Presentation for lodge school primary students regard fauna

1. BIODIVERSITY
CONSERVATION
IN SARAWAK:
Circle of Life
Mohd-Azlan Jayasilan
Faculty of Resource Science and Technology,
Universiti Malaysia Malaysia
94300 Kota Samarahan
Sarawak
azlan@unimas.my

2. Types of Natural Resources
Forest Air
Water
Solar
energy
Wind Fossil
fuels

3. Circle of Life

4. BACKGROUND
•Sarawak - approximately 17% of Borneo is located in the Sundaland
region
•Sarawak - largest State in Malaysia (38% of Malaysia)

5. BIODIVERSITY IN MALAYSIA
• Biodiversity - the variety of plant and animal life in the world or
in a particular habitat, a high level of which is usually considered
to be important and desirable.
• Malaysia is known as one of the 12 mega-biodiversity country
• >50% Species than exist in the world can be found in Malaysia
(flora & fauna + microorganism)
Myers et al. 2000 Nature 403, 853-858

6. MALAYSIAN BIODIVERSITY
• >300 mammals (17th )
• 702 birds (37th )
• ≈350 reptiles
• ≥165 amphibians
• >300 freshwater
fish.
• ≈1,200 moths
• ≈l2,000 butterflies
• ≈ 12,500 flowering
plants
• > 1,100 ferns.
> 170,000 species known so far source: NRE

8. INSECTS: Main Characteristics
• Three different body parts - head, thorax and
abdomen
• 1 pair of antennae (head)
• 6 legs or 3 pairs of legs (thorax)
• Most have 2 pairs of wings – flies only have 1 pair
of wings; some insects are wingless, such as
fleas, some ants

9. IMPORTANCE
OF
INSECTS
Aesthetics Food source Disease Vector
Natural Product Nutrient cycling
Predator
Medicine
Pollinator

10. Helpful Insects
They help with
pollination (e.g.
Butterfly pollinate
on flowers).
They make materials
that we can use for
food & clothing (e.g
Honey bees produce
honey & beeswax).

11. Harmful Insects
They eat food crops
(e.g. Slender rice
bug feeds on paddy).
They carry harmful
germs (e.g.
Cockroaches produce
asthma allergens).

12. • At least 5000 beetle species have been recorded in Gunung
Mulu NP alone and the butterfly fauna is estimated to
include approximately 900 species (Otsuka, 1988).

14. Diversity of terrestrial snails in
Sarawak
M.E Marzuki
• 598 taxa recorded in Borneo island
 (85% Bornean endemic taxa)
• 284 taxa recorded in Sarawak
 (67% Sarawak endemic taxa)
• The terrestrial snail species
diversity in Borneo is 30% higher
compared to the Sumatra + Java +
Bali & adjacent small Islands
• Sarawak is also home to the world’s
smallest terrestrial snail, Acmella
nana
(Type locality: Niah National Park) > 0.8 mm
(Vermeulen et al., 2015)

16. Freshwater Fish in Borneo
• At least 394 species from 99
families; 40% are endemic.
• More than 254 species (65%) can
be found in Sarawak freshwater
ecosystems (Kottelat, et al., 1993).
• Scientifically important fish such
as from the genus Paedocypris -
smallest known species of fish in
the world (Kottelat et al., 2005).

18. • Snake Diversity≈150 species (40 -
50% endemic)
• Amphibian: 186 species (75%
endemic)
• Lizards: 110 species (60%
endemic- e.g. Earless Monitor
Lizard)
Herpetofauna

19. Amphibians & Reptiles
Reptiles means a cold-blooded
vertebrate animal that includes
snakes, lizard, crocodiles,
turtles, and tortoises,
typically having a dry scaly
skin and laying soft-shelled
eggs on land.
Amphibians means a cold-
blooded vertebrate
animal that comprises the
frogs, toads,
salamanders and
caecilians

20. Amphibians
6,433
species
Amphibian Species of the
World (D. R. Frost)
Reptiles
9,084
species
Reptile Database by P.
Uetz, European Molecular
Biology Laboratory

22. Bornean Bird Diversity
• High Diversity ≈ 633
species
• 8% endemic – highest in the
Sundaic Islands (Myers, 2009)
• Eg. Mountain black eye,
Hose’s broadbill, Blue-
headed pitta, Black oriole

24.  common birds
Birds are everywhere ....
Garden
backyards of house
 interesting species
Town area
Designated
nature park &
wildlife sanctuaries Coastal areas
Rural jungle

25. Threaten and Endangered birds in
Malaysia ~ 115 species
Burung Siul
Crested Partridge
Rollulus rouloul
Whitehead’s Trogon
Harpectes whiteheadi
Blue headed pitta
Pitta Baudii
Kuang Raya Gunung
Great Argus Rheinardia ocellata
Crestless Fireback
Lophura erythrophthalma
Rhinoceros Hornbill
Buceros rhinoceros

27. FACTS ABOUT MAMMALS
But whether they live on land or water, all mammals share some
common characteristics.
Smallest is the hog-nosed bat,
which weighs 15 gram
Largest is the blue whale,
which can be 100 feet long
and weigh 150 tons.
(150,000 Kg)
www.whalewatch.co.nz
scitechdaily.com
There are more than 4,000
different species of mammals.

28. “GET TO KNOW THEM”
Images by Jasmine Chapgar
Sheppard Software’s Kids Corner Animal

29. Images by Jasmine Chapgar
Sheppard Software’s Kids Corner Animal

30. Malaysia ≈ 336; 17th in the World (IUCN, 2016)
Sarawak ≈ 221 species Terrestrial Mammals
41 % endemic (Payne et al., 1995)
• Bornean horseshoe bat, Proboscis monkey (Corbet & Hill, 1992)
HOW MANY?
HOW MANY?
Sabah & Sarawak (Borneo) - High endemism

31. Pollinators – Flying Fox
• Giant Fruit Bats
• Largest bats in the
world
• 2 species in Malaysia:
• Island Flying Fox
• Large Flying Fox
I am :
• Vegetarian
• Feed on fruits, flowers (including
nectar and pollen), and even leaves

33. What is
Deforestation
 the loss of forest
that occurs when
people cut down
trees.
What can
we do?
 Reduce cutting
trees.
Re-plant trees.
What
happened if
no trees?
 Loss of habitat
for animals.
Soil erosion
Loss of culture
Why cut down
trees?
 use wood for
building
 Plantation
Housing development

34. Water Pollution

35. 01 02 03 04
Product
Food Cultural-
religious
practices
Medicine
Bennett et al., 2000
Mohd-Azlan and Fauzi, 2006
Melo et al., 2014
• Wildlife is considered as important food souce for many people in Malaysia.
• Many species are believed to have medicinal properties (e.g. Tiger, Sun bear,
Pangolin)
• Hunting is no longer sustainable in many regions which include the indigenous
people in tropical forests
• The increasing population growth, improved hunting techniques and gears,
better road networks with modern transportation, and increased economic
benefits have all lead to the increase hunting pressure (Bennett et al., 2000; Pangau-Adam
et al., 2012).
Wildlife Hunting- Exotic Food & Medicine

36. Wildlife hunting- exotic food & medicine
36
• About 45 Mammals, 6 Reptile dan 1 Amphibian
species used in traditional medicine by local
community in the interior parts of Sarawak
• Majority of the hunts were for subsistence (n
= 115, 76%), while the rest were for sale and
others
• (others = medicines, safety, past time
activities, or skin)
Bushmeat Sale Others
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Purpose of Hunting
%
of
Hunts
170 respondent