awareness of wild fauna and flora, value of forest, endangered species, causes for wild life depletion, human-wildlife conflict, deforestation, wild-life conservation, wild-life sanctuaries, national park, afforestation, save tree, save forest, save earth, save wild-life

1. Dr.Ga.BAKAVATHIAPPAN, M.Sc., M.Phil.,Ph.d, B.Ed.,
HOD of Zoology – SBK College, Aruppukottai -India

2. World Wildlife
Day
3rd March•
• Wildlife includes all
undomesticated living
plant and animal species.
• To celebrate and raise
awareness of the world’s
wild fauna and flora.

3. The main value of forest is that they
• produce oxygen
• regulate the water supply and
• use solar energy to make chemical energy.

4.  Forest are the only source of timbers, wood fuel,
bamboos and a rich source of a variety of valuable
products.
 They guard against erosion of land, damage of
water sheds, floods and segmentation. The
provide shelter to the wildlife.
 Above all, forest also provide facility of the grazing
of live stocks and produce a large number of
products of commercial as well as industrial
importance.

5.  In a survey of biologists conducted by New York's
American Museum of Natural History, 70% of the
biologists surveyed believe that 20% of all living
animal populations could become extinct by 2028.
 Science has only identified about 2 million species,
but it is estimated that this is only a small fraction of
the number that have yet to be discovered or that
have already gone extinct.
 Over the past 400 years, 89 mammalian species
have gone extinct, and another 169 are threatened
with extinction.

6. Wildlife Week :October - 2nd to 8th
• Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and
animal species and their habitats.
• The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature
will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to
recognize the importance of wildlife for humans and other
species alike.

7. • An endangered species is defined as a
population of a living species that is in the
danger of becoming extinct because of
several reasons.
• Some of The reasons can be, that
• 1. the species have a very low population,
or 2. they are threatened by the varying
environmental or prepositional
parameters. A vulnerable species is
a species of animals or plants which are
likely to become endangered

8. Causes for wild life
depletion
 Climate change: Global warming is making hot days
hotter,
 Rainfall, hurricanes stronger and droughts more severe.
It is also causing dangerous changes to the landscape of
our world, adding stress to wildlife species and their
habitat.
 Since many types of plants and animals have specific
habitat requirements, climate change could cause
disastrous loss of wildlife species.
 Hibernating mammals, reptiles, amphibians, insects and
Plants are harmed and disturbed to change in moisture
level.
 Natural phenomena
like floods, earthquakes, volcanoes, lightning, forest fires
and epidemics, etc.,

9. – Unregulated hunting and poaching causes a major
threat to wildlife.
– Bus, train routes, agri land, industry, dams,
hydroelectric projects in the forest.
– Along with this, mismanagement of forest
department and forest guards triggers this problem.
– Pollution: Pollutants released into the environment
are ingested by a wide variety of organisms.
– Pesticides and toxic chemical being widely used,
making the environment toxic to certain plants,
insects, and rodents.

10. – Over exploitation is the over use of wildlife and
plant species by people for food, clothing, pets,
medicine, sport and many other purposes.
– The danger is that if we take too many
individuals of a species from their natural
environment, the species may no longer be able
to survive.
– The loss of one species can affect many other
species in an ecosystem. The hunting, trapping,
collecting and fishing of wildlife at unsustainable
levels is not something new.
– The passenger pigeon was hunted to extinction,
early in the last century, and over-hunting nearly
caused the extinction of the American bison and
several species of whales.

11. Human–wildlife conflict
• Human–wildlife conflict refers to the interaction
between wild animals and people and the resultant
negative impact on people or their resources, or wild
animals or their habitat.
• It occurs when growing human populations overlap
with established wildlife territory, creating reduction
of resources or life to some people and/or wild
animals.
• The conflict takes many forms ranging from loss of
life or injury to humans, and animals both wild and
domesticated, to competition for scarce resources to
loss and degradation of habitat.

12. Deforestation: Humans are continually expanding and
developing, leading to an invasion of wildlife habitats. As
humans continue to grow they clear forested land to
crewed more space. This stresses wildlife populations as
there are fewer homes and food sources to survive off of.
 Population: The increasing population of human beings
is the most major threat to wildlife. More people on the
globe means more consumption of food, water and fuel .
 Therefore, more waste is generated. Every major threat to
wildlife as seen above, is directly related to increasing
population of human beings. If the population is altered so
is the amount of risk to wildlife. The less is the population,
less is the disturbance to wildlife.

13. • Economic Value:
• Using wildlife to earn money. Many wild plants
provide useful substances like timber, paper;
gums etc., and they also have wide applications in
medicine. Wild animals Products include elephant
tusk, rhino horns, tiger fur, leather etc.
• Ecological Value:
Wildlife maintains ecological ‘balance of nature’
and maintains food chain and nature cycles.
• Recreational Value:
• Hunting and fishing are the most visible kinds of
recreation that depend directly on wildlife. These
include bird watching, photography, hiking,
camping, boating etc.

14.  Scientific Value:
 Most important contribution of wild life for human
progress is availability of large gene pool for the
scientists to carry breeding programs in agriculture,
animal husbandry and fishery.
 Social Value:
 Wildlife is the source of livelihood and subsistence. Due
to existence of wildlife on earth humans get benefit to
sustain life.

15. Human–wildlife conflict

18. Aesthetical Value:
Aesthetical value is the enjoying of
wildlife’s beauty and pleasure.
Wildlife enhances the beauty of
environment and motivation for
recreational activities.
Natural habitat of wild animals should be
carefully protected.
Shooting and hunting of endangered
species should be totally banned.
Habitats of wild life should be improved
by constructing water holes, saltlicks and
by raising plantation of better and
nourishing fodder grasses and trees.

19. WILD LIFE EDUCATION AND
TRAINING
• Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun organized
9 month PG Diploma and three months
Certificate courses on wild life for protected area
managers at the professional and Field
technician level during 1991-92.
• The Institute also organized a Zoo Management
course for Middle Level Managers and
Technicians and 4 week course for 16 trainees
from Zoos and wild life organizations from
different states.

20. DEFORESTATION
•
• Forest in developing countries
are going to be reduced at an
alarming rate. Destruction of wild
plants of forests for timber,
charcoal and firewood often
deprives wild animals their most
palatable food and affects their
survival.
• Absence of covers or shelter to
wild animals.
• Noise pollution by different
transport media and polluting river
water have adversely affected
wild animals.
• Hunting methods of all kinds and
for any purpose (that is, food,
recreation, fur, plumage, tusk,
horn etc.) have caused
destruction of wild life.
This process of deforestation is a
serious threat to economy, quality
of life and future of the
environment in our country.

21. The union has identified and documented
endangered species of plants and animals and has
placed them into eight “Red list” categories. The red list
categories can be regrouped into four main categories
as follows:
• EXTINCT SPECIES
• ENDANGERD SPECIES
• VULNERNABLE SPECIES
• RARE SPECIES

22. Other measures taken for
Wildlife conservation
Breeding programmes for endangered
species
Prevention of poaching, hunting and
biopiracy

23. Another name for wildlife tourism is
ecotourism.
Ecotourism is a potential source of
revenue for many Third World
countries.
SOME INDIAN SANCTUARIES AND
NATIONAL PARKS

24. National parks
• A national park is protected area of land in which a
typical ecosystem with all its wild plants and animals are
protected and preserved in natural surroundings.
As of April 2012, there were 102 national parks.
Jim Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand, established in
1936, was the first national park in India.
All national park lands then encompassed a total
39,919 km2, comprising 1.21% of India's total surface area
A total of 166 national parks have been authorized.
Over 17 national parks and sanctuaries have been selected
for Project Tiger to protect and increase tiger population in
India.

25. NAME STATE IN WHICH
LOCATED
ANIMAL(S) PROTECTED
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Tamil Nadu
Kerala
Karnataka
Nilgiri Tahr
Lion-tailed macaque
Gulf of Mannar Biosphere
Reserve
Tamil Nadu Dugong
Sea Cow
Sundarbans National Park West Bengal Royal Bengal Tiger
Nanda Devi Biosphere
Reserve
Uttarakhand
Nokrek Biosphere Reserve Meghalaya Red Panda
Panchmarhi Biosphere
Reserve
Madhya Pradesh Giant Squirrel
Flying Squirrel
Simlipal Biosphere Reserve Odisha Royal Bengal Tiger
Wild Elephant
Gaur
Achanakmar- Amarkantak
Biosphere Reserve
Chhattisgarh
Madhya Pradesh
Wide range of flora and
fauna
9 of the 18 Biosphere Reserves which are part of the
World Network of Biosphere Reserves

26. NAME STATE IN WHICH
LOCATED
ANIMAL(S) PROTECTED
Jim Corbett National Park Uttarakhand Tiger (EN)
Kaziranga National Park Assam Rhinoceros (CR)
Hazaribagh National Park Jharkhand Tiger (EN)
Kanha National Park MP Tiger (EN)
Cheetah (VU)
Sundarbans Tiger Reserve West Bengal Bengal Tiger (EN)
Gir National Park Gujarat Asiatic lion (EN)
Bandipur National Park Karnataka Elephant (VU)
Tiger (EN)
Desert National Park Rajasthan Great Indian Bustard (CR)
Black buck (NT)
EX = Extinct
EW = extinct in the wild
CR = critically
endangered
EN = endangered
VU = vulnerable
NT = near threatened
Conservation status
IMPORTANT NATIONAL PARKS
OF INDIA

27. Wildlife Sanctuary
• A sanctuary is a protected are of land, wetland
or sea reserved for the conservation of wild
animals, birds and plants.
India has over 492 wildlife sanctuaries.
Hunting of any kind is prohibited in sanctuaries.
Private ownership rights over sanctuaries and
limited human activities may be granted provided
they do not interfere with the normal
activities(feeding, nesting, breeding of wildlife

28. NAME STATE IN WHICH
LOCATED
ANIMAL/BIRD
PROTECTED
Keoladeo Ghana Bird
Sanctuary
Rajasthan
(Bharatpur)
Siberian crane, famous for
birds
Chilika Lake Bird Sanctuary Odisha Water fowls
Cranes
Ducks
Manas Wildlife Sanctuary Assam Panther
Tiger
Rhinoceros
Dachigam Sanctuary J&K Kashmiri stag
Musk snow leopard
Madhumalai Wildlife
Sanctuary
Tamil Nadu
(Nilgiri hills)
Elephant
Four-horned antelope
Nagarjunasagar Sanctuary AP Tiger
Panther
Periyar Sanctuary Kerala Elephant
Balmiki Nagar Tiger
Reserve
Bihar Tiger
Important national sanctuaries of India

29.  Here are 10 of the world's most endangered species.
There are many more species that are endangered or
threatened with becoming endangered, but most of
these are considered to be at extreme risk of extinction.
 Because of human destruction of their habitats, tropical
rainforest species are at the highest risk, as are top-of-
the-food-chain carnivores, other species whose
geographical range is already small, and marine coral
reef species.

30. Black Rhino
Scientific name: Diceros bicornis
Location: Southwest Africa
Population: 4,000
The black rhino was once the most
numerous rhino species, ranging
throughout southwestern Africa.
Due to excessive hunting, the
population has been reduced by over
90% in just the last 70 years.
The greatest threat to the black rhino
is poaching. They are hunted simply
for their for horns, which are used in
traditional Chinese medicine, as well
as for trophies and ornamental use.
Increased law enforcement and
conservation programs are helping
increase their numbers, but they are
still considered critically
endangered.

31. The Siberian Tiger : Panthera
tigris altaica The Siberian tiger is a subspecies
of tiger that is endangered; three subspecies of
tiger are already extinct.
Location: Russian Far East, possibly small
border areas of China and North Korea.
Population: 450
Tigers once ranged all over Asia, but today
their numbers are dangerously low, and more
tigers exist in American zoos than in the wild
in Asia. The Siberian, or Amur, tiger is the sub-
species closest to extinction in the wild. These
are the largest sized sub-species of tiger, as
well as the largest of the world's big cats.
The major threats facing these big cats are
poaching and loss of habitat due to human
encroachment. Much of the poaching is done
to supply tiger parts for traditional Chinese
medicine, even though equivalent modern
alternatives are available and have been
proven to be more effective.

32. Mountain Gorilla
 Scientific name:
 Gorilla beringei beringei
 Location: Central Africa
 Population: 700
 The sub-species of gorilla known
as the mountain gorilla exists in
the wild in two small regions: the
Virunga Volcanoes region at the
borders of Uganda, Rwanda, and
the Democratic Republic of Congo,
and the Bwindi Impenetrable
National Park in Uganda.
 These animals are threatened by
hunting and human encroachment
for agriculture and timber. While
eco-tourism may help to protect
these small populations, there is a
risk of spreading human illnesses
to the animals.

33. Hawksbill Turtle
• Scientific name:
• Eretmochelys imbricata
• Location: Throughout the tropics
and subtropics
• Population: 8,000 nesting females
• With a range that covers all the
world's tropical and sub-tropical
seas, the hawksbill turtle population
has decreased by 80% over the last
three generations.
• The major threat facing the
hawksbill turtle is the tortoiseshell
trade. In the last 100 years, millions
have been killed for their shells.
• Habitat destruction by human beach
front development, excessive
collection of their eggs, and
poaching for meat are other major
threats to their survival.

34. Sumatran Orangutan
Scientific name: Pongo abelii
 Location: Northern Sumatra
 Population: 7,300
 Sumatran orangutans exist
only on the Indonesian island
of Sumatra.
 Over the last 75 years, their
population has been
diminished by 80% due to
human encroachment of their
forest habitat, especially for
timber and agriculture.
 Although their numbers were
stabilizing for several years,
logging increased as people
cut down trees to rebuild
damaged infrastructure
following the 2004 tsunami.

35. Fin Whale
Scientific name:
 Balaenoptera physalus
 Location: All the world's
oceans
 Population: 30,000
 In the 20th century, over
750,000 fin whales were
killed by commercial
whalers.
 This second largest living
animal (after the blue whale)
was hunted almost to
extinction until the
International Whaling
Commission's ban on killing
them in 1976. Except for a
small number of allowed kills
for Norway, Japan, and
Iceland, the hunting of this
whale has been banned.

36. Asian Elephant
Scientific name: Elephas maximus
• Location: India and Southeast Asia
• Population: 25,000 to 32,000
• The main threat to Asian elephants
is conflict with humans. Since
elephants are grazing animals, they
need large tracts of land to feed
and survive. Because of this,
elephants and people cannot co-
exist in regions where most of the
land is used for agriculture.
The habitat of the Asian elephant
lies within Asia, the area of the
world with the greatest human
population growth, so their habitat
is under serious threat from
human encroachment.

37. Amur Leopard
Scientific name:
Panthera pardus orientalis
• Location: Eastern Russia
• Population: Less than 40
• Once ranging from all over
Eastern Asia, the Amur
leopard, or Far Eastern
Leopard, is now extinct in
China and the Korean
Peninsula.
Poaching and human
encroachment into the habitat
of the Amur leopard have led
to their drastic reduction in
numbers. With such a small
population, genetic anomalies
due to inbreeding pose a
further threat to the
population.

38. African wild dogs
are found in Sub-Saharan Africa (the part
of Africa south of the Sahara Desert).
African wild dogs live in packs. They hunt
at dawn and dusk, and chase prey such
as Thomson’s gazelles.

39. Axolotl
• This strange-looking amphibian has a
couple of very special tricks up its
sleeve (click the picture to find out
what they are!). Sadly, much of the
axolotl’s original habitat has been
destroyed, and it is now critically
endangered.
• Other Name(s): Mexican salamander,
Mexican walking fish
• Scientific name:
• Ambystoma mexicanum
• Type of Animal: Amphibian
• Animal Family: Ambystomatidae
• Where Found: Canals & wetlands in
the vicinity of Lake Xochimilco, Mexico
City, Mexico
• Length: 15 to 45 cm (6 to 18 in.); most
are around 23 cm (9 in.)
• Weight: 125 to 180g (4.4 to 6.4oz)
• Conservation Status: Critically
Endangered

40. Galápagos
Penguin
live on the
Galápagos islands,
and are the only
penguin found
north of the
equator.
They are the
second-smallest
penguin: only the
little penguin is
smaller.

41.  Ganges River Dolphin
Ganges river dolphins are freshwater dolphins found in
the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers in Bangladesh, India
and Nepal. These curious animals are virtually blind, and
swim on their sides.

42. Giant Panda
 Giant pandas are bears
that live in the forests
of China.
 They live on bamboo
makes up 99% of their
diet.
 While poaching is no
longer considered a
threat, the main threat
to the giant panda is
loss of habitat and
fragmentation of their
habitat due to
agriculture.
 There are only around
3,000 giant pandas
living in the wild today.

43. • Pangolin
• A pangolin’s body is covered with scales made of keratin — the
same substance that your fingernails are made of.
• There are 8 species of pangolin; four live in Africa, and four in
Asia. They are all under threat, and two are critically endangered.
Pangolins are hunted for food and for their scales.

44.  Chimpanzees live in the forests of central
Africa. They are our nearest living relatives,
sharing around 98% of our genes.

46. AFFORESTATION
The development of forests on
wastelands is usually known
as afforestation
In India, Wasteland
Development Programme is
being and overseen by
National Wastelands
development Board (NWDB)
which has adopted a mission
approach for enlisting
people’s participation,
harnessing inputs of science
and technology and
achieving inter disciplinary
co-ordination in the
programme, planning and
implementation.