Load factor and demand factor
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
2 likes•1,837 views
The document discusses key terms related to electrical power generation and load curves. It defines terms like connected load, demand factor, load factor, diversity factor, coincidence factor, loss factor, plant capacity factor, utilization factor, plant use factor, base load, and peak load. Load curves plot the variation in load over time and are important for understanding energy generation and demand. Base load refers to the minimum required electricity demand while peak load is the time of high demand.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Hydrothermal scheduling
This document discusses hydrothermal scheduling, which involves optimally scheduling hydroelectric and thermal power plants together to minimize generation costs. Hydrothermal scheduling is classified as either long-range (months or years) or short-range (days or weeks). The key aspects are using low-cost hydroelectric generation where possible to reduce reliance on more expensive thermal plants. Mathematical optimization techniques are used to determine the optimal dispatch of hydro and thermal plants while meeting demand and respecting water availability constraints. While hydrothermal coordination can lower costs, the variable nature of hydro inflows makes the optimization problem complex.
Chapter 01- High Voltage Engineering Introduction
This document discusses the history and development of high voltage engineering. It begins with early experiments with static electricity by ancient Greeks. Key figures who contributed include Franklin, Faraday, Tesla, and Edison. Faraday's law established that a magnetic field can induce current in a wire. Advances allowed longer distance power transmission. Challenges included developing high voltage insulation. Numerical methods like finite element analysis are now used to model electric field distributions in complex high voltage components.
Power factor improvement
This document discusses power factor, causes of low power factor, disadvantages of low power factor, and methods for improving power factor. It begins by defining power factor as the ratio of active power to apparent power. Inductive loads like transformers and motors cause low power factors by introducing reactive power. Low power factor results in larger equipment sizes, greater losses, and reduced system capacity. Methods for improving power factor include installing capacitors to offset reactive power and replacing standard motors with high efficiency models. The document concludes with a case study where installing capacitors at a factory's main board improved the average power factor from 0.75 to 0.95.
Load on power system
The load on a power station varies over time rather than being constant. This variability in load presents challenges for power stations, as they must produce power whenever demanded by consumers. Variable loads can necessitate additional equipment to vary the fuel supply and increase production costs, as generator efficiency decreases during light loads. Load curves are used to analyze and understand load patterns, showing how demand changes over various time periods from daily to annually. This information is important for power station operation and planning.
PV Wind Hybrid Systems
This document discusses PV-Wind hybrid systems which combine photovoltaic solar panels and wind turbines to generate electricity. Such hybrid systems are well-suited for locations where sunlight and wind availability vary seasonally. Key components include solar panels, a wind turbine, batteries, an inverter to convert DC to AC power, and instrumentation to monitor performance. Advantages are 24-hour power generation and reduced outage risks from multiple energy sources, while disadvantages include higher infrastructure costs and intermittent wind. Further research can improve performance and integration of renewable technologies.
Load curve
The load curve shows the variation in load on an electrical power station over time. It provides important information such as average daily load, maximum demand, number of generating units needed, and operation scheduling. The demand factor is the ratio of maximum demand to connected load and is used to determine plant equipment capacity. The load factor is the ratio of average load to maximum demand and indicates plant utilization.
Electrical distribution system
The document discusses distribution systems. It defines distribution systems as the part of the power system that distributes electricity from substations to consumers. It then classifies distribution systems based on factors like voltage level (primary vs secondary), current type (AC vs DC), construction method (overhead vs underground), and connection scheme (radial vs loop). The key components of distribution lines are identified as feeders, distributors, and service mains. AC and DC distribution are further explained, including methods to obtain 3-wire DC systems. Various connection schemes like radial, loop and interconnected are also summarized along with their advantages and disadvantages.
Capacitor bank and improvement of power factor
In these presentation ,we have discussed about power factor, disadvantages of low power factor and how to improve it. Also, capacitor bank and how to install capacitor bank are discussed.
Recommended
Hydrothermal scheduling
This document discusses hydrothermal scheduling, which involves optimally scheduling hydroelectric and thermal power plants together to minimize generation costs. Hydrothermal scheduling is classified as either long-range (months or years) or short-range (days or weeks). The key aspects are using low-cost hydroelectric generation where possible to reduce reliance on more expensive thermal plants. Mathematical optimization techniques are used to determine the optimal dispatch of hydro and thermal plants while meeting demand and respecting water availability constraints. While hydrothermal coordination can lower costs, the variable nature of hydro inflows makes the optimization problem complex.
Chapter 01- High Voltage Engineering Introduction
This document discusses the history and development of high voltage engineering. It begins with early experiments with static electricity by ancient Greeks. Key figures who contributed include Franklin, Faraday, Tesla, and Edison. Faraday's law established that a magnetic field can induce current in a wire. Advances allowed longer distance power transmission. Challenges included developing high voltage insulation. Numerical methods like finite element analysis are now used to model electric field distributions in complex high voltage components.
Power factor improvement
This document discusses power factor, causes of low power factor, disadvantages of low power factor, and methods for improving power factor. It begins by defining power factor as the ratio of active power to apparent power. Inductive loads like transformers and motors cause low power factors by introducing reactive power. Low power factor results in larger equipment sizes, greater losses, and reduced system capacity. Methods for improving power factor include installing capacitors to offset reactive power and replacing standard motors with high efficiency models. The document concludes with a case study where installing capacitors at a factory's main board improved the average power factor from 0.75 to 0.95.
Load on power system
The load on a power station varies over time rather than being constant. This variability in load presents challenges for power stations, as they must produce power whenever demanded by consumers. Variable loads can necessitate additional equipment to vary the fuel supply and increase production costs, as generator efficiency decreases during light loads. Load curves are used to analyze and understand load patterns, showing how demand changes over various time periods from daily to annually. This information is important for power station operation and planning.
PV Wind Hybrid Systems
This document discusses PV-Wind hybrid systems which combine photovoltaic solar panels and wind turbines to generate electricity. Such hybrid systems are well-suited for locations where sunlight and wind availability vary seasonally. Key components include solar panels, a wind turbine, batteries, an inverter to convert DC to AC power, and instrumentation to monitor performance. Advantages are 24-hour power generation and reduced outage risks from multiple energy sources, while disadvantages include higher infrastructure costs and intermittent wind. Further research can improve performance and integration of renewable technologies.
Load curve
The load curve shows the variation in load on an electrical power station over time. It provides important information such as average daily load, maximum demand, number of generating units needed, and operation scheduling. The demand factor is the ratio of maximum demand to connected load and is used to determine plant equipment capacity. The load factor is the ratio of average load to maximum demand and indicates plant utilization.
Electrical distribution system
The document discusses distribution systems. It defines distribution systems as the part of the power system that distributes electricity from substations to consumers. It then classifies distribution systems based on factors like voltage level (primary vs secondary), current type (AC vs DC), construction method (overhead vs underground), and connection scheme (radial vs loop). The key components of distribution lines are identified as feeders, distributors, and service mains. AC and DC distribution are further explained, including methods to obtain 3-wire DC systems. Various connection schemes like radial, loop and interconnected are also summarized along with their advantages and disadvantages.
Capacitor bank and improvement of power factor
In these presentation ,we have discussed about power factor, disadvantages of low power factor and how to improve it. Also, capacitor bank and how to install capacitor bank are discussed.
Single line diagram
The document discusses one-line diagrams, which are simplified diagrams used in power systems to represent the essential components in a simplified graphical format. A one-line diagram shows the main components of a power system like generators, transmission lines, transformers, and loads using standardized symbols. It represents the paths of power flow through the system from generation to transmission to distribution. The diagram is structured to match the physical layout. Impedance and reactance diagrams are similar but represent electrical elements like generators and lines as impedance/reactance values instead of physical components. An example calculation of voltage drop in a transmission line is provided.
Active, reactive and apparent power
This document defines and compares active power, reactive power, and apparent power in AC circuits. It states that active power is responsible for useful work, is represented by P, and is given by the relation P=VICosθ. Reactive power oscillates between the source and load, does not contribute to useful work, and is represented by Q=VISinθ. Apparent power is represented by S=VI and is equal to the square root of the sum of the squares of active and reactive power.
Tripping and control of impulse generators
The document discusses methods for tripping and controlling impulse generators. A simple method uses a three electrode gap in the first stage, where the central electrode is maintained at a potential between the top and bottom electrodes. Tripping is initiated by applying a pulse to a thyraton, which produces a negative pulse to trigger the three electrode gap. Modern methods instead use a trigatron, which requires a smaller voltage for operation. A trigatron consists of a high voltage sphere, earthed main sphere, and trigger electrode. Tripping is achieved by a pulse causing a spark between the trigger electrode and earthed sphere, inducing a spark across the main gap.
Transient in Power system
The document discusses power system transients. It defines transients as pulses of very short duration but high intensity. Transients can be classified as ultra-fast, medium-fast, or slow depending on their speed. Causes of transients include lightning, switching operations, faults, and resonance. When a transmission line is energized, voltages build up gradually along it via traveling waves. The velocity and behavior of these waves are determined by the line's inductance and capacitance per unit length.
Transformer protection
The document discusses protection schemes for transformers. It describes faults that can occur in transformers such as open circuits, overheating, and winding short circuits. It then discusses different protection systems for transformers including Buchholz relays, earth fault relays, overcurrent relays, and differential protection systems. Differential protection systems operate by comparing currents from current transformers on both sides of the transformer and tripping the circuit breaker if a difference is detected, indicating an internal fault. The combination of protection schemes provides comprehensive protection for transformers.
Power factor
This document provides an overview of power factor, including basics, causes of low power factor, disadvantages, correction methods, and advantages of correction. It defines power factor as the ratio of true power to apparent power. Induction motors, transformers, and other inductive loads cause low power factors. Correcting power factor reduces equipment sizes and losses, improves voltage regulation, and avoids penalties under power factor tariffs. Static capacitors and synchronous condensers are common correction methods.
Distribution System
This document provides information about substations, including:
1. Substations are facilities used to change characteristics of electric power supply like voltage, frequency, or converting AC to DC. They are located between generation/transmission and distribution.
2. Substations are classified by their function (transformer, switching, power factor correction etc.) and construction (indoor, outdoor, underground etc.).
3. Key equipment in substations includes transformers, busbars, circuit breakers, insulators, and protection devices. Instrument transformers like PTs and CTs are also used.
4. Distribution systems distribute power from substations to consumers using feeders, distributors, and service mains. Distribution systems are classified by supply type
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES
Distributed Generation generally refers to power generation at the point of end user or
customer. Distributed Generation is gaining worldwide acceptance due to it’s a number of benefits.
Distributed Generation eliminates the cost and complexity and reduces the chances of inefficiency
which occur in the transmission and distributed network [1]. Basically electricity produced is
generated at large generating stations which is then send at high voltages through the transmission
lines to the load centers and then through local distribution network distributed to the customers at
distribution level voltage. In present scenario there is an increase in demand which is creating gap
between demand and supply to fulfill this gap distributed generation can plays the significant role.
The main reason for the need of distributed generation is it is clean and continuous. Distributed
generation means generating power on site not centrally. Distributed generation is the best way for
rural electrification. This paper will discuss the importance and benefits of Distributed Generation in
near future
economics of power generation
This document discusses load curves and economics of power generation. It provides definitions for key terms like connected load, demand, maximum demand, load factor, diversity factor, and plant capacity factor. Load curves show the variation of load on a power station over time and can be daily, monthly, or yearly. The combined daily load curve shows higher loads during the day and lower loads at night. Tariffs for electricity aim to recover the fixed and operating costs of power generation through rates that consider maximum demand and energy consumed. Different tariff structures include flat demand rate, straight line meter rate, block meter rate, and two-part or three-part tariffs.
Voltage and Frequency Control of the Grid
As the fifth in a series of tutorials on the power system, Leonardo ENERGY introduces its minute lecture on voltage and frequency control, using the analogy of a metal/rubber plate to demonstrate the centralised nature of frequency control, whereas voltage control is more a local matter.
Electric traction ppt
The document discusses electric traction systems. It begins by defining electric traction as a locomotion system where the driving force is obtained from an electric motor. It then covers major classifications of traction systems including non-electric and electric examples. The document also outlines requirements of an ideal traction system and discusses merits and demerits of electric traction. It provides details on different electric traction supply systems and speed variation considerations.
Demand side management
The document discusses demand side management (DSM) strategies to efficiently manage electricity demand. It covers:
1. The goals of DSM including encouraging off-peak energy use and reducing environmental impacts.
2. Key steps in planning and implementing DSM programs including load forecasting, identifying target sectors and efficiency measures, and designing incentive programs.
3. Examples of DSM strategies for different sectors like encouraging efficient pump use in agriculture and promoting efficient appliances in residential and commercial buildings.
Types Of Substations
The document discusses types of substations. There are several types including transmission substations, distribution substations, collector substations, converter substations, and switching stations. Substations can also be classified based on their voltage levels, whether they are indoor or outdoor, and their configuration. The key functions of substations include transforming voltage from high to low levels or vice versa, and isolating faulted portions of the electrical system. Substations contain important equipment like transformers, circuit breakers, and busbars.
Power systems voltage and power control
This document discusses voltage and reactive power control methods in power systems. It covers the need for reactive power to maintain voltage levels and deliver active power through transmission lines. Various reactive power compensation devices are described such as series and shunt capacitors/reactors, synchronous condensers, static VAR compensators, and static synchronous compensators. Common voltage and reactive power control methods include excitation control at generating stations, using tap changing transformers, and switching shunt reactors/capacitors depending on load levels.
Planning and modern trends in hvdc
The document discusses planning for HVDC transmission and modern trends in HVDC technology. When planning HVDC transmission, the key factors to consider are cost, technical performance, and reliability. Modern trends aim to reduce converter station costs while improving reliability and performance. This includes advances in power semiconductors, converter control technology, development of DC breakers, conversion of existing AC lines, and operation with weak AC systems. Emerging technologies discussed are active DC filters, capacitor commutated converters, and ultra-high voltage DC transmission.
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss Calculation
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss
Calculation
Comparison of Overhead Versus Underground System
Power Loss Calculation,Voltage Drop Calculation
Introduction
1. Shunt compensation involves connecting FACTS devices in parallel with transmission lines to act as controllable current sources.
2. There are two types of shunt compensation: shunt capacitive compensation improves power factor by injecting a leading current, while shunt inductive compensation increases power transfer capability by reducing voltage amplification.
3. Examples of FACTS devices for shunt compensation include STATCOM, SVC using TCR, TSC and TSR to continuously or stepwise vary the equivalent reactance.
Alternator protection
The document discusses protection of alternators from various faults. It describes 7 types of faults that alternators require protection from: (1) failure of prime mover, (2) failure of field, (3) overcurrent, (4) overspeed, (5) overvoltage, (6) stator winding faults, and (7) unbalanced loading. It then provides details on differential protection and the Merz-Price circulating current scheme, which is commonly used to protect against stator winding faults. It also discusses limitations of this scheme and modified schemes for protection in other situations.
Power factor improvement
The cosine of angle made between the voltage and current is called the power factor.
In AC circuits, there is always the phase deference between the voltage and current, which is calculated in terms of power factor.
If the load is inductive the current lags behind the voltage and the power factor is lagging.
If the load is capacitive the current leads the voltage and the power factor is leading.
The value of power factor can never be more than unity.
Skin effect, proximity effect, ferranti effect, corona discharge
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1. Given:
Conductor diameter (d) = 10.4 mm
Spacing between conductors (s) = 2.5 m
Air temperature (T) = 21°C = 294 K
Air pressure (P) = 73.6 cm of Hg = 9.6 kPa
Irregularity factor (K) = 0.85
Surface factor for local corona (K1) = 0.7
Surface factor for general corona (K2) = 0.8
2. Critical disruptive voltage (Vc) = 28√(sdP/K)
= 28√(10.4×10-3×2.5×
Lecture 7 load duration curves
This slide show gives information about various load duration curves. Also various factors used in Electricity Supply industry are explained.
Lecture 8 load duration curves
Load duration curves show how load demand for electricity varies over time, such as daily or monthly. They are useful for predicting future energy needs and determining the appropriate capacity and size of generating units for a power plant. When planning a power plant, its total installed capacity and size of generating units must be decided based on the expected maximum load and factors like load factor, capacity factor, reserve factor, demand factor, and diversity factor, which all influence the economic operation of the plant. The load duration curve is divided into base, intermediate, and peaking loads, and different types of generating plants are suited for meeting each type of load demand.
More Related Content
What's hot
Single line diagram
The document discusses one-line diagrams, which are simplified diagrams used in power systems to represent the essential components in a simplified graphical format. A one-line diagram shows the main components of a power system like generators, transmission lines, transformers, and loads using standardized symbols. It represents the paths of power flow through the system from generation to transmission to distribution. The diagram is structured to match the physical layout. Impedance and reactance diagrams are similar but represent electrical elements like generators and lines as impedance/reactance values instead of physical components. An example calculation of voltage drop in a transmission line is provided.
Active, reactive and apparent power
This document defines and compares active power, reactive power, and apparent power in AC circuits. It states that active power is responsible for useful work, is represented by P, and is given by the relation P=VICosθ. Reactive power oscillates between the source and load, does not contribute to useful work, and is represented by Q=VISinθ. Apparent power is represented by S=VI and is equal to the square root of the sum of the squares of active and reactive power.
Tripping and control of impulse generators
The document discusses methods for tripping and controlling impulse generators. A simple method uses a three electrode gap in the first stage, where the central electrode is maintained at a potential between the top and bottom electrodes. Tripping is initiated by applying a pulse to a thyraton, which produces a negative pulse to trigger the three electrode gap. Modern methods instead use a trigatron, which requires a smaller voltage for operation. A trigatron consists of a high voltage sphere, earthed main sphere, and trigger electrode. Tripping is achieved by a pulse causing a spark between the trigger electrode and earthed sphere, inducing a spark across the main gap.
Transient in Power system
The document discusses power system transients. It defines transients as pulses of very short duration but high intensity. Transients can be classified as ultra-fast, medium-fast, or slow depending on their speed. Causes of transients include lightning, switching operations, faults, and resonance. When a transmission line is energized, voltages build up gradually along it via traveling waves. The velocity and behavior of these waves are determined by the line's inductance and capacitance per unit length.
Transformer protection
The document discusses protection schemes for transformers. It describes faults that can occur in transformers such as open circuits, overheating, and winding short circuits. It then discusses different protection systems for transformers including Buchholz relays, earth fault relays, overcurrent relays, and differential protection systems. Differential protection systems operate by comparing currents from current transformers on both sides of the transformer and tripping the circuit breaker if a difference is detected, indicating an internal fault. The combination of protection schemes provides comprehensive protection for transformers.
Power factor
This document provides an overview of power factor, including basics, causes of low power factor, disadvantages, correction methods, and advantages of correction. It defines power factor as the ratio of true power to apparent power. Induction motors, transformers, and other inductive loads cause low power factors. Correcting power factor reduces equipment sizes and losses, improves voltage regulation, and avoids penalties under power factor tariffs. Static capacitors and synchronous condensers are common correction methods.
Distribution System
This document provides information about substations, including:
1. Substations are facilities used to change characteristics of electric power supply like voltage, frequency, or converting AC to DC. They are located between generation/transmission and distribution.
2. Substations are classified by their function (transformer, switching, power factor correction etc.) and construction (indoor, outdoor, underground etc.).
3. Key equipment in substations includes transformers, busbars, circuit breakers, insulators, and protection devices. Instrument transformers like PTs and CTs are also used.
4. Distribution systems distribute power from substations to consumers using feeders, distributors, and service mains. Distribution systems are classified by supply type
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES
Distributed Generation generally refers to power generation at the point of end user or
customer. Distributed Generation is gaining worldwide acceptance due to it’s a number of benefits.
Distributed Generation eliminates the cost and complexity and reduces the chances of inefficiency
which occur in the transmission and distributed network [1]. Basically electricity produced is
generated at large generating stations which is then send at high voltages through the transmission
lines to the load centers and then through local distribution network distributed to the customers at
distribution level voltage. In present scenario there is an increase in demand which is creating gap
between demand and supply to fulfill this gap distributed generation can plays the significant role.
The main reason for the need of distributed generation is it is clean and continuous. Distributed
generation means generating power on site not centrally. Distributed generation is the best way for
rural electrification. This paper will discuss the importance and benefits of Distributed Generation in
near future
economics of power generation
This document discusses load curves and economics of power generation. It provides definitions for key terms like connected load, demand, maximum demand, load factor, diversity factor, and plant capacity factor. Load curves show the variation of load on a power station over time and can be daily, monthly, or yearly. The combined daily load curve shows higher loads during the day and lower loads at night. Tariffs for electricity aim to recover the fixed and operating costs of power generation through rates that consider maximum demand and energy consumed. Different tariff structures include flat demand rate, straight line meter rate, block meter rate, and two-part or three-part tariffs.
Voltage and Frequency Control of the Grid
As the fifth in a series of tutorials on the power system, Leonardo ENERGY introduces its minute lecture on voltage and frequency control, using the analogy of a metal/rubber plate to demonstrate the centralised nature of frequency control, whereas voltage control is more a local matter.
Electric traction ppt
The document discusses electric traction systems. It begins by defining electric traction as a locomotion system where the driving force is obtained from an electric motor. It then covers major classifications of traction systems including non-electric and electric examples. The document also outlines requirements of an ideal traction system and discusses merits and demerits of electric traction. It provides details on different electric traction supply systems and speed variation considerations.
Demand side management
The document discusses demand side management (DSM) strategies to efficiently manage electricity demand. It covers:
1. The goals of DSM including encouraging off-peak energy use and reducing environmental impacts.
2. Key steps in planning and implementing DSM programs including load forecasting, identifying target sectors and efficiency measures, and designing incentive programs.
3. Examples of DSM strategies for different sectors like encouraging efficient pump use in agriculture and promoting efficient appliances in residential and commercial buildings.
Types Of Substations
The document discusses types of substations. There are several types including transmission substations, distribution substations, collector substations, converter substations, and switching stations. Substations can also be classified based on their voltage levels, whether they are indoor or outdoor, and their configuration. The key functions of substations include transforming voltage from high to low levels or vice versa, and isolating faulted portions of the electrical system. Substations contain important equipment like transformers, circuit breakers, and busbars.
Power systems voltage and power control
This document discusses voltage and reactive power control methods in power systems. It covers the need for reactive power to maintain voltage levels and deliver active power through transmission lines. Various reactive power compensation devices are described such as series and shunt capacitors/reactors, synchronous condensers, static VAR compensators, and static synchronous compensators. Common voltage and reactive power control methods include excitation control at generating stations, using tap changing transformers, and switching shunt reactors/capacitors depending on load levels.
Planning and modern trends in hvdc
The document discusses planning for HVDC transmission and modern trends in HVDC technology. When planning HVDC transmission, the key factors to consider are cost, technical performance, and reliability. Modern trends aim to reduce converter station costs while improving reliability and performance. This includes advances in power semiconductors, converter control technology, development of DC breakers, conversion of existing AC lines, and operation with weak AC systems. Emerging technologies discussed are active DC filters, capacitor commutated converters, and ultra-high voltage DC transmission.
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss Calculation
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss
Calculation
Comparison of Overhead Versus Underground System
Power Loss Calculation,Voltage Drop Calculation
Introduction
1. Shunt compensation involves connecting FACTS devices in parallel with transmission lines to act as controllable current sources.
2. There are two types of shunt compensation: shunt capacitive compensation improves power factor by injecting a leading current, while shunt inductive compensation increases power transfer capability by reducing voltage amplification.
3. Examples of FACTS devices for shunt compensation include STATCOM, SVC using TCR, TSC and TSR to continuously or stepwise vary the equivalent reactance.
Alternator protection
The document discusses protection of alternators from various faults. It describes 7 types of faults that alternators require protection from: (1) failure of prime mover, (2) failure of field, (3) overcurrent, (4) overspeed, (5) overvoltage, (6) stator winding faults, and (7) unbalanced loading. It then provides details on differential protection and the Merz-Price circulating current scheme, which is commonly used to protect against stator winding faults. It also discusses limitations of this scheme and modified schemes for protection in other situations.
Power factor improvement
The cosine of angle made between the voltage and current is called the power factor.
In AC circuits, there is always the phase deference between the voltage and current, which is calculated in terms of power factor.
If the load is inductive the current lags behind the voltage and the power factor is lagging.
If the load is capacitive the current leads the voltage and the power factor is leading.
The value of power factor can never be more than unity.
Skin effect, proximity effect, ferranti effect, corona discharge
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1. Given:
Conductor diameter (d) = 10.4 mm
Spacing between conductors (s) = 2.5 m
Air temperature (T) = 21°C = 294 K
Air pressure (P) = 73.6 cm of Hg = 9.6 kPa
Irregularity factor (K) = 0.85
Surface factor for local corona (K1) = 0.7
Surface factor for general corona (K2) = 0.8
2. Critical disruptive voltage (Vc) = 28√(sdP/K)
= 28√(10.4×10-3×2.5×
What's hot (20)
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss Calculation
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss Calculation
Skin effect, proximity effect, ferranti effect, corona discharge
Skin effect, proximity effect, ferranti effect, corona discharge
Similar to Load factor and demand factor
Lecture 7 load duration curves
This slide show gives information about various load duration curves. Also various factors used in Electricity Supply industry are explained.
Lecture 8 load duration curves
Load duration curves show how load demand for electricity varies over time, such as daily or monthly. They are useful for predicting future energy needs and determining the appropriate capacity and size of generating units for a power plant. When planning a power plant, its total installed capacity and size of generating units must be decided based on the expected maximum load and factors like load factor, capacity factor, reserve factor, demand factor, and diversity factor, which all influence the economic operation of the plant. The load duration curve is divided into base, intermediate, and peaking loads, and different types of generating plants are suited for meeting each type of load demand.
Economic Aspects.docx
The load on a power station varies over time due to uncertain consumer demand. An ideal load would be constant, but in practice loads fluctuate. This variable load introduces challenges for power station operation. It requires additional equipment to adjust fuel and material flows to match changing demand levels. A variable load also increases production costs, as generators must be operated less efficiently at times of low demand to meet peak needs.
Power station
1) The document discusses key concepts for power plant design including energy requirements, maximum demand, single line diagrams, demand factor, group diversity factor, peak diversity factor, and maximum demand determination.
2) It provides an example of calculating the increase in peak demand from adding a new housing development to an existing distribution system.
3) The document also covers load curves, load duration curves, energy-load curves, load factor, capacity factor, and utilization factor as ways to analyze load and plant performance. It includes an example of calculating these metrics.
Unit-5.pptx
The document discusses key terms related to electric power generation systems and operations. It defines reserve capacity, operating reserve, average demand, maximum demand, base load and peak load. It also discusses load curves, load duration curves, mass curves, demand factor, load factor, diversity factor, capacity factor, use factor and different tariff structures. Factors that help determine the optimal size and number of generating units are also covered. The roles and challenges of electrical grids are outlined. Brownouts and blackouts are defined and distinguished.
Economics of power plant
This document provides definitions and explanations of key terms related to power plant economics and load factors. It discusses factors that influence load such as daily, weekly, seasonal and random variations. Load profiles including load curves and duration curves are explained. Key performance factors for power plants are defined such as load factor, capacity factor, utility factor, diversity factor, availability factor, demand factor and plant use factor. The costs involved in electricity power generation are outlined, including capital costs, operating and maintenance costs, and fuel costs. Generation costs are estimated based on these factors.
Economics of Power Generation
Tariff and Economic aspects in Power Generation
Base loads and Peak Loads
Variable Load on Power Station
Importance of Load Curves
Types of Tariff
Economics of power generation
This Slides will help you to know the- what is the economics of power generation and how it is generated. The basic terminology used in power generation like demand factor, peak load, load curve, load factor, diversity factor, and at last you will also find out the methods used for calculating the Depreciation of materials.
diversity
Diversity factor and demand factor are terms that confuse electrical designers. Diversity factor is the ratio of the sum of individual maximum demands to the maximum demand of the whole system. It is usually greater than one. Demand factor is the ratio of the sum of maximum demands to the total connected load. It is always less than one. When sizing feeders and services, diversity factor and demand factor allow for the fact that individual loads do not all reach their maximum demand simultaneously. This reduces the required capacity compared to the total connected load.
Shreelakshmi(power).pptx
This document discusses key concepts related to the generation of electrical power. It defines terms like demand factor, maximum demand, connected load, diversity factor, load factor, utilization factor, average load, coincidence factor, plant operating factor, plant factor, firm power, prime power, dump power, hot reserve, cold reserve, operating reserve, and spinning reserve. The document provides examples and explanations of these various factors and terms used in power generation planning and operations.
Energy, economic and environmental issues of power plants
This document discusses various topics related to power plant engineering including:
- Definitions of terms related to electrical load such as connected load, maximum load, demand factor, load factor, diversity factor, plant capacity factor, plant use factor, and utilization factor.
- Significance of load curves and load duration curves in understanding power demand variations and selecting plant size.
- Factors that influence power tariffs including load type, time of use, power factor, and energy consumption. Different tariff types like flat demand tariff, straight line meter rate, block meter rate, two-part tariff, and three-part tariff are explained.
- Examples are provided to illustrate calculations of load factor,
Tarrif and load curves
This document discusses different aspects of tariffs for electricity supply including objectives, types of tariffs, and key terms. It describes five main types of tariffs - simple, flat rate, block rate, two part, and maximum demand tariffs. It also covers related concepts like connected load, maximum demand, demand factor, diversity factor, load factor, reserves, load curves, and load duration curves.
Power system -Economic Aspect of Electric power Genration
Helpful for aspirant of B-Tech (Electrical )III Sem. of Punyashlok Ahilyabai Holkar University Solapur ,and any one studying electrical power system.
PRAYAS.pptx
The power system consists of generation, transmission, and distribution systems. Electricity is generated at power plants and transmitted through transmission lines and substations at high voltages. It is then distributed to consumers through distribution lines at lower voltages. Losses occur between generation and consumption due to technical factors like line resistance as well as non-technical issues like incorrect billing. Key concepts include load curves, plant load factor, availability, and the roles of various control centers in coordinating the system.
SodaPDF-converted-Copy of PSOC-unit1.ppt
This document discusses the operation and control of electrical power systems. It covers topics like the structure of power systems, variable loads on power stations, load curves, load characteristics, and the effects of variable loading. Load curves show how demand varies over time. Variable loading increases generation costs and requires additional control equipment to regulate frequency. Load characteristics include terms like maximum demand, average load, load factor, diversity factor, and plant capacity factor. Different types of loads like domestic, commercial, industrial, and agricultural loads are also described. Examples problems are provided to illustrate calculations related to load factors, demand factors, and energy generated.
Lecture-on-DISTRIBUTION-SYSTEM-edited.pptx
This document discusses key concepts related to electrical distribution systems and load analysis. It describes the typical components of a distribution substation including high and low side switching, transformers, voltage regulators, and protection devices. It also discusses distribution feeder maps, the characteristics of distribution lines and components, and how to model different types of loads including load graphs, demand factors, diversity factors, and other metrics. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating various load factors and diversity factors.
Copy of PSOC-unit1.pdf
This document discusses the effects of variable loading on power systems. Variable loads cause generation of power to become more costly as alternators are less efficient when not operating at full capacity. It also makes controlling the system frequency more difficult, requiring additional control equipment. This equipment increases costs and complexity. Variable loading necessitates speed governors, sensors, and other control devices to maintain system parameters. It can also increase losses in machines like transformers when loading conditions vary.
The document also covers load characteristics such as maximum demand, demand factor, average load, load factor, diversity factor, and plant capacity factor which are important for determining system requirements, planning installed capacity, and selecting generating units. Load curves illustrate the variation in load over time and are
12201619008_PEG_GouravSingh.pdf
This document contains information about power generation economics, including definitions of key concepts and factors related to the costs of different generation technologies. It defines total cost, average cost of energy, average cost of capacity, and marginal cost of energy. It also defines factors such as load factor, capacity factor, plant use factor, diversity factor, and demand factor. Load factor measures how efficiently energy is used, while capacity factor depends on fuel type. Plant use factor is the ratio of energy generated to potential energy based on plant capacity and hours of operation. Diversity factor accounts for the fact that individual consumer demands do not peak at the same time. Demand factor is the ratio of maximum demand to connected load.
Similar to Load factor and demand factor (20)
Energy, economic and environmental issues of power plants
Energy, economic and environmental issues of power plants
Load on Power Station from power sytem engineering
Load on Power Station from power sytem engineering
Power system -Economic Aspect of Electric power Genration
Power system -Economic Aspect of Electric power Genration
More from dhirajthakkar1
Wind power plant 1
Wind power is a renewable source of energy that can help reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. Large wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into electrical power. A wind power plant collects this energy from multiple wind turbines installed over a wide area to generate electricity on a utility scale.
Wind power plant 2
Wind power is a renewable source of energy that can help reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. Large wind turbines are grouped together in wind power plants that capture the kinetic energy of wind and convert it into electrical power. These wind farms provide a clean alternative energy source and help address issues of climate change.
Chapter 5 Wind Power
Wind power plants use wind turbines to harness the kinetic energy of wind and convert it into electrical energy. They consist of wind turbines with blades that spin a shaft connected to an electrical generator. When wind blows against the blades, it causes the shaft to spin and turn an electrical generator to produce electricity without any direct consumption of fuel.
Aerodynamic principle in wind turbine
The document discusses aerodynamic principles in wind turbines. It explains that a fluid flowing around an object exerts forces, including lift perpendicular to the flow and drag parallel to it. Lift can act in any direction at right angles to flow. Aerodynamic forces occur with air, while hydrodynamic forces occur with water. Dynamic lift differs from static lift like buoyancy, which does not require movement. The document then lists key terms related to aerodynamic forces on airfoils like lift, drag, angle of attack, and symmetrical vs. unsymmetrical airfoil design.
Chapter 6 otec
This chapter discusses captive power plants and ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) for electric power generation. It focuses on these alternative methods for producing electricity independently or as supplements to electric utilities. The chapter was written by D. N. Thakkar and is part of a larger work.
Chapter 6 gtec
This chapter discusses captive power plants, specifically GTEC which is an electric power generation company. It provides an overview of electric power generation through captive power plants. The chapter is authored by D. N. Thakkar and is part of a larger work from RCTI in Ahmedabad, India.
Chapter 6 otpp
This chapter discusses captive power plants, which are power generation facilities set up by industries to generate electricity for their own use and operations. Captive power plants, also known as on-site power generation or embedded generation, allow industries to avoid relying solely on electricity from the conventional power grid. They provide a reliable source of power for industries looking to reduce electricity costs and ensure a stable supply of power for their factories and facilities.
Chapter 6 biomass
This chapter discusses captive power plants that use biomass for electric power generation. It focuses on biomass as a fuel source for captive power, providing businesses and industries a way to generate their own electricity in an environmentally friendly manner. The chapter was written by D. N. Thakkar and is part of a larger work discussing various energy sources and technologies.
Chapter 6 gpp
Gas-based power plants generate electricity through the combustion of natural gas. They have lower emissions than coal plants and can be built on a smaller scale near population centers. The chapter discusses gas-fired power generation including the components, processes, emissions and advantages of these types of captive power plants.
Chap 5 wind power station
The document discusses wind power stations and wind power plants. It covers energy conversion in wind power plants using horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT). The document also mentions different types of HAWTs and VAWTs, as well as anemometers used to measure wind speed and direction for wind power generation. Limitations of wind power plants are also addressed.
Chapter 6 dpp
A captive power plant is a localized source of electricity that provides power to industrial facilities, large offices, or data centers. It can operate in parallel with the local electric grid to export surplus power or independently in island mode. Captive power plants provide benefits like secure power supply, reduced costs through high fuel efficiency, and improved environmental performance from increased fuel efficiency.
Hydro power station
This document discusses different types of turbines used in hydro power stations including impulse, Francis, and Kalplan turbines which are used for high, medium, and low head schemes respectively. It also covers the plant layout and vertical cross section of a typical hydro power station, and mentions hydro power stations in Gujarat.
Examples on load curve
Here are the steps to solve this homework problem:
1) To draw the load curves and load duration curves, list the loads from each region in descending order. Plot these on two sets of axes to show regions A and B separately, and on a third set of axes to show the total loads.
2) To find the average load and load factor of the total system:
- Calculate the total load at each time interval by adding regions A and B
- Calculate the total area under the load curve by summing the load × time intervals
- Divide total area by total hours to get average load
- Calculate load factor as average load/max load
3) The reserve capacity is the plant capacity (10 MW
Ohm's law
Ohm's law describes the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in an electrical circuit. It states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points, and inversely proportional to the resistance between them. Voltage is the "push" or pressure behind current flow, measured in volts. Current is the quantity of electrical flow through a circuit, measured in amps. Resistance opposes the flow of current and is measured in ohms. Ohm's law can be expressed as formulas to calculate voltage, current, or resistance when two of the three values are known.
Epg chap 1 continue
The document discusses the major equipment and auxiliaries used in a thermal power station, including boilers, steam turbines, alternators, and various pumps, fans, and other supporting equipment used for coal handling, ash handling, water treatment, and within the switch house. It provides examples of different thermal power station layouts depending on their location near a river bank or with a cooling tower. The advantages of thermal power stations are listed as lower fuel and capital costs compared to diesel plants, while disadvantages include higher maintenance costs, space requirements, pollution, and lower overall efficiency compared to other plant types.
Epg chap 1
The document discusses the key components and processes involved in a thermal power station. It covers the site selection criteria for a thermal power plant and the main cycles used - fuel and ash, air and flue gas, feedwater and steam, and cooling water. For each cycle, the key equipment is listed, such as the superheater, economizer, air preheater, fans, precipitator, condenser, pumps, heaters and cooling towers. The ideal location is near load centers but away from populated areas, and requires a large land area, water storage, and good transportation access.
More from dhirajthakkar1 (16)
Recently uploaded
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming Pipelines
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
22CYT12-Unit-V-E Waste and its Management.ppt
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, SerbiaTechnical Drawings introduction to drawing of prisms
Method of technical Drawing of prisms,and cylinders.
[JPP-1] - (JEE 3.0) - Kinematics 1D - 14th May..pdf
Kinematics 11th jpp- 01. ( Solved ) unacademy namo kaul on 14th may...
Iron and Steel Technology Roadmap - Towards more sustainable steelmaking.pdf
Iron and Steel Technology towards Sustainable Steelmaking
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
RAT: Retrieval Augmented Thoughts Elicit Context-Aware Reasoning in Long-Hori...
RAT: Retrieval Augmented Thoughts Elicit Context-Aware Reasoning in Long-Horizon Generation
bank management system in java and mysql report1.pdf
truth is high but higher still is truth full living
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Modelagem de um CSTR com reação endotermica.pdf
Modelagem em função de transferencia. CSTR não-linear.
Recently uploaded (20)
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming Pipelines
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming Pipelines
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...
Technical Drawings introduction to drawing of prisms
Technical Drawings introduction to drawing of prisms
[JPP-1] - (JEE 3.0) - Kinematics 1D - 14th May..pdf
[JPP-1] - (JEE 3.0) - Kinematics 1D - 14th May..pdf
Iron and Steel Technology Roadmap - Towards more sustainable steelmaking.pdf
Iron and Steel Technology Roadmap - Towards more sustainable steelmaking.pdf
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
ACRP 4-09 Risk Assessment Method to Support Modification of Airfield Separat...
ACRP 4-09 Risk Assessment Method to Support Modification of Airfield Separat...
RAT: Retrieval Augmented Thoughts Elicit Context-Aware Reasoning in Long-Hori...
RAT: Retrieval Augmented Thoughts Elicit Context-Aware Reasoning in Long-Hori...
bank management system in java and mysql report1.pdf
bank management system in java and mysql report1.pdf
2. Operations Strategy in a Global Environment.ppt
2. Operations Strategy in a Global Environment.ppt
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
BPV-GUI-01-Guide-for-ASME-Review-Teams-(General)-10-10-2023.pdf
BPV-GUI-01-Guide-for-ASME-Review-Teams-(General)-10-10-2023.pdf
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
Load factor and demand factor
- 1. ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION Load curve and Important terms By D. N. Thakkar RCTI, Ahmedabad
- 2. Connected load • The sum of continuous ratings of all the electrical equipments connected to the supply system is called the connected load
- 3. Demand Factor. • The word “demand” itself says the meaning of Demand Factor. Demand Factor = Maximum demand / Total connected load • For example, an over sized motor 20 Kw drives a constant 15 Kw load whenever it is ON. The motor demand factor is then 15/20 =0.75= 75 %. • Demand Factor is express as a percentage (%) or in a ratio • Demand factor is always < =1. • The lower the demand factor, the less system capacity required to serve the connected load.
- 4. Load factor • Load Factor = Actual Load / Full Load • OR • Load Factor = Area under the curve / Area of the rectangle • OR • Load Factor = Units generated / (Maximum demand x hours)
- 5. Load factor • It is the ratio of actual kilowatt-Hours used in a given period, divided by the total possible kilowatt -hours that could have been used in the same period at the peak KW level. • Load Factor = ( energy (kWh per month) ) / ( peak demand (kW) x hours/month ) • The Load factor is always <=1.
- 6. Load factor • Higher the load factor is GOOD and it will more Output of Plan, lesser the cost per unit which means an electricity generator can sell more electricity at a higher spark spread, Fixed costs are spread over more kWh of output. A power plant may be highly efficient at High load factors. • Low load factor is a BED. A low load factor will use electricity inefficiently relative to what we could be if we were controlling our peak demand. A power plant may be less efficient at low load factors.
- 7. Connected load factor Connected load factor = Average load / connected load = (Average demand / Maximum demand) x (Maximum demand / connected load) = Load factor x Demand factor
- 8. Diversity factor • Diversity Factor = Sum of Individual Maximum Demands / Maximum Demand of the System. • The diversity factor is always >= 1.
- 9. Coincidence factor • The reciprocal of diversity factor is coincidence factor • Coincidence factor = Maximum demand / Sum of individual maximum demands • The Coincidence Factor is always <=1.
- 10. Load diversity • Load diversity is the difference of sum of individual maximum demands of two or more consumers and their combined maximum demand
- 11. Loss factor Loss factor = Average power loss / Power loss at peak load
- 12. Plant capacity factor Plant capacity factor = Average demand / Installed plant capacity OR Plant capacity factor = Units generated in a year / Installed plant capacity x 8760
- 13. Utilization factor Utilization factor = Maximum demand / Plant capacity
- 14. Plant use factor Plant use factor = Units generated / ∑kWh = Units generated / kW1h1+kW2h2+….
- 15. Load curve Load curve is the variation of load with time on a Power Station. As the load on a Power Station never remain constant rather it varies time to time, these variations in load is plotted on half hourly or hourly basis for the whole day. The curve thus obtained is known as Daily Load Curve.
- 16. Importance of Load Curve • From the daily load curve we can have insight of load at different time for a day. • The area under the daily load curve gives the total units of electric energy generated. • Units Generated / day = Area under the daily Load Curve in kW • The peak point on the daily load curve gives the highest demand on the Power Station for that day. • The average load per day on the Power Station can be calculated using the daily load curve. • Average load = Area under the daily Load Curve (kWh)/ 24 hrs. • Load curve helps in deciding the size and number of Generating Units. • Load Factor = Avg. Load / maximum Load = Avg. Load x24 / 24xmaximum Load • = Area under daily Load Curve/Area of Rectangle having Daily Load Curve • Load curve helps in the preparing the operation schedule of the generating units.
- 17. Load Duration Curve • Load Duration Curve is the plot of Load versus time duration for which that load was persisting.
- 18. Base load & Peak load • Base load is the minimum level of electricity demand required over a period of 24 hours. It is needed to provide power to components that keep running at all times (also referred as continuous load). Peak load is the time of high demand.
- 19. Base load & Peak load
- 20. Base load & Peak load
- 21. Characteristics of Base load station • Operating throughout the year • Load factor is high • Efficiency is high • Cost of unit generation is less • Capital cost is high • Capacity is high • Difficult to start and stop
- 22. TPS in Gujarat