The document describes the key components and flow path of an isolated perfused liver system. The key components include primary and secondary reservoirs, a membrane oxygenator, bubble trap compliance chamber, inflow and outflow manifolds, peristaltic pump, liver chamber, and various manifolds. It provides details on the initial startup process which involves priming the system by circulating buffer through the closed loop and calibrating the pressure transducers.
This document provides an overview and details of the periodic inspection and testing of floating hoses for an SPM (Single Point Mooring) unit. Key points:
- The floating hoses are inspected every 3 years to check condition and suitability for reuse. Hoses showing deterioration are replaced.
- The inspection process includes removing marine growth, visual inspection for damage, electrical continuity testing, hydrostatic pressure testing, and vacuum testing.
- The document describes the procedures for flushing oil from the hoses, dismantling and visually inspecting the hoses, pressure testing, and reassembling and commissioning the hoses and SPM unit.
- Records are kept of the testing including pressure levels
The document is an installation, operation and maintenance manual for a HALO Turbo Charger used in reverse osmosis systems. It defines key terms like feed, permeate and brine. It then introduces the TURBO device, explaining that it uses hydraulic energy from the high pressure brine stream to boost pressure of the low pressure feed stream. The TURBO eliminates the need for a separate brine disposal pump. It has features like low maintenance due to lack of mechanical seals, ability to control brine pressure discharge, and an auxiliary nozzle valve to adjust brine flow and pressure.
The document describes the key components and basic operation procedures of the Radnoti Isolated Working Heart System. The system includes a bubble trap, compliance chamber, high tech heart chamber, oxygenating chamber, buffer reservoir, and peristaltic pump. It explains the usage of the numbered valves to direct perfusate flow through the different components in various modes like priming, constant pressure, and working heart. The oxygenating chamber uses a condenser formed from linked spheres to provide maximal surface area for rewarming and reoxygenating the perfusate.
This document provides information about common control valve components and types. It discusses how positioners have advanced to take input from sensors, alter control functions, modify valve movements, and interface with communication systems. It then focuses on the most widely used control valve types for industrial fluids: globe valves, rotary valves like ball valves and butterfly valves, and their characteristics. Key factors in valve sizing like system definition, allowable pressure drop, valve characteristic, preliminary selection, and minimum flow are also covered.
Valves are devices that regulate the flow of fluids by opening, closing, or partially obstructing passageways. They perform functions like starting and stopping flow, varying the flow amount, and controlling flow direction. Valves are classified based on their mechanical motion as either linear motion valves where the closure member moves in a straight line, or rotary motion valves where the closure member moves in an angular or circular path. Basic valve parts include the body, bonnet, trim (internal elements), actuator, and packing. Common valve types include gate valves, globe valves, ball valves, butterfly valves, plug valves, diaphragm valves, and angle valves. Each type has distinct characteristics regarding flow control, maintenance requirements, and applications.
This document provides an overview of basic well control procedures including:
- Kick detection and control methods like primary prevention and secondary detection and control
- Shut-in procedures such as hard, soft, and specialized shut-ins
- Well kill procedures including calculating initial and final circulating pressures, the wait-and-weight/engineer's method, and providing an example pump schedule.
It describes the key objectives and considerations for safely controlling a well when kicks occur and bringing the well pressure to a controlled state.
The document discusses different types of hydraulic valves, including directional control valves, pressure control valves, and flow control valves. It describes directional control valves in detail, explaining that they control the direction of hydraulic fluid flow and actuator motion. Common types of directional control valves are then outlined, including 2/2 way on/off valves, 3/2 way valves, and 4/3 way valves. The valves' purposes and schematic symbols are explained. Infinite position valves that regulate fluid flow are also introduced.
The document outlines the steps for performing suction cleaning of a pool. The key steps are:
1. Turn off the filtration pump and connect the suction flexible pipe to the suction sweep point in the pool.
2. Fill the suction pipe with water, close the make-up valve and open the suction valve, ensuring drains are closed.
3. Turn on the filtration pump and slowly brush the pool tiles from one end to the other using the suction sweeper, then remove the pipe and turn off the pump.
This document provides an overview and details of the periodic inspection and testing of floating hoses for an SPM (Single Point Mooring) unit. Key points:
- The floating hoses are inspected every 3 years to check condition and suitability for reuse. Hoses showing deterioration are replaced.
- The inspection process includes removing marine growth, visual inspection for damage, electrical continuity testing, hydrostatic pressure testing, and vacuum testing.
- The document describes the procedures for flushing oil from the hoses, dismantling and visually inspecting the hoses, pressure testing, and reassembling and commissioning the hoses and SPM unit.
- Records are kept of the testing including pressure levels
The document is an installation, operation and maintenance manual for a HALO Turbo Charger used in reverse osmosis systems. It defines key terms like feed, permeate and brine. It then introduces the TURBO device, explaining that it uses hydraulic energy from the high pressure brine stream to boost pressure of the low pressure feed stream. The TURBO eliminates the need for a separate brine disposal pump. It has features like low maintenance due to lack of mechanical seals, ability to control brine pressure discharge, and an auxiliary nozzle valve to adjust brine flow and pressure.
The document describes the key components and basic operation procedures of the Radnoti Isolated Working Heart System. The system includes a bubble trap, compliance chamber, high tech heart chamber, oxygenating chamber, buffer reservoir, and peristaltic pump. It explains the usage of the numbered valves to direct perfusate flow through the different components in various modes like priming, constant pressure, and working heart. The oxygenating chamber uses a condenser formed from linked spheres to provide maximal surface area for rewarming and reoxygenating the perfusate.
This document provides information about common control valve components and types. It discusses how positioners have advanced to take input from sensors, alter control functions, modify valve movements, and interface with communication systems. It then focuses on the most widely used control valve types for industrial fluids: globe valves, rotary valves like ball valves and butterfly valves, and their characteristics. Key factors in valve sizing like system definition, allowable pressure drop, valve characteristic, preliminary selection, and minimum flow are also covered.
Valves are devices that regulate the flow of fluids by opening, closing, or partially obstructing passageways. They perform functions like starting and stopping flow, varying the flow amount, and controlling flow direction. Valves are classified based on their mechanical motion as either linear motion valves where the closure member moves in a straight line, or rotary motion valves where the closure member moves in an angular or circular path. Basic valve parts include the body, bonnet, trim (internal elements), actuator, and packing. Common valve types include gate valves, globe valves, ball valves, butterfly valves, plug valves, diaphragm valves, and angle valves. Each type has distinct characteristics regarding flow control, maintenance requirements, and applications.
This document provides an overview of basic well control procedures including:
- Kick detection and control methods like primary prevention and secondary detection and control
- Shut-in procedures such as hard, soft, and specialized shut-ins
- Well kill procedures including calculating initial and final circulating pressures, the wait-and-weight/engineer's method, and providing an example pump schedule.
It describes the key objectives and considerations for safely controlling a well when kicks occur and bringing the well pressure to a controlled state.
The document discusses different types of hydraulic valves, including directional control valves, pressure control valves, and flow control valves. It describes directional control valves in detail, explaining that they control the direction of hydraulic fluid flow and actuator motion. Common types of directional control valves are then outlined, including 2/2 way on/off valves, 3/2 way valves, and 4/3 way valves. The valves' purposes and schematic symbols are explained. Infinite position valves that regulate fluid flow are also introduced.
The document outlines the steps for performing suction cleaning of a pool. The key steps are:
1. Turn off the filtration pump and connect the suction flexible pipe to the suction sweep point in the pool.
2. Fill the suction pipe with water, close the make-up valve and open the suction valve, ensuring drains are closed.
3. Turn on the filtration pump and slowly brush the pool tiles from one end to the other using the suction sweeper, then remove the pipe and turn off the pump.
The document provides an overview of pneumatic valves, describing their main components and functions. It discusses the various types of valves including poppet valves, spool valves, and three-position spool valves. Poppet valves are simple designs used for on/off functions, while spool valves are more versatile and available in many port configurations. Spool valves can have dynamic seals that move with the spool, glandless designs with no seals, or static seals fixed in the valve body. Three-position spools can block all ports, open exhaust ports, or open pressure ports in their center position.
The pressure energy is fed to the actuator through a number of control block called valves.
ā¢ Various type of valve are used in hydraulic system to control or regulate the flow medium.
ā¢ Basicallyvalvesareexpectedtocontrol: ā Direction
ā Pressure
ā Flow
ā Otherspecialfunctions.
This document provides a well control manual for Bharat PetroResources Limited's operations in Block CB-ONN-2010/8 in Gujrat, India. It was prepared by EnQuest PetroSolutions Pvt. Ltd. The manual defines key well control terms and concepts, describes causes of kicks and kick indications, and outlines procedures for kick circulation and well killing. It provides definitions for important well control concepts, lists common causes of kicks such as improper hole fill up and swabbing, describes kick warning signs and positive indications, and outlines methods for addressing well control complications.
A solenoid valve is an electrically controlled valve that uses a solenoid to regulate air movement. It contains a magnetic coil, valve stem, valve sheet, inlet, outlet, plunger and breakaway pin. Solenoid valves are used to control hydraulic systems and mix or distribute air in applications like RO purifiers and dust collectors.
The document discusses objectives related to hydraulic valves. It covers the functions of different types of valves including pressure, directional, and volume/flow control valves. Some key points include that pressure control valves are used to limit, reduce, or set system pressures. Relief valves come in direct acting and pilot operated types. Pressure reducing valves include constant reduced and fixed amount types. Directional control valves include check valves, rotary valves, poppet valves, electro-hydraulic valves, and spool valves. Valves can be actuated mechanically, with pilots, or electrically.
Control valves are used to control conditions like flow, pressure, and temperature by opening or closing in response to signals from controllers comparing a setpoint to a process variable measured by sensors. Control valves are usually operated automatically by electric, pneumatic or hydraulic actuators positioned based on control signals. Common types of control valves include ball, butterfly, gate, and globe valves, which have different applications depending on their design and operation.
This document discusses well control systems used in drilling operations. It describes:
1) The key components of a well control system, including sensors to detect fluid flows, a blowout preventer (BOP) to shut off the well, and pressure control equipment like chokes.
2) Causes of "kicks" where formation fluids enter the borehole unexpectedly, and "blowouts" where kicks are not controlled and fluids reach the surface.
3) The different types of equipment in a BOP stack, including annular, blind, pipe, and shear rams, used to seal the annulus in various situations.
Directional control valves (DCVs) determine the path of fluid flow in hydraulic systems. There are several types of DCVs classified by fluid path, design characteristics, control method, and construction of internal moving parts. DCVs include check valves, shuttle valves, two-way valves, three-way valves, and four-way valves. DCVs can be actuated manually, mechanically, with a solenoid, or with a pilot signal. The simplest DCV is a check valve, which allows uni-directional flow. A poppet check valve uses a spring-loaded poppet to control flow direction, while a pilot-operated check valve uses a pilot signal to control flow in the
This document provides an overview of control valves, including applicable standards, types of control valves, leakage classes, characteristics, selection criteria, and noise and cavitation controls. It discusses control valve fundamentals like flow characterization using different cage designs, cavitation and flashing issues, and remedies. The document also summarizes Reliance Petroleum's control valve selection process and installed base of control valves from manufacturers like Fisher, ABB, and CCI.
Valves control fluid flow by varying the pressure applied to the valve stem. A valve's characteristic describes the relationship between stem position and flow rate. For a given fluid and temperatures, flow is a function of stem lift, upstream pressure, and downstream pressure. Valves can have linear, decreasing sensitivity, or increasing sensitivity characteristics. A linear valve has constant sensitivity where flow is directly proportional to lift. An equal percentage valve's sensitivity increases with lift, maintaining an equal percentage change in flow for equal percentage changes in lift. This compensates for line losses and produces a nearly linear effective characteristic.
The document discusses different types of valves used in marine engineering including globe valves, gate valves, and butterfly valves. It provides details on typical designs of each type such as screw lift globe valves and rising stem gate valves. The document also mentions safety valves and relief valves which open at preset pressures. The author introduction discusses the author's education and training in marine engineering and things he has learned through industrial training onboard different tankers.
In this day and age of automated computer control valve sizing, the logic and theories behind it are invisible. In his presentation, Al Holton of Allagash Valve & Controls will look at the basic principles that apply and how they affect the application and installation of a wide range of control valve types. He will also review the reasoning behind valve type selection.
Making a Hydraulic Ram Pump from Simple Plumbing Parts
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto EcolĆ³gico, TecnologĆas Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
This document discusses well control equipment used in drilling operations. It describes blowout preventers (BOPs) which are used to close the well and control kicks before they become blowouts. There are different types of BOPs including annular preventers, ram preventers, and rotational preventers. Other important well control equipment includes an accumulator unit to operate BOPs hydraulically, inside BOPs, choke and kill lines, and a wellhead with casing heads to support tubulars and control fluid flow. Components should be function tested at least weekly to verify operations and actuation times should be recorded.
The document summarizes different types of pressure control valves used in hydraulic systems. It describes pressure relief valves, pressure reducing valves, unloading valves, counterbalance valves, and pressure sequence valves. Each type of valve is explained in terms of its working, symbol, and purpose of controlling pressure in hydraulic circuits. Compound versions of some valves are also discussed.
Pneumatics: Shuttle, Twin pressure, Quick Exhaust, Time Delay, FRLAbhishek Patange
Ā
The document discusses various components used in pneumatic systems including logic gates, valves, and FRL units. It begins with explanations of shuttle valves and twin pressure/dual pressure valves that can function as OR and AND logic gates respectively. Various valves are then discussed such as time delay valves, quick exhaust valves, and their applications. Speed control methods and the stick-slip effect in pneumatics are also covered. Finally, the construction and working of the main components of an FRL (filter, regulator, lubricator) unit are explained in detail with diagrams.
A control valve is used to manipulate flowing fluids and keep a regulated process variable close to a desired set point. It consists of a valve body, internal trim parts, actuator, and positioner. The trim includes a closure member (valve plug) that modifies flow, a seat ring, and a cage that surrounds the closure member. The valve stem connects the actuator to the closure member. The valve body provides connections for fluid flow and supports the seating surfaces and closure member.
A Control Valve is the most commonly used
final control element used to regulate fluid flow in
a process. In a process, normally it is the only
controllable element residing in the loop.
Ć This is a device used to modulate flow of
process fluid in pipe lines by creating a variable
area in the flow path.
Ć The flow path is varied with respect to the
control signal received from the controller
towards the required flow modulation.
Kicks occur when formation pressures exceed the hydrostatic pressure of the drilling mud, allowing formation fluids to enter the wellbore. This can lead to a blowout if not controlled. Common causes of kicks include failing to keep the hole full, using insufficient mud density, swabbing during trips, lost circulation, and incorrect fill-up. Detecting kicks involves monitoring for increases in pit volume, return flow, drilling break, circulating pressure, shows of oil/gas/water, and hook load. Well control equipment like blowout preventers, choke manifolds, and degassers are used to safely circulate out kicks without allowing a blowout. Key parameters for well monitoring include rate of penetration, hook load, RPM, rot
Phacodynamics refers to the fundamental principles of inflow, outflow, vacuum, and phaco power modulation during cataract surgery. Understanding these principles helps optimize machine settings for different surgical techniques. The foot pedal controls irrigation, aspiration, and ultrasound energy. Position 1 provides irrigation only, position 2 adds aspiration, and position 3 engages ultrasound. Peristaltic and venturi pumps differ in how they create vacuum. Peristaltic pumps require tip occlusion while venturi pumps create vacuum instantly. Factors like compliance, surge, and vent type impact fluidics and safety. Mastering phacodynamics leads to independent surgical skill.
Phacoemulsification part 2- PhacodynamicsPriyanka Raj
Ā
This document discusses the fluidics of phacoemulsification machines. It covers the concepts of infusion, aspiration, and maintaining a stable anterior chamber. It describes different pump types including peristaltic, scroll, venturi, diaphragmatic and rotary vane pumps. It discusses factors like flow rate, vacuum, rise time, zones of aspiration and followability. It explains the concept of surge and methods to control surge through machine improvements and surgical techniques. Surgical techniques for different steps of cataract surgery are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of pneumatic valves, describing their main components and functions. It discusses the various types of valves including poppet valves, spool valves, and three-position spool valves. Poppet valves are simple designs used for on/off functions, while spool valves are more versatile and available in many port configurations. Spool valves can have dynamic seals that move with the spool, glandless designs with no seals, or static seals fixed in the valve body. Three-position spools can block all ports, open exhaust ports, or open pressure ports in their center position.
The pressure energy is fed to the actuator through a number of control block called valves.
ā¢ Various type of valve are used in hydraulic system to control or regulate the flow medium.
ā¢ Basicallyvalvesareexpectedtocontrol: ā Direction
ā Pressure
ā Flow
ā Otherspecialfunctions.
This document provides a well control manual for Bharat PetroResources Limited's operations in Block CB-ONN-2010/8 in Gujrat, India. It was prepared by EnQuest PetroSolutions Pvt. Ltd. The manual defines key well control terms and concepts, describes causes of kicks and kick indications, and outlines procedures for kick circulation and well killing. It provides definitions for important well control concepts, lists common causes of kicks such as improper hole fill up and swabbing, describes kick warning signs and positive indications, and outlines methods for addressing well control complications.
A solenoid valve is an electrically controlled valve that uses a solenoid to regulate air movement. It contains a magnetic coil, valve stem, valve sheet, inlet, outlet, plunger and breakaway pin. Solenoid valves are used to control hydraulic systems and mix or distribute air in applications like RO purifiers and dust collectors.
The document discusses objectives related to hydraulic valves. It covers the functions of different types of valves including pressure, directional, and volume/flow control valves. Some key points include that pressure control valves are used to limit, reduce, or set system pressures. Relief valves come in direct acting and pilot operated types. Pressure reducing valves include constant reduced and fixed amount types. Directional control valves include check valves, rotary valves, poppet valves, electro-hydraulic valves, and spool valves. Valves can be actuated mechanically, with pilots, or electrically.
Control valves are used to control conditions like flow, pressure, and temperature by opening or closing in response to signals from controllers comparing a setpoint to a process variable measured by sensors. Control valves are usually operated automatically by electric, pneumatic or hydraulic actuators positioned based on control signals. Common types of control valves include ball, butterfly, gate, and globe valves, which have different applications depending on their design and operation.
This document discusses well control systems used in drilling operations. It describes:
1) The key components of a well control system, including sensors to detect fluid flows, a blowout preventer (BOP) to shut off the well, and pressure control equipment like chokes.
2) Causes of "kicks" where formation fluids enter the borehole unexpectedly, and "blowouts" where kicks are not controlled and fluids reach the surface.
3) The different types of equipment in a BOP stack, including annular, blind, pipe, and shear rams, used to seal the annulus in various situations.
Directional control valves (DCVs) determine the path of fluid flow in hydraulic systems. There are several types of DCVs classified by fluid path, design characteristics, control method, and construction of internal moving parts. DCVs include check valves, shuttle valves, two-way valves, three-way valves, and four-way valves. DCVs can be actuated manually, mechanically, with a solenoid, or with a pilot signal. The simplest DCV is a check valve, which allows uni-directional flow. A poppet check valve uses a spring-loaded poppet to control flow direction, while a pilot-operated check valve uses a pilot signal to control flow in the
This document provides an overview of control valves, including applicable standards, types of control valves, leakage classes, characteristics, selection criteria, and noise and cavitation controls. It discusses control valve fundamentals like flow characterization using different cage designs, cavitation and flashing issues, and remedies. The document also summarizes Reliance Petroleum's control valve selection process and installed base of control valves from manufacturers like Fisher, ABB, and CCI.
Valves control fluid flow by varying the pressure applied to the valve stem. A valve's characteristic describes the relationship between stem position and flow rate. For a given fluid and temperatures, flow is a function of stem lift, upstream pressure, and downstream pressure. Valves can have linear, decreasing sensitivity, or increasing sensitivity characteristics. A linear valve has constant sensitivity where flow is directly proportional to lift. An equal percentage valve's sensitivity increases with lift, maintaining an equal percentage change in flow for equal percentage changes in lift. This compensates for line losses and produces a nearly linear effective characteristic.
The document discusses different types of valves used in marine engineering including globe valves, gate valves, and butterfly valves. It provides details on typical designs of each type such as screw lift globe valves and rising stem gate valves. The document also mentions safety valves and relief valves which open at preset pressures. The author introduction discusses the author's education and training in marine engineering and things he has learned through industrial training onboard different tankers.
In this day and age of automated computer control valve sizing, the logic and theories behind it are invisible. In his presentation, Al Holton of Allagash Valve & Controls will look at the basic principles that apply and how they affect the application and installation of a wide range of control valve types. He will also review the reasoning behind valve type selection.
Making a Hydraulic Ram Pump from Simple Plumbing Parts
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto EcolĆ³gico, TecnologĆas Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
This document discusses well control equipment used in drilling operations. It describes blowout preventers (BOPs) which are used to close the well and control kicks before they become blowouts. There are different types of BOPs including annular preventers, ram preventers, and rotational preventers. Other important well control equipment includes an accumulator unit to operate BOPs hydraulically, inside BOPs, choke and kill lines, and a wellhead with casing heads to support tubulars and control fluid flow. Components should be function tested at least weekly to verify operations and actuation times should be recorded.
The document summarizes different types of pressure control valves used in hydraulic systems. It describes pressure relief valves, pressure reducing valves, unloading valves, counterbalance valves, and pressure sequence valves. Each type of valve is explained in terms of its working, symbol, and purpose of controlling pressure in hydraulic circuits. Compound versions of some valves are also discussed.
Pneumatics: Shuttle, Twin pressure, Quick Exhaust, Time Delay, FRLAbhishek Patange
Ā
The document discusses various components used in pneumatic systems including logic gates, valves, and FRL units. It begins with explanations of shuttle valves and twin pressure/dual pressure valves that can function as OR and AND logic gates respectively. Various valves are then discussed such as time delay valves, quick exhaust valves, and their applications. Speed control methods and the stick-slip effect in pneumatics are also covered. Finally, the construction and working of the main components of an FRL (filter, regulator, lubricator) unit are explained in detail with diagrams.
A control valve is used to manipulate flowing fluids and keep a regulated process variable close to a desired set point. It consists of a valve body, internal trim parts, actuator, and positioner. The trim includes a closure member (valve plug) that modifies flow, a seat ring, and a cage that surrounds the closure member. The valve stem connects the actuator to the closure member. The valve body provides connections for fluid flow and supports the seating surfaces and closure member.
A Control Valve is the most commonly used
final control element used to regulate fluid flow in
a process. In a process, normally it is the only
controllable element residing in the loop.
Ć This is a device used to modulate flow of
process fluid in pipe lines by creating a variable
area in the flow path.
Ć The flow path is varied with respect to the
control signal received from the controller
towards the required flow modulation.
Kicks occur when formation pressures exceed the hydrostatic pressure of the drilling mud, allowing formation fluids to enter the wellbore. This can lead to a blowout if not controlled. Common causes of kicks include failing to keep the hole full, using insufficient mud density, swabbing during trips, lost circulation, and incorrect fill-up. Detecting kicks involves monitoring for increases in pit volume, return flow, drilling break, circulating pressure, shows of oil/gas/water, and hook load. Well control equipment like blowout preventers, choke manifolds, and degassers are used to safely circulate out kicks without allowing a blowout. Key parameters for well monitoring include rate of penetration, hook load, RPM, rot
Phacodynamics refers to the fundamental principles of inflow, outflow, vacuum, and phaco power modulation during cataract surgery. Understanding these principles helps optimize machine settings for different surgical techniques. The foot pedal controls irrigation, aspiration, and ultrasound energy. Position 1 provides irrigation only, position 2 adds aspiration, and position 3 engages ultrasound. Peristaltic and venturi pumps differ in how they create vacuum. Peristaltic pumps require tip occlusion while venturi pumps create vacuum instantly. Factors like compliance, surge, and vent type impact fluidics and safety. Mastering phacodynamics leads to independent surgical skill.
Phacoemulsification part 2- PhacodynamicsPriyanka Raj
Ā
This document discusses the fluidics of phacoemulsification machines. It covers the concepts of infusion, aspiration, and maintaining a stable anterior chamber. It describes different pump types including peristaltic, scroll, venturi, diaphragmatic and rotary vane pumps. It discusses factors like flow rate, vacuum, rise time, zones of aspiration and followability. It explains the concept of surge and methods to control surge through machine improvements and surgical techniques. Surgical techniques for different steps of cataract surgery are also summarized.
This document discusses the fundamentals of phacodynamics, which refers to the interrelationship between the various functions of a phacoemulsification machine. It provides a history of phacoemulsification and defines the key components and parameters of phaco machines. These include ultrasound energy, fluidics systems for irrigation and aspiration, and parameters like power, vacuum, and aspiration flow rate. The document explains how these components and parameters work together to perform different surgical techniques like sculpting, chopping, and quadrant removal during cataract surgery.
Pumps add energy to liquids or gases, increasing their pressure and enabling movement. Common pumps include reciprocating pumps, which use pistons, and centrifugal pumps, which use rapidly rotating impellers to impart centrifugal force. Reciprocating pumps are self-priming but have more complex construction, while centrifugal pumps require priming but have simpler construction. Proper pump selection and operation is important to avoid issues like cavitation.
3 valve shafts pneumatics and hydraulicsaman520305
Ā
Control valves determine the direction and flow of fluid in hydraulic circuits. There are three main types: directional control valves, pressure control valves, and flow control valves. Directional control valves include check valves, shuttle valves, and multi-way valves which control fluid flow paths. Pressure control valves such as relief valves, sequence valves, and pressure reducing valves maintain safe pressure levels. Flow control valves regulate fluid flow rates and actuator speeds. Proper use of control valves is important for safe and efficient operation of hydraulic systems.
This document defines key terminology used in phacoemulsification cataract surgery. It discusses the principles of inflow and outflow, aspiration flow rate and vacuum level, and different pump types including peristaltic and venturi. It also covers microsurgical maneuvers like sculpting and chopping as well as settings for vacuum, flow rate, and power used in different surgical steps.
1. The document describes improvements to liquid pipelines, particularly those used to transfer hydrocarbon fuels between reservoirs like aviation fuel.
2. It aims to provide an automatic mechanical safeguard to stop the flow of oil in the pipeline as soon as water is detected using a filter pack that expands when it absorbs water.
3. The filter pack is located in an auxiliary channel between two points in the main liquid flow channel and means are included to indicate the presence of water and/or automatically stop liquid flow through the pipeline when the filter pack expands.
1. The document describes improvements to liquid pipelines, particularly those used to transfer hydrocarbon fuels between reservoirs like aviation fuel.
2. It aims to provide an automatic mechanical safeguard to stop the flow of oil in the pipeline as soon as water is detected using a filter pack that expands when it absorbs water.
3. The filter pack is located in an auxiliary channel between two points in the main liquid flow channel, and means are provided to indicate the presence of water and/or automatically stop liquid flow through the pipeline when the filter pack expands.
The document provides instructions for a 1-hour competition using an ultrafiltration-reverse osmosis (UF-RO) filtration system to collect drinking water. Contestants must (1) collect a minimum of 3 litres of water from the RO filter with total dissolved solids (TDS) of 15 ppm or below and (2) collect as much additional water as possible from the UF permeate tank with TDS of 50 ppm or below. Points will be awarded based on the total volume of water collected in both tanks. The document outlines operating procedures and restrictions for the UF and RO processes, including allowable pressure ranges and a prohibition on operating functions simultaneously.
This document discusses well control methods used to maintain control of a well during drilling, completion, and workover operations. It defines a kick as unwanted fluid flow from the formation into the wellbore due to pressure differences, while a blowout is an uncontrolled release of formation fluids. Common causes of kicks include low density drilling fluid, abnormal formation pressures, swabbing, and lost circulation. Key well control concepts covered include hydrostatic pressure, formation pressure, fracture pressure, bottomhole pressure, equivalent circulating density, and swab and surge pressures. Warning signs of a kick and standard kick circulation procedures like shutting in the well and calculating kill mud weight are also summarized.
This document discusses different types of chromatography techniques and the pumps used in each. It covers high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ion-exchange chromatography, and size-exclusion chromatography. For HPLC, it describes reciprocating piston pumps that are able to deliver precise, pulse-free flow at high pressures up to 10,000 psi. For ion-exchange chromatography, it mentions pumps must provide pulse-free flow for sensitive detectors and single piston pumps are commonly used. Size-exclusion chromatography utilizes small volume reciprocating pumps for accurately controlled flow rates at pressures up to 7,250 psi.
This document discusses control valves and their components. It provides details on common valve types including globe valves, ball valves, butterfly valves, and plug valves. It describes the basic components of each valve type as well as their typical applications, advantages, and disadvantages. It also discusses factors to consider when selecting and sizing a control valve for a given application.
The purpose of steam line blowing is to remove pipe slag, weld bead deposits and other foreign
material from the main and reheat steam systems prior to turbine operation. The cleaning is
accomplished by subjecting the piping systems to heating, blowing steam and cooling cycles in
sufficient number and duration until clean steam is obtained.
This document provides information on breathing circuits used in anesthesia. It discusses the ideal properties of breathing circuits and their components. The key types of circuits discussed are open, semi-open, semi-closed and closed systems. Various semi-closed circuit designs are explained in detail, including the Mapleson A, B, C, D, E, F and Lack's modification systems. The document compares the properties and applications of these different semi-closed circuit designs.
HPLC- Introduction, Theory, Instrumentation, Advantage, Applications
High-performanceĀ liquid chromatography or commonly known as HPLC,Ā is an analytical technique used to separate, identify or quantify each component in a mixture.
The mixture is separated using the basic principle of columnĀ chromatographyĀ and then identified and quantified by spectroscopy.
In the 1960s, the column chromatography LC with its low-pressure suitable glass columns was further developed to the HPLC with its high-pressure adapted metal columns.
HPLC is thus basically a highly improved form of column liquid chromatography. Instead of a solvent being allowed to drip through a column under gravity, Solvent is forced through under high pressures of up to 400 atmospheres.
Principle
The separation principle of HPLC isĀ based on the distribution of the analyte (sample) between a mobile phase (eluent) and a stationary phase (packing material of the column). Depending on the chemical structure of the analyte, the molecules are retarded while passing the stationary phase.
Instrumentation
1.Solvent reservoir and degassing system
2. Pumping System (Screw- driven syringe pump, Reciprocating pump, Pneumatic or constant- pressure pump)
3. Sample injection system(Septum injectors, Stop flow septum- less injection, Micro- volume sampling valves)
4. Columns- (1. Guard columns 2.separating column)
5. Detectors( The commonly used detectors in HPLC are
Bulk property detectors- examples
1. Refractive-index detectors
2. Conductivity detectors
Solute property detectors- Examples
1. UV detectors
2. Fluorescence detectors
Multipurpose detectors- Example-
1. Perkin-Elmer 3D system (UV absorption+ fluorescence + conductometric detection altogethers)
Electrochemical Detectors- Examples
1.Amperometric, 2. Coulometric detectors)
6. Recorder( There are various types of data processors; from a simple system consisting of the in-built printer and word processor while those with software that are specifically designed for an LC system which not only data acquisition but features, like peak-fitting baseline correction, automatic concentration calculation, molecular weight determination, etc.) Type of HPLC- Normal phase, Reverse Phase, ion exchange, size exclusion, Applications-Stability study- eg Atropin
Bioassays- HPLC is commonly used for the bioassay and analysis of peptide harmones and some antibiotics- cotrimoxazole, penicillins, sulphates and chloramphenicol
In cosmetic industries- used for analyzing the quality of various cosmetic products such as lipsticks, gels, creams etc
Isolation of Natural pharmaceutically Active Compoundsā use in the isolation of different type of Alkaloids and Glycosides ( analysis of cinchona, liquorice, ergot extracts and digitalis.)
Control of microbiological processes- HPLC is used in analyse antibiotics (eg. Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, strptomycin and penicillins )
Assay of cephalosporins
Advantage, Limitation
This document discusses minimum flow systems for pumps. It describes three types of pump recycle systems used to protect pumps from operating at low flows: continuous recycle systems using an orifice, control loop systems using a control valve, and automatic recirculation systems. It provides guidance on applying each type, including considerations for sizing recycle flows, locating flow meters and control valves, dealing with pressure drops, and routing recycle lines. The document asks how pump capacity should be stated if a pump has a continuous 30 gpm recycle flow added to its 100 gpm normal flow.
The document discusses the fluidics of phacoemulsification machines. It describes the infusion and aspiration systems, which work together to maintain stable anterior chamber pressure and volume. The infusion system uses bottle height to provide fluid inflow. The aspiration system uses either peristaltic or venturi pumps to generate vacuum for tissue removal. Key factors discussed include rise time, followability, and surge prevention through compliance tubing, venting, ABS tips, and partial occlusion techniques.
This document discusses various components of HPLC instrumentation including mobile phase reservoirs, pumps, sample introduction systems, columns, and detectors. It describes the basic components of an HPLC system including solvent bottles, pumps, autosamplers, columns, and detectors. It discusses different types of pumps including reciprocating pumps and syringe pumps. It also covers topics like column dimensions, fittings, packing materials, and sample introduction methods like manual injection and autosamplers.
This document summarizes the components and operation of a sprinkler system on a ship. It describes how sprinkler heads are activated by heat and spray water over a large area. The system includes a pressurized water tank, pumps, valves, and an alarm system. When a sprinkler activates, an alarm sounds and the location is indicated. The installation has multiple sections that can be isolated. Fresh water is used initially to reduce corrosion, and cleaning is important to ensure proper operation.
The document provides instructions for operating the Radnoti Isolated Working Heart System. It describes the key system components including the bubble trap, compliance chamber, high tech heart chamber, oxygenating chamber, and buffer reservoir. It then outlines the basic procedures for priming the system, setting it up in different flow modes including constant pressure non-recirculating, constant pressure recirculating, constant flow non-recirculating, constant flow recirculating, and working heart mode. Valves numbered 1-8 are used to control fluid flow through the different components in each mode.
The document provides information about the Radnoti Isolated Working Heart System including:
1) Key system components include a bubble trap, compliance chamber, heart chamber, oxygenating chamber, buffer reservoir, and peristaltic pump.
2) Basic operation procedures are described for priming the system, setting it up for constant pressure or constant flow modes in recirculating or non-recirculating configurations.
3) Selection of the donor heart, perfusion solution, and heart preparation methods are discussed to optimize use of the system for pharmacological and physiological experiments.
Instrumentation of Radnoti Working Heart - Langendorff SystemRadnoti
Ā
The document describes the Radnoti Isolated Working Heart System, which allows researchers to examine cardiac function isolated from an intact animal model. Key features of the system include the ability to operate in constant pressure or constant flow modes, and with recirculating or non-recirculating perfusion. The system is highly customizable and can measure various physiological parameters like pressure, flow, ECG, oxygen consumption and more. Diagrams show the instrumentation setup and how components like pumps, pressure transducers and catheters interface with the isolated heart.
Radnoti Working Heart - Langendorff Application NotesRadnoti
Ā
The document discusses the Radnoti Isolated Working Heart System, which allows isolated perfused heart experiments. Key points:
- The system originated over 100 years ago and has evolved to include constant pressure/flow models and recirculating/non-recirculating modes.
- Typical physiological values are provided for heart rate, blood pressure, ion concentrations, and more in various species.
- Components include peristaltic and thermal circulating pumps to deliver buffer and control temperature.
- Proper priming and removal of air bubbles is important for setup.
- Anesthesia is required to prepare the donor heart, usually barbiturates, ketamine/xylazine or eth
The document provides instructions for operating a Radnoti Langendorff isolated heart system. It describes the key components of the system including the bubble trap, compliance chamber, heart chamber, oxygenating chamber, and perfusate reservoir. It explains how to prime the system and switch between priming and recirculation modes using the numbered valves. The system maintains constant pressure by adjusting the height of the bubble trap compliance chamber.
The document describes the key components and basic operation procedures of the Radnoti Isolated Working Heart System. The system includes a bubble trap, compliance chamber, high tech heart chamber, oxygenating chamber, buffer reservoir, and peristaltic pump. It explains the usage of the numbered valves to direct perfusate flow through the different components in various modes like priming, constant pressure, constant flow, and working heart mode. The oxygenating chamber uses a condenser formed from linked spheres to provide maximal surface area for rewarming and reoxygenating the perfusate.
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Enabling Digital Sustainability by Jutta EcksteinJutta Eckstein
Ā
This is a New Zealand wide meetup event with meetup groups from Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch attending and open to anyone with an interest in digital sustainability or agile. All welcome. Joke, this is how it started. Jutta is now also available in Germany, i.e. hosted by Berlin/Brandenburg
According to the World Economic Forum, digital technologies can help reduce global carbon emissions by up to 15%. However, digitalization also comes with some challenges. Thus, if we want to make a positive impact by increasing sustainability, we need to address challenges like the digital divide, energy consumption of IT, or the rise of electronic waste. In this talk, I want to explore how Agile can help to leverage Digital Sustainability.
Adani Group Requests For Additional Land For Its Dharavi Redevelopment Projec...Adani case
Ā
It will bring about growth and development not only in Maharashtra but also in our country as a whole, which will experience prosperity. The project will also give the Adani Group an opportunity to rise above the controversies that have been ongoing since the Adani CBI Investigation.
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Unlocking WhatsApp Marketing with HubSpot: Integrating Messaging into Your Ma...Niswey
Ā
50 million companies worldwide leverage WhatsApp as a key marketing channel. You may have considered adding it to your marketing mix, or probably already driving impressive conversions with WhatsApp.
But wait. What happens when you fully integrate your WhatsApp campaigns with HubSpot?
That's exactly what we explored in this session.
We take a look at everything that you need to know in order to deploy effective WhatsApp marketing strategies, and integrate it with your buyer journey in HubSpot. From technical requirements to innovative campaign strategies, to advanced campaign reporting - we discuss all that and more, to leverage WhatsApp for maximum impact. Check out more details about the event here https://events.hubspot.com/events/details/hubspot-new-delhi-presents-unlocking-whatsapp-marketing-with-hubspot-integrating-messaging-into-your-marketing-strategy/
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi_compressed.pdfKhaled Al Awadi
Ā
Greetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USA
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Cover Story - China's Investment Leader - Dr. Alyce SUmsthrill
Ā
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai ā the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
Chinaās official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expoās official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing Chinaās New Generation of Leaders to the World.
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Tired of chasing down expiring contracts and drowning in paperwork? Mastering contract management can significantly enhance your business efficiency and productivity. This guide unveils expert secrets to streamline your contract management process. Learn how to save time, minimize risk, and achieve effortless contract management.
Adani Group's Active Interest In Increasing Its Presence in the Cement Manufa...Adani case
Ā
Time and again, the business group has taken up new business ventures, each of which has allowed it to expand its horizons further and reach new heights. Even amidst the Adani CBI Investigation, the firm has always focused on improving its cement business.
16. Flow Path:
Perfusate is selected
either from the primary
reservoir or the
secondary reservoir
17. Flow Path:
Perfusate is selected
either from the primary
reservoir or the
secondary reservoir
using the three way
stopcock located at the
outlet of the secondary
reservoir.
18. Flow Path:
Perfusate is selected
either from the primary
reservoir or the
secondary reservoir
using the three way
stopcock located at the
outlet of the secondary
reservoir.
19. Flow Path:
Perfusate is selected
either from the primary
reservoir or the
secondary reservoir
using the three way
stopcock located at the
outlet of the secondary
reservoir. The perfusate
then travels to the
peristaltic pump
22. Flow Path:
and up to the bubble trap
compliance chamber Tip: on initial priming or
filling of the system you will
most likely need to close
the compliance port
stopcock
23. Flow Path:
and up to the bubble trap
compliance chamber Tip: on initial priming or
filling of the system you will
most likely need to close
the compliance port
stopcock
and open the bubble trap
vent stopcock
24. Flow Path:
and up to the bubble trap
compliance chamber Tip: on initial priming or
filling of the system you will
most likely need to close
the compliance port
stopcock
and open the bubble trap
vent stopcock
so that the trap will have the
opportunity to fill
25. Flow Path:
and up to the bubble trap
compliance chamber When running in constant
pressure mode, perfusate
flow from the pump that is
greater than the flow rate of
the organ , will exit the
bubble trap via the
compliance port.
26. Flow Path:
and up to the bubble trap
compliance chamber Generally you can leave this
port open after the system
has been primed.
27. Flow Path:
and up to the bubble trap
compliance chamber Generally you can leave this
port open after the system
has been primed.
Over flow exiting the
compliance port is directed
to the overflow manifold.
28. Flow Path:
and up to the bubble trap
compliance chamber
The overflow manifold
will allow you to select
where the overflowing
perfusate is to be
directed.
29. Flow Path:
and up to the bubble trap
compliance chamber
Valve 1 directs flow
back to the primary
reservoir.
30. Flow Path:
and up to the bubble trap
compliance chamber
Valve 1 directs flow
back to the primary
reservoir.
Valve 2 directs flow
back to the secondary
reservoir.
31. Flow Path:
and up to the bubble trap
compliance chamber
Valve 1 directs flow
back to the primary
reservoir.
Valve 2 directs flow
back to the secondary
reservoir.
Valve 3 directs flow Out
to Waste.
32. Flow Path:
and up to the bubble trap
compliance chamber
the out flow of the bubble
trap then flows to the
inflow manifold.
33. Flow Path:
and up to the bubble trap
compliance chamber
the out flow of the bubble
trap then flows to the
inflow manifold.
Tip: When
initially priming
or flushing the
system, the
inflow and
outflow cannulae
will have to be
coupled. This
can be done by
using a small
section of tygon
tubing and
pushing the
cannulae tips in
either side.
34. Flow Path:
The perfusate then
passes through the
cannulated organ (or
tygon coupler when
priming or flushing) and
into the outflow manifold.
35. Flow Path:
Perfusate then flows out
to through the flow meter
( if so equipped) to the
outflow bubble trap.
36. Flow Path:
Perfusate then flows out
to through the flow meter
( if so equipped) to the
outflow bubble trap.
NOTE:
The vent
stopcock and
the out flow
stopcock of the
bubble trap
should be in the
closed position.
37. Flow Path:
Perfusate then flows out
to through the flow meter
( if so equipped) to the
outflow bubble trap.
The perfusate then is
drawn be the second
peristaltic pump head
and pushed to the three
way outflow manifold.
38. Flow Path:
At this point the
perfusate can be directed
to :
1. The primary reservoir
39. Flow Path:
At this point the
perfusate can be directed
to :
1. The primary reservoir
2. The secondary
reservoir
40. Flow Path:
At this point the
perfusate can be directed
to :
1. The primary reservoir
2. The secondary
reservoir
3. Waste
Sink or
collection flask
43. Flow Path:
Example:
If you are flushing the
system close valve 1 and
2
Leaving the valve open to
waste will direct the flow
out to waste.
44. Flow Path:
ALERT!
SPECIAL NOTE:
when flushing the
organ you will
want to protect
components that
may be sensitive to
the initial effluent
by diverting flow
around the
component.
45. Flow Path:
SPECIAL NOTE:
when flushing the
organ you will
want to protect
components that
may be sensitive to
the initial effluent
by diverting flow
around the
component.
46. Flow Path:
SPECIAL NOTE:
In this diagram the
flow meter would
need to be
protected.
47. Flow Path:
SPECIAL NOTE:
In this diagram the
flow meter would
need to be
protected. This is
done by using the
three way
stopcock on the
outflow manifold to
bypass the flow
meter.
48. Flow Path:
SPECIAL NOTE:
In this diagram the
flow meter would
need to be
protected. This is
done by using the
three way
stopcock on the
outflow manifold to
bypass the flow
meter.
51. Flow Path:
Example:
If the organ is flushed
and you wish to have a
recirculating path...
In this case back to the
primary reservoir...
52. Flow Path:
Example:
If the organ is flushed
and you wish to have a
recirculating path...
In this case back to the
primary reservoirā¦
Close valve 3 (waste)
53. Flow Path:
Example:
If the organ is flushed
and you wish to have a
recirculating path...
In this case back to the
primary reservoirā¦
Close valve 3 (waste)
Close valve 2
54. Flow Path:
Example:
If the organ is flushed
and you wish to have a
recirculating path...
In this case back to the
primary reservoirā¦
Close valve 3 (waste)
Close valve 2.
Open valve 1
55. Flow Path:
Example:
If the organ is flushed
and you wish to have a
recirculating path...
Or
To recirculate back to the
secondary reservoirā¦
56. Flow Path:
Example:
If the organ is flushed
and you wish to have a
recirculating path...
Or
to recirculate back to the
secondary reservoirā¦
Close valve 1
57. Flow Path:
Example:
If the organ is flushed
and you wish to have a
recirculating path...
Or
to recirculate back to the
secondary reservoirā¦
Close valve 1
Open valve 2
58. Flow Path:
Example:
If the organ is flushed
and you wish to have a
recirculating path...
Or
to recirculate back to the
secondary reservoirā¦
Close valve 1
Open valve 2
Close valve 3 (waste)
61. INITIAL START UP
Make sure reservoir
ā¦Fill the primary selection stopcock is
in the off position
reservoir with buffer
prior to filling.
62. INITIAL START UP
WARNING: ALWAYS MAKE SURE
THERE IS AN OPENING TO
ā¦Fill the primary ATMOSPHERE ON THE PRIMARY
reservoir with buffer RESERVOIR. IF FOR ANY REASON
GAS PREASURE IS ALLOWED TO
ā¦Turn on and adjust BUILD IN THE RESERVOIR RISK OF
gas from tank SERIOUS INJURY OR FATALITY MAY
OCCUR.
From tank
63. INITIAL START UP
ā¦Fill the primary Note:
reservoir with buffer Adjust gas so that
ā¦Turn on and adjust a gentle stream of
gas from tank bubbles flows from
the gas dispersion
frit in the primary
reservoir. This will
oxygenate the
buffer and serve as
a visual
representation that
gas is flowing
From tank through the
Membrane
Oxygenator.
64. INITIAL START UP
ā¦Fill the primary
reservoir with buffer
ā¦Turn on and adjust
gas from tank
ā¦Open compliance
port stopcock.
65. INITIAL START UP
ā¦Fill the primary
reservoir with buffer
ā¦Turn on and adjust
gas from tank
ā¦Open compliance
port stopcock.
ā¦Close valve 1 and 2
on three way out
flow manifold.
66. INITIAL START UP
ā¦Fill the primary
reservoir with buffer
ā¦Turn on and adjust
gas from tank
ā¦Open compliance
port stopcock.
ā¦Close valve 1 and 2
on three way out
flow manifold.
ā¦Open valve 3
(waste) on three way
out flow manifold
67. INITIAL START UP
ā¦Fill the primary
reservoir with buffer
ā¦Turn on and adjust
gas from tank
ā¦Open compliance
port stopcock.
ā¦Close valve 1 and 2
on three way out
flow manifold.
ā¦Open valve 3
(waste) on three way
out flow manifold
ā¦Close valve 2 and 3
on three-way
overflow manifold
68. INITIAL START UP
ā¦Fill the primary
reservoir with buffer
ā¦Turn on and adjust
gas from tank
ā¦Open compliance
port stopcock.
ā¦Close valve 1 and 2
on three way out
flow manifold.
ā¦Open valve 3
(waste) on three way
out flow manifold
ā¦Close valve 2 and 3
on three-way
overflow manifold
ā¦Open valve 1
(primary reservoir
return) on three-way
overflow manifold.
70. INITIAL START UP
ā¦Close the
stopcocks for the
inflow and outflow
pressure
transducers.
ā¦Direct the outflow
manifold three way
stopcock to pass
through the
manifold.
71. INITIAL START UP
ā¦Close the
stopcocks for the
inflow and outflow
pressure
transducers.
ā¦Direct the outflow
manifold three way
stopcock to pass
through the
manifold.
ā¦Close the drain and
relief ports
stopcocks on the out
flow bubble trap.
72. INITIAL START UP
ā¦Close the
stopcocks for the
inflow and outflow
pressure
transducers.
ā¦Direct the outflow
manifold three way
stopcock to pass
through the
manifold.
ā¦Close the drain and
relief ports
stopcocks on the out
flow bubble trap.
ā¦Couple the Inflow
and Outflow
cannulae.
73. INITIAL START UP
ā¦Close the
stopcocks for the
inflow and outflow
pressure
transducers.
ā¦Direct the outflow
manifold three way
stopcock to pass
through the
manifold.
ā¦Close the drain and
relief ports
stopcocks on the out
flow bubble trap.
ā¦Couple the Inflow
and Outflow
cannulae.
ā¦Turn on peristaltic
pump and turn
reservoir selection
three way stopcock
to feed from primary
ON
reservoir.
74. INITIAL START UP
The system will now
circulate buffer
driven by the
peristaltic pump.
It will take several
moments to purge
air from the lines.
You will most likely
have to open and
close the vent and
overflow ports in the
bubble trap
compliance chamber
temporarily to build
up some perfusate.
Once it
approximately two
thirds full, return the
valves to their
previous position.
ON
75. INITIAL START UP
Once the system is
primed, Turn off the
peristaltic pump.
Close stopcocks at
the inflow and
outflow manifold.
This will trap the
buffer in the lines
and keep the system
primed.
77. Signal Generation
Now is a good time
to calibrate the
pressure
transducers and ion
selective electrodes
(if so equipped.)
78. Signal Generation
For the pressure
Pressure
Transducers
transducers typically
they will have to be
filled with fluid and
purged of bubbles.
79. Signal Generation Pressure Transducers
For the pressure
transducers typically
they will have to be
filled with fluid and
purged of bubbles.
Set the three-way
stopcock at the
outflow pressure
transducer so that
flow is accepted
from the outflow
manifold and the
purge port.
80. Signal Generation Pressure Transducers
For the pressure
transducers typically
they will have to be
filled with fluid and
purged of bubbles.
Set the three-way
stopcock at the
outflow pressure
transducer so that
flow is accepted
from the outflow
Vent port
manifold and the
stopcock
purge port.
(not shown)
Fill a disposable
syringe with buffer.
Open the transducer
purge port (one way
stopcock not
shown.) and gently
fill the pressure
transducer dome
causing air to be
purged.
82. Signal Generation Pressure Transducers
The pressure
transducers can be
calibrated to your
data acquisition at
this time.
Set the three-way
stopcock controlling
flow to the
transducer to the
closed position.
83. Signal Generation Pressure Transducers
The pressure
transducers can be
calibrated to your
data acquisition at
this time.
Set the three-way
stopcock controlling
flow to the
transducer to the
closed position.
Open the purge
stopcock (not
shown) on the
transducer.
84. Signal Generation Pressure Transducers
The pressure
transducers can be
calibrated to your
data acquisition at
this time.
Set the three-way
stopcock controlling
flow to the
transducer to the
closed position.
Open the purge
stopcock (not
shown) on the
transducer.
This will be your
zero pressure
calibration point.
85. Signal Generation Pressure Transducer
Return the
stopcocks to their
previous position
(accepting flow from
the outflow
manifold) and
setting the purge
port stopcock (not
shown) to the closed
position.
This will be you're
high pressure
calibration point.
86. Signal Generation Pressure Transducer
Note:
Return the The pressure head is
stopcocks to their determined by the
previous position elevation of the
(accepting flow from bubble trap
the outflow compliance
manifold) and chamber. The
setting the purge distance from the
port stopcock (not chamber to the
shown) to the closed pressure transducer
position. can be calculated to
a known pressure.
This will be you're
high pressure Distance in mm
calibration point. divided by 13.6 = mm
of mercury
perfusion pressure
should be 10-15 mm
Hg (15-25cm above
the liver.)
87. Signal Generation Pressure Transducer
Note:
Repeat the The pressure head is
procedure for the determined by the
inflow manifold elevation of the
pressure transducer. bubble trap
compliance
chamber. The
distance from the
chamber to the
pressure transducer
can be calculated to
a known pressure.
Distance in mm
divided by 13.6 = mm
of mercury.
89. Signal Generation pH Electrodes
The pH electrodes are
plugged directly from
the mili volt adapter to
the data acquisition
interface.
Ideally a pH electrode
will output a voltage of
0mV in a pH 7 buffer.
This can very by +/-
50mV based on the
individual pH
electrode.
The Nernst equation
tells us that a pH
buffer 4 should be
160mV greater (more
positive) than the
reading in a pH 7.
The reading in a pH10
should be -160mV less
(more negative than
that of a reading in a
pH7 buffer.
The 160 comes from
being 3(7-4)*59(Nernst
value at 20
degrees)=168mV for
100% slope and 160 is
slightly less than 100%
theoretical.
91. Signal Generation O2 Electrodes
Prior to calibration
of the oxygen
electrode, the
electrode should be
examined to insure
that the electrode
membrane is intact
and the interior
chamber is full of
buffer. If the
electrode requires
maintenance
please refer to the
manufacturers
instructions.
92. Signal Generation O2 electrodes
To obtain zero
oxygen reading, the
physiological
buffer, placed in a
vented calibration
container should be
gassed for at least
10 to 30 minutes
with pure nitrogen
at a rate of 3-6
bubbles per/sec to
maintain a constant
temperature and
gas saturation.
93. Signal Generation O2 Electrodes
To obtain zero
oxygen reading, the
physiological
buffer, placed in a
vented calibration
container should be
gassed for at least
10 to 30 minutes
with pure nitrogen
at a rate of 3-6
bubbles per/sec to
maintain a constant
temperature and
gas saturation.
The electrode is
then inserted into
the calibration
chamber and
monitored until the
reading is stabile.
Once the reading
has stabilized the
reading can bet set
to zero using the
amplifier gain and
offset adjustments.
The acquisition
software can use
this as the low
point calibration.
94. Signal Generation O2 Electrodes
The electrode is then
removed and inserted
into aerated container
of buffer. In this case
either the inflow or out
flow manifold with
perfusate being
pumped through. After
stabilizing the reading
would be adjusted
using the amplifier
gain and offset based
on the gas mixture
(room air 21% oxygen,
gas cylinder 100%
oxygen, gas cylinder
95% oxygen etcā¦)
This can be used as
your high point
calibration in the
datacquisiton
software.
95. Signal Generation O2 Electrodes
It is recommended
that the procedure
is repeated three
times in order to
insure the readings
are stable and
reproducible.
97. Signal Generation Temperature
Temperature probes
are preset and will not
require calibration. It
is recommended that
they be verified
periodically measuring
a known temperature
such as your heater
circulator bath and the
result compared to the
read out of the bath.
99. Signal Generation Flow Meter
The Flow Meter is
preset and will not
require calibration. It
is recommended that
it be verified
periodically measuring
a known flow and the
read out verified.
100. Liver Preparation
1. The animal is anesthetized and placed on its back; the anesthetic used may be a general
anesthetic such as isoflurane or phenobarbital, depending upon the protocol requirements. Test
for the depth of anesthesia via toe pinch, eye reflex, etc.
2. For best positioning, the limbs are retracted and secured with tape or string.
3. The abdomen is wiped with 70% alcohol; the abdomen can be shaved, although this is not
necessary.
4. A midline incision is made by lifting the skin with forceps and cutting the tissue. The abdomen
is cut with the blunt end of blunt/sharp scissors from above the bladder to just below the
diaphragm (rib cage). Care must be taken not to cut the abdomen or internal organs.
5. The incision is extended into horizontally flaps on both left and right to expose the liver and
intestines. The internal organ should be handled gingerly, especially the liver which is soft and
easily damaged.
101. Liver Preparation
6. The intestines are carefully moved to the left side of the animal, exposing the liver and surrounding
vasculature.
7. The vena cava, portal vein, mesenteric veins and arteries and bile duct are located.
8. Using a curved needle, non-cutting preferred and 00 or smaller silk suture, a suture is passed beneath
the portal vein, near the liver and past any branches. A second suture is passed beneath the vens cava
distal to this first suture(~5-10 mm). Note that the cannula will be inserted between the two sutures,
moved forward towards the liver and its tip secured by the suture closest to the liver. The distal suture
will be used to occlude portal vein blood flow.
9 A suture is passed beneath the vena cava, above the right renal vein. A suture is placed beneath the
mesenteric vein.
10. A suture is passed beneath the bile duct, the bile cannula is inserted and the cannula secured via
suture. (bile duct cannula is PE 10 tubing with cuff).
11. The appropriate sized portal vein cannula is selected by comparing the cannula tip to vein diameter.
The cannula is then placed on the end of the perfusion line and the line flushed by opening the stopcock
to clear air bubbles. The stopcock to the line is then closed. The pump should be cycling to permit
perfusion to occur as soon as the stopcock is opened.
102. Liver Preparation
12. Heparin (1000 units) is injected into the tail vein or into the vena cava, below the renal vein.
13. Note that at this point the experimenter must work efficiently so that the liver is not ischemic; total
time without blood flow to the liver should be less than 2 minutes from steps 14-17.
14. The distal portal vein suture is tied to occlude blow flow, the vessel then nicked to permit insertion of
the cannula, the cannula tip slid into the vein past the first suture and the cannula secured using the first
suture. Blood will back flush into the cannula.
15. The stopcock is opened to allow a small amount of fluid (<5ml) into the liver. The liver should not be
over expanded.
16. The vena cava is immediately cut below the suture loop to permit blood to drain out.
17. The stopcock is then re-opened and the liver perfused from the reservoir. A successful perfusion will
have the liver eventually blanching to an even beige color, without spotches or mottling.
18. The mesenteric veins are tied off with the previously placed suture.
19. The chest cavity is opened midline using scissors and the heart exposed. The atrial- thoracic vena
cava cannula is inserted through a cut placed in the right atria into the thoracic vena cava and secured
with suture. The cannula should fully dilated the vena cava to reduce backpressure.
103. Liver Preparation
20. The vena cava suture below the liver is secured and the stopcock to the atrial-thoracic vena cava
cannula is opened. This then forces fluid to exit from the liver into the atrial-thoracic vena cava cannula.
21. The lines to the bile duct, portal vein and vena cava are held in position
The liver is removed from the donor by supporting the diaphragm at the midline with forceps and
carefully cutting the diaphragm around the rib cage, first on side and then the other. Any attachment of
the liver to surrounding tissue are carefully removed.
22. The three lines are supported and the liver is then transferred to the organ chamber.
23. As indicators of a successful perfusion, liver flow should be at least 4 ml/minute/gram liver (for
perfusates without blood or other oxygen carriers) and bile flow 1-2 micro liters minute.
104. Post Experimental Clean Up
Glassware Maintenance & Post Experimental Cleanup
Post Experimental Cleanup
After the experiment has been completed, the experimenter should take care to scrupulously clean the
equipment. It is important to remember that the solutions that can sustain the heart and muscle will also provide
excellent media for bacteria. The cleaning procedures will be dependent upon the types of chemicals and
biological materials that are being used, the types of measurements that are being made and what substances
can interfere with those measurements and the frequency of the use of the equipment and number of operators
involved. Non-phosphate soaps are preferred, since insoluble phosphates can form from calcium and
magnesium in physiological salt solutions. Note that bactericidal soaps may contain iodine or other materials
which can affect isolated tissues and cells. Cleaning supplies and equipment, such as brushes, should be used
only for cleaning this glassware and not used for other lab cleaning procedures. Questions and procedures
noted here should be adjusted in accordance with your licensed procedures and the recommendations of your
safety personnel.
105. Post Experimental Cleanup
Shared equipment is the most difficult to maintain properly. In order to maintain equipment properly, it is generally
best (1) to assign the maintenance or the oversight of the equipment to one individual, who will monitor
equipment and maintain cleaning supplies (2) to have written protocols posted with the equipment (3) to have a
logbook where cleaning dates, as well as notification of problems, suggestions, etc., can be recorded.
Often overlooked as a source of contamination is the water circulator supply. This should be kept clean and the
bath rinsed and solution changed to reduce precipitate build up. Covering equipment to reduce air borne
contamination from microbes and spores is useful. Note that when baths are used intermittently, the lack of
frequent cleaning and the lack of solutions rinsing out bacteria that are deposited in the tubing may result in a
contamination problem when the system is finally used. A convenient rule of thumb for testing for contamination
in preparations that you have found reliable is that two consecutive experimental failures that are not explained
by an obviously damaged sample, poor surgical or dissection techniques or solution problems may be caused by
bath contamination.
Glassware
Much of the Radnoti apparatus is borosilicate glass, which can be cleaned with a wide range of soaps, ethyl
alcohol, dilute HCl or HNO3 (0.1 M) or other solvents. Extensive flushing with distilled, deionized water to remove
all traces of the cleaning agents and salts is recommended. Large glassware, such as reservoirs or assemblies
can be flushed in place, but care must be taken to thoroughly clean aerators, stopcocks and associated parts.
Aerators should be blown dry using gas or air at the final water rinse. If acid is used, the runoff water should not
be more acidic than the normal water pH. As with the use of any chemicals, proper protective gear and training
are essential to reduce personnel hazards and experimental and environmental contamination. Heated acid or
chromic acid is generally not recommended due to personnel hazards and possible heavy metal contamination of
the system.
If very lipohilic substances (prostaglandins, ionophores, certain dyes, etc.) are used, rinses with ethyl alcohol or
the most appropriate organic solvent can be used first, but this will necessitate thorough cleaning afterward to
remove any traces of the organic solvent.
106. Post Experimental Cleanup
Use of toxins, biohazardous materials and radiochemicals can present considerable complications to a
generalized cleaning procedure. Having an apparatus and a contained area dedicated to these procedures
reduces problems. Diluted bleach can be used on glassware, but must be rinsed extensively. The use of
disposable tubing and stopcocks will assist in cleanup, as will scheduling a run of these procedures, rather
than intermittent experiments, if non-dedicated equipment must be used. Glassware can be sterilized but all
fixtures, such as aerators, stopcocks caps, etc., should be removed prior to sterilization.
The glass aerators can be cleaned with water, or dilute acid if clogged. The use of water or gas under high
pressure can result in damage to the glassware and personnel and therefore is not recommended. After a
general soap and water rinse to remove soluble materials, cleaning with 0.1M HCl or 0.1 M HNO3 for several
hours or overnight, followed by an extensive water rinse, will usually remove most contaminants. If this does
not work, 1 M acid can be tried. Because the glass frit filaments are thin, high concentrations of acids, or
especially alkalis, can destroy them and are not recommended.
Non-glass items
Initial cleaning of non-glass items should be with aqueous soap solutions. Depending upon the chemical
resistance of the materials, the use of other solvents, cleaning procedures or sterilization may be possible.
Areas and items to be especially well cleaned are the aerator, tubing, syringe ports, cannulae, pressure
transducer fittings, septa, balloon and other catheters and electrodes (oxygen, pacing, ion selective, etc.).
Tubing should be inspected at the pump head for wear. Note that the interior of tubing can gradually be
roughened during use and the abraded areas will form sites for bacterial growth. Tubing should be a high
grade with low plasticizer leaching. Note that silicone tubing is very permeant to gases, so it should not be
generally used to transport gassed solutions.