This document discusses urinary tract infections (UTIs). It begins with a matching exercise identifying structures of the urinary system. The second part addresses UTIs in more detail. It defines a UTI, discusses the microorganisms that cause UTIs and where they enter the body. It also explains common signs and symptoms of UTIs, as well as diagnostic tests and treatments. The document concludes by noting that UTIs are more common in women and describes some ways women can reduce their risk.

1. Part A:
1. K
2. D
3. N
4. C
5. A
6. O
7. F
8. Q
9. H
10. M
11. S
12. Y
13. I
14. U
15. X
Part B:
1.
A. UTI is short form for Urinary tract infection. Means
infection which affects organs of urinary tract. Such as urethra,
urinary bladder and kidney. This are main organ for formation
of urine and helps to expel it out of body.
B. Kidneys, urethra and urinary bladder gets affected during
Urinary tract infection. Generally infection begins with urethra
then travels to kidney.
When only lower part gets affected which is called lower UTI
also cystitis because involves bladder
And when infection spread to upper side involving kidneys
known as pyelonephritis.
2.
A. Microorganism in UTI
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
B. Coli bacteria lives in intestine. So they also seen near anal

2. canal. From which gets transferred to urethra.
C. Bacteria enters urinary tract from urethra. In very less cases
kidney gets infected by blood stream.
3.
Signs and symptoms:
A) Pain with urination:
The infection cause inflammation of urinary tract, the urine
from the inflammed urinary tract cause pain in urination.
B) orange or red colour urine:
The inflammation of urinary tract may cause a orange or red
colour urine. It is common sign in UTI due to inflammation of
urinary tract.
4.
UTI:
Urinary tract infection (UTI) any infection on the urinary tract
causing difficult in urination. It most commonly affects the
woman because thet are more prone to it.
Diagnosis And treatment:
A) The diagnostic test for UTI:
The two major diagnostic test for UTI are:
Urinalysis:
Urine is collected from the patient who came for test. This test
shows the bacterial or any infectious organism in the urine.
The collected urine sample is added to the substance which
promotes the growth of the organism in the urine.
If the growth is organism doesn't takes place then the test is
negative.
If the organism growth in the urine takes place then the test is
positive.
Ultra sound:
The sound waves from the transducer of ultra produce a imaging
of the internal organs.
Patient lower abdomen is scanned by ultra sound to detect any
abnormality in the organs and structures of urinary tract.
B) The medications for UTI are antibiotics or antimicrobial.
The two drugs are amoxicillin, sulfasulfamethaxazole.

3. Both of these drugs act on UTI by fighting against the
microorganisms in the UTI. By assisting the immune system, it
fight against the microorganisms and that relieves the symptoms
of UTI.
5.
answer. a) In women at the time of pregnancy the drainage
system from the kidney towards bladder become wide, hence,
urine does not pass out as quickly. This makes it easier to get an
infection. Similarly women has shorter urethra than a man have,
the shorter distance make the way easy to bacteria to travel into
the bladder.
b) There are no of ways by which women can reduce the risk of
getting UTI. Like women should drink plenty of water this will
help of getting rid from UTI, a women should protect their
urethra by not spraying ferfumes, bubble bath, by not using bath
oil. Sexual intercourse also irritates the urethra and is also one
of the reasons that sexually active women are more liable to
UTIs
ASSIGNMENT 10
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: This assignment contains 2 parts
which cover the Urinary System (Ch. 15). This is a submission
AKA text box assignment. When you have completed the
assignment, submit your work for both parts using the
Assignment 10 Text Box provided in this week’s module. This
assignment may be completed and submitted any time this week
before Saturday midnight. This assignment must be submitted
by midnight Saturday (11:59 pm). Each part is worth 15 points
(30 points total).
Part A: Urinary System A & P Matching
INSTRUCTIONS:
· Use your textbook to determine which DESCRIPTIONS

4. correctly match with the TERMS provided. Terms may be used
once or not at all.
· A Reference Citation List is NOT required for Part A.
· Format your work so that you submit the number of each
description with the letter of the term that matches correctly.
Please do not submit the descriptions or terms. Follow the
example below.
EXAMPLE FORMAT:
Part A:
1. A
2. B
3. C
Etc.
DESCRIPTIONS:
1. When blood volume & pressure are too low, the pituitary
gland releases this hormone which increases water reabsorption
from filtrate into blood, thus conserving body water and
producing a highly concentrated urine
2. Urine in its final form leaves the collecting duct of a
nephron and enters this space which funnels urine into the renal
pelvis
3. A long, slender, muscular tube which undergoes peristalsis
to conduct newly formed urine from the renal pelvis of the
kidney to the urinary bladder
4. This portion of a nephron functions to control the amount of
water in urine so that concentrated urine is produced when one
is dehydrated (low blood volume/pressure) or dilute urine is
produced when one is overhydrated (high blood
volume/pressure)
5. These expandable folds in the lining of the wall of the
bladder enable it to expand in size as urine volume increases;
the stomach lining also has these folds
6. The yellow color of urine is due to the presence of this

5. product of hemoglobin breakdown
7. As the bladder fills, urine volume & pressure increase; high
fluid pressure stimulates these sensory neurons embedded in the
bladder wall and they then send impulses to the spinal cord to
initiate the micturition reflex
8. 70% of filtrate is reabsorbed into blood from the proximal
convoluted tubules by epithelial cells which possess these short,
finger-like extensions that increase absorptive surface area
9. A fluid pressure gradient pushes water and small solutes out
of the blood in glomerular capillaries and into the glomerular
capsule; this is the first step in urine formation
10.In males, this tube conducts urine during urination and it
conducts semen during ejaculation
11. Renal pyramids are found in this inner region of the kidney
12. This circular skeletal muscle surrounds the urethra as it
passes through the pelvic floor and can be controlled
consciously to either stop or permit urination
13. Although glucose enters the renal tubule during the first
step of urine formation, it is actively transported back into
blood during this second step in urine formation
14. This is the most important electrolyte influencing the
amount of water that is either retained in blood or eliminated in
urine
15. This layer of dense connective tissue forms the exterior
covering of the kidney
TERMS:
A. rugae
B. trigone
C. loop of Henle
D. glomerulus
E. baroreceptors
F. interneurons
G. calyx
H. filtration
I. secretion

6. J. reabsorption
K. antidiuretic hormone
L. aldosterone
M. urethra
N. ureter
O. urochrome
P. urea
Q. microvilli
R. cilia
S. medulla
T. cortex
U. sodium
V. calcium
W. potassium
X. capsule
Y. external urethral sphincter
Z. internal urethral sphincter
Part B:Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)
INSTRUCTIONS:
· Perform research using your textbook and at least 1 reliable
website to gather scientific and medical information regarding
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs).
· Answer each question thoroughly. Pay attention to key terms
or phrases which have been highlighted in bold. Answer
questions using complete sentences. Be sure your answers are
free of writing errors (incorrect grammar and spelling). Define
scientific terms.
· Provide a list of Citations (sources used) at the end of the
assignment. Include the textbook and at least 1 reliable
website. Format your citations in APA style. Be sure that
website citations include functional URLs. Refer to the
document How to cite References in an Assignment (in the
Course Resources module) for instructions on how to format

7. citations in APA style. Failure to include a Reference Citation
List results in a 0 score for Part B. Five points will be deducted
for failure to format citations in APA style.
· PARAPHRASE: Information taken from sources must be
written in your own words. Paraphrasing demonstrates that
students understand the information they have read and that
they can correctly use that information to explain the answer to
a question. Do NOT include any direct quotes (with or without
quotation marks) from sources. Answers with direct quotes
receive no credit.
· Format your work to include the question number, topics, and
your answers. Before submitting your work, check to make sure
your answers are numbered correctly. Follow the format
example below.
EXAMPLE FORMAT:
Part B:
1. TOPIC: Overview of UTIs
A. Your answer
B. Your answer
2. TOPIC: Microorganisms cause UTIs
A. Your answer
B. Your answer
C. Your answer
ETC.
QUESTIONS:
1. TOPIC:Overview of UTIs
A. What is a UTI? Provide a description of the disease as if
you were explaining it to a friend who does not know any
scientific terms or concepts.
B. Which urinary system structures may be affected by a UTI?

8. Explain how the structure and function of these structures is
compromised by the infection.
2. TOPIC:Microorganisms cause UTIs
A. UTIs are caused by bacteria. Give the specific names of 2
types of bacteria that cause UTIs. Example: Staphylococcus
aureus (NOTE: Genus and species are italicized)
B. What are the potential sources of bacteria that cause UTIs?
In other words, where do the bacteria come from?
C. Where do the bacteria enter the urinary tract?
3. TOPIC:Signs & Symptoms
Explain the cause of each of the following common signs and
symptoms of a UTI:
A. pain with urination
B. orange or red color of urine
4. TOPIC:Diagnosis and Treatment
A. Name 2 diagnostic tests used in the clinic to diagnose a UTI.
What is the purpose of each test? What kind of information
does each test provide?
B. Name 2 common medications prescribed to treat UTIs.
Describe how each medicationworks to treat the infection or
relieve signs & symptoms.
5. TOPIC:Women vs. Men
A. UTIs are more common in women than men. Provide 2
reasons why.
B. Sometimes, a UTI can be prevented. Describe 2 ways that
women can reduce their risk of getting a UTI.
Citations:
Provide a list of References (sources)used to complete this part.
Include the textbook and at least 1 reliable scientific website.
Be sure your citations are APA formatted.

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