shipping include.
To know more - https://earlestransport.com/general-freight-service/
Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to ma...Lviv Startup Club
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to make small projects with small budgets profitable for the company (UA)
Kyiv PMDay 2024 Summer
Website – www.pmday.org
Youtube – https://www.youtube.com/startuplviv
FB – https://www.facebook.com/pmdayconference
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
Stay ahead of the curve with our premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions. Our expert developers utilize MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js to create modern and responsive web applications. Trust us for cutting-edge solutions that drive your business growth and success.
Know more: https://www.synapseindia.com/technology/mean-stack-development-company.html
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
2. What is Logistics?
Logistics is the . . . “process of planning,
implementing, and controlling the
efficient, effective flow and storage of
goods, services, and related information
from point of origin to point of
consumption for the purpose of
conforming to customer requirements.“
Council of Logistics Management
3. Is it different from SCM?
Not really!
“Supply Chain Management deals with the
management of materials, information, and
financial flows in a network consisting of
suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and
customers.” (Stanford Supply Chain Forum)
So, Logistics and Supply Chain are
equivalent terms.
5. A List of Approaches in Log. Man.
Just in Time Inventory
Vendor Managed Inventory
Quick Response
Collaborative
Planning, Forecasting, and
Replenishment
Outsourcing / 3PLs
Cross-docking / Flow
Through Centers
Build to Order
SC Visibility Software
Internet / EDI
Collaborative
Transportation
Management
Auctions / Exchanges
Merge - In - Transit
Partnerships / Alliances
7. Value Added Services
Value added services, such as
quality
control, labeling, sorting, repacking,
etc. can be included in the logistics
processes.
8. Bonded Warehouse
(In Turkish: “Antrepo”)
Bonded warehouse is a warehouse in which
goods are stored without customs duties
being paid until they are removed from the
warehouse.
Such warehouses are used for the storage
of import merchandise, subject to duty, until
the duties are paid or the goods reshipped
without entry.
9. Bonded Warehouse…
In accordance with the limitations and
authorities defined by laws of
customs, bonded warehouse stores
merchandise, not subject to free
circulation, under internationally
acclaimed standards prior to
nationalization.
Operations in the warehouse may include
assembly, manipulation or storage but
usually not manufacturing.
10. Cross Docking
A logistics activity that attempts to reduce
costs and total lead time.
Breaks down received items on the
loading dock and immediately matches
them with outgoing shipment
requirements, instead of stocking the
items in warehouse locations and
returning to pick for orders at a later time.
11. Cross Docking…
Eliminates the need to place
inventory in storage.
This can mean moving pallets across
the docking areas (hence the name)
for loading onto delivery vehicles.
12. Cross Docking…
Crossdocking essentially eliminates the
inventory-holding function of a warehouse
while still allowing it to serve its
consolidation and shipping functions.
The idea is to transfer incoming
shipments directly to outgoing trailers
without storing them in between.
13. Logistics Experience will be
different from one sector to another
Textiles
– speed and variety due to seasonality concerns
Retailing (FMCG)
– prevents stores from having empty shelves or shelves with
overstocks
– Frozen storage and transportation
Health
– hygienic, have limited shelf life, require special storage
conditions and entertain high inventory risks
Automotive
– just in time (JIT), delivering parts from thousands of
kilometers, special packaging
Fuel and Petroleum Transportation
– very special tanker security systems
14. Fuel and Petroleum
Transportation
Fuel tankers have bodies, including the
chassis, made of aluminum alloy and are
the lightest tankers in weight and highest
in volume (20.000 to 38.000 liters).
The tanks have a bottom loading and
unloading system and all the necessary
security equipments for overloading.
15. Fuel and Petroleum
Transportation…
The tanks have capacities between 20.000 and
38.000 liters, 4 to 7 compartments and 3.200 to
7.000 liters of compartment capacities.
Along with these tankers there are three-level
security systems, bottom loading equipments,
anti-rolling system, a security system locking the
brakes when the API drum is opened and the
valves when it is closed, emergency buttons at
three sides and an EBS brake system.
17. Fuel and Petroleum
Transportation…
The drivers clothes have long sleeves and long
trousers.
The fabric is 100% cotton to avoid static
electricity.
In addition, all drivers wear anti-static shoes.
The drivers’ equipments also include gloves
resistant to the material they carry, a helmet
compliant to EN norms and glasses against the
material vapor.
18. Vehicle Logistics
Vehicle logistics services include:
– Vehicle Transportation
– Marine Transportation (RO-RO)
– Ship Loading and Unloading
– Storage and Parking Lot Services
– Dealer Distributions
– Information Systems and Reporting
20. Vehicle Logistics …
During the placement of
vehicles on to the
ship;
Minimum parking
distances,
Installation of the safety
equipment
should be realized.
21. Vehicle Logistics …
Storage and Parking Lot
Services:
- Transfer to addressed area,
- Transfer to the dispatch area,
- Transfer of the out of order
vehicles to the service area,
- Transfer from the service
area to the addressed area
22. What is Ro-Ro?
Roll-on/roll-off (RORO) ships are
designed to carry wheeled cargo
such as automobiles, trailers or
railway carriages.
This is in contrast to lo-lo (lift on-lift
off) vessels which use a crane to
load and unload cargo.
23. What is Ro-Ro?
RORO vessels have built-in ramps which
allow the cargo to be efficiently "rolled on"
and "rolled off" the vessel when in port.
While smaller ferries that operate across
rivers and other short distances still often
have built-in ramps, the term RORO is
generally reserved for larger ocean-going
vessels.
24. What is Intermodal (Combined)
Transport?
It is a transport method that more than
one transport mode is used for the same
transport container.
The process can also be defined as a
transportation method where transport
mode changes for the same transport
container or land vehicle, but the goods
themselves are not handled during these
changes.
25. What is Intermodal (Combined)
Transport?
In other words, it is a transport method
that integrates advantages of different
transport modes.
In intermodal transport, the aim is to
achieve an effective combination of
cost, delivery time and service quality.
26. Features of Intermodal Transport
Using standard transport units (like standard
containers, trailers or pallet).
The suitability of the transport units for loading,
carriage and unloading.
The compatibility of the technological, legal and
organizational parts of the process chain within
the transport system.
The goods inside the transportation container are
not handled
27. Advantages of Land-Railway
Intermodal Transport
Guarentee of long-term fixed price
Secure shipping
Minimum interference by weather conditions and
traffic constraints
Easier border crossing
Cost and equipment supply advantage in high
volume and planned shippings
30. What is Milk Run Distribution?
It is the combination of shipments
from multiple vendors in close
geographic proximity into one
shipment received by the customer,
normally done for a defined route on a
recurring basis.
32. What is a Freight Forwarder?
An independent business that handles
export/import shipments for a fee.
A freight forwarder is among the best sources of
information and assistance on export regulations
and documentation, shipping methods, and
foreign import regulations.
Forwarder assembles, collects and consolidates
less-than-truckload (LTL) freight .
33. What is a Freight Forwarder?...
Forwarder consolidates freight for many
shippers, arranges for shipment and delivery via
LTL carriers and gets lower (freight) rates based
on volume than the individual shippers could
obtain.
At the request of the shipper, the forwarder
makes the actual arrangements and provides the
necessary services for expediting the shipment
to its overseas destination.
It also clears the freight through customs.
34. What is a Freight Forwarder?...
The freight forwarder does not actually carry the
cargo or conduct business for the ship.
It is an intermediary between carrier and owner of
goods being transported.
The forwarding agent assists the exporter in
finding the most economic and efficient methods
of transporting and storing cargo.
35. E-marketplace, Online Auctions and
Exchanges
An E-marketplace is a virtual online
market where organizations register as
buyers or sellers to conduct B2B ecommerce over Internet.
They can be operated by an independent
party, or be run by some form of industry
consortium that has been set-up to serve
a particular sector.