What is Linux?
Command-line Interface, Shell & BASH
Popular commands
File Permissions and Owners
Installing programs
Piping and Scripting
Variables
Common applications in bioinformatics
Conclusion
Linux Tutorial For Beginners | Linux Administration Tutorial | Linux Commands...Edureka!
This Linux Tutorial will help you get started with Linux Administration. This Linux tutorial will also give you an introduction to the basic Linux commands so that you can start using the Linux CLI. Do watch the video till the very end to see all the demonstration. Below are the topics covered in this tutorial:
1) Why go for Linux?
2) Various distributions of Linux
3) Basic Linux commands: ls, cd, pwd, clear commands
4) Working with files & directories: cat, vi, gedit, mkdir, rmdir, rm commands
5) Managing file Permissions: chmod, chgrp, chown commands
6) Updating software packages from Linux repository
7) Compressing & Decompressing files using TAR command
8) Environment variables and Regular expressions
9) Starting and killing processes
10) Managing users
11) SSH protocol for accessing remote hosts
we need to have a good amount of basic or in-depth knowledge on Linux Basics. This will help one's job easy in resolving the issues and supporting the projects.
Are you a system admin or database admin? Or working on any other technology which is deployed or implemented on linux/UNIX machines? Then you should be good with Linux basic concepts and commands. We will cover this section very clearly.
This lecture covers the structure of the Linux filesystem layout and the concept of mounting different filesystems in the main filesystem
Check the other Lectures and courses in
http://Linux4EnbeddedSystems.com
or Follow our Facebook Group at
- Facebook: @LinuxforEmbeddedSystems
Lecturer Profile:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/ahmedelarabawy
Linux Training For Beginners | Linux Administration Tutorial | Introduction T...Edureka!
This Linux training will take you one step closer to becoming a Linux administrator. The most common and important tasks that a Linux admin is responsible for, is covered in this Linux training video. Below are the topics covered in this tutorial:
1) Linux File Permissions
2) ACLs (Access Control Lists)
3) Shell Scripting
4) Patching In Linux
5) Networking In Linux:-
a) SSH For Remote Host Access
b) SFTP For Remote File Transfer
c) SCP For Remote Folder Transfer
What is Linux?
Command-line Interface, Shell & BASH
Popular commands
File Permissions and Owners
Installing programs
Piping and Scripting
Variables
Common applications in bioinformatics
Conclusion
Linux Tutorial For Beginners | Linux Administration Tutorial | Linux Commands...Edureka!
This Linux Tutorial will help you get started with Linux Administration. This Linux tutorial will also give you an introduction to the basic Linux commands so that you can start using the Linux CLI. Do watch the video till the very end to see all the demonstration. Below are the topics covered in this tutorial:
1) Why go for Linux?
2) Various distributions of Linux
3) Basic Linux commands: ls, cd, pwd, clear commands
4) Working with files & directories: cat, vi, gedit, mkdir, rmdir, rm commands
5) Managing file Permissions: chmod, chgrp, chown commands
6) Updating software packages from Linux repository
7) Compressing & Decompressing files using TAR command
8) Environment variables and Regular expressions
9) Starting and killing processes
10) Managing users
11) SSH protocol for accessing remote hosts
we need to have a good amount of basic or in-depth knowledge on Linux Basics. This will help one's job easy in resolving the issues and supporting the projects.
Are you a system admin or database admin? Or working on any other technology which is deployed or implemented on linux/UNIX machines? Then you should be good with Linux basic concepts and commands. We will cover this section very clearly.
This lecture covers the structure of the Linux filesystem layout and the concept of mounting different filesystems in the main filesystem
Check the other Lectures and courses in
http://Linux4EnbeddedSystems.com
or Follow our Facebook Group at
- Facebook: @LinuxforEmbeddedSystems
Lecturer Profile:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/ahmedelarabawy
Linux Training For Beginners | Linux Administration Tutorial | Introduction T...Edureka!
This Linux training will take you one step closer to becoming a Linux administrator. The most common and important tasks that a Linux admin is responsible for, is covered in this Linux training video. Below are the topics covered in this tutorial:
1) Linux File Permissions
2) ACLs (Access Control Lists)
3) Shell Scripting
4) Patching In Linux
5) Networking In Linux:-
a) SSH For Remote Host Access
b) SFTP For Remote File Transfer
c) SCP For Remote Folder Transfer
Devops for beginners is basically for the developers who really want to jumps towards DevOps processes and tools. Guide will give basic about what is cloud and virtualisation ?
What are different clouds solutions available?
Most useful and used linux commands with detail description about them.
Linux directory structure and usage.
Basically it will cover all the basics of Linux Administration and cloud concepts.
CompTIA Linux+ Powered by LPI certifies foundational skills and knowledge of Linux. With Linux being the central operating system for much of the world’s IT infrastructure, Linux+ is an essential credential for individuals working in IT, especially those on the path of a Web and software development career. With CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI certification, you’ll acquire the fundamental skills and knowledge you need to successfully configure, manage and troubleshoot Linux systems. Recommended experience for this certification includes CompTIA A+, CompTIA Network+ and 12 months of Linux admin experience. No prerequisites required.
Linux command line cheatsheet contains useful day to day commands that are used when working with Linux Mint/Ubuntu terminal and simplifies understanding of what these commands do and when to use them.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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3. LINUX
Linux is an operating system based on UNIX, and was first introduced by
Linus Torvalds commonly used in servers.
It is based on the Linux Kernel, and can run on different hardware platforms
manufactured by Intel, MIPS, HP, IBM, SPARC and Motorola. Another
popular element in Linux is its mascot, a penguin figure named Tux.
• It’s free and available in open source.
Open source: Open source is a platform that allows you to distribute your
software, including source codes freely to anyone who is interested. People
would then be able to add features and even debug and correct errors that
are in the source code. They can make it run better by adding some new
features and then redistributes these enhanced source code freely again.
This eventually benefits everyone in the community.
4. SHELL
The shell is a program that takes keyboard commands and passes them to the operating
system to carry out. Almost all Linux distributions supply a shell program from the GNU
project called BASH.
BASH: the name “BASH” acronym for “Bourne Again Shell”. It was written by Steve
Bourne as a replacement to the original Bourne Shell (represented by /bin/sh). It
combines all the features from the original version of Bourne Shell, plus additional
function to make it easier and more convenient to use. It has since been adapted as the
default shell for the most system running shell.
Terminal Emulators: When using a graphical user interface we need another program
called a terminal emulator to interact with the shell. It’s likely called simply “terminal”
on our menu.
Launch the terminal:
[root@localhost ~] #
This is called a shell prompt and it will appear whenever the shell is ready to accept
input.
5. Directory Structure
• /bin : normal command execution directory
• /sbin : administrative command execution directory
• /boot : boot loader directory it contains GRUB
• /etc : configuration file directory
• /proc : current process info directory
• /media: external media device mount point
• /mnt : network or local mount point
• /opt : third party software installation directory
• /usr : entire installation and own software installation directory
• /lost+found : recovery directory
• /selinux : security directory
• /var : log directory
• /root : root user home directory
• /home: normal user home directory
In Linux “/”
work as a
drive, as C:
in Windows
6. BASIC Commands
Generally we use two prompts in Linux :
1. # : root user (Administrative authentication)
2. $ : normal user (restricted authentication)
# ls
List command to show the content of directory
# ls -l
To get detailed list of directory content
# ls -a
To get the list of all file/dir including hidden object.
# pwd
Print working directory
# mkdir <dirname>
To create a directory
Structure of command in Linux:
# <command> - <option> <arguments> [* always use “–” before option]
7. BASIC Commands
# mkdir -p <dir1>/<dir2>/<dir_n>
To create parent directory
# mkdir <dir> <dir2> <dir_n>
To create multiple directory
# touch <filename>
To create a new file
# touch <file1> <file2> <file_n>
To create multiple file
# cd <dir name>
To change directory
# cd ..
To close any directory
# cat <file name>
To view the data of any file
8. BASIC Commands
# cat > <file name>
To input data in file with input mode
# cat >> <file name>
To input data in file with append mode
# rm -r <file/dir name>
To delete file/dir
# rm -rf <file/dir name>
To delete file/dir forcefully
# cp -rv <source> <destination>
To copy file/dir and paste
# mv <source> <destination>
To move/cut a file/dir and paste
# man <command name>
To get the help of command
9. BASIC Commands
# <command name> --help
To get brief details of command
# which <command name>
To get the location of command execution
# who
To get the info of logged-in user
# halt
To shutdown
# reboot
To restart
10. Text Editor
Text editor is a software to create or edit text files.
Text editor can be GUI and CLI.
GUI text editor used in Linux:
1. Gedit
2. Leafpad
CLI text editor used in Linux:
1. Vi
2. Vim
3. Nano
4. emacs
VI (Visual Editor)
vi or vim is a terminal text editor.
Commands:
# vim <file name>
To create or edit existing file
11. Text Editor
There are three modes in vi editor
1. Command mode (default mode)
2. Insert mode
3. EX mode
1. Command Mode (ESC) : It is used to do cut, copy, paste.
yy : to copy a line
<num> yy : to copy multiple lines
yw : to copy a word
dd : to cut a line
D : to delete a line
<num>D : to delete multiple lines
<num>dd : to cut multiple lines
dw : to cut a word
p : to paste
12. Text Editor
2. Insert Mode (to enter in insert mode press i or a)
data input or edit mode.
3. EX mode (to enter in EX mode press ESC then SHIFT + : )
This mode is used for file saving and quieting.
: w : to save
: q : to quit
: wq : to save and quit
: w! : to save forcefully
: q! : to quite forcefully
:/<find word> : to search any word
:;%s/<find word>/<replace word>/g : to replace any word
: set nu : to set line number
: set nonu : to unset line number
13. User Group Management
User : Users are the login account through which we can access
the resources and features of an operating system.
Group : Groups are the place where user accounts are placed for
security and policy implementation.
Important file locations:
/etc/passwd : users details file
/etc/shadow : users encrypted password file
/etc/group : groups details file
Commands:
# groupadd <group name>
To create new group
# useradd <user name>
To create new user
14. User Group Management
# passwd <user name>
To create or change user password
# useradd -g <primary group> -G <sec group1> <sec group2>
<username>
To create a user with specific primary group and secondary group.
[-g : Primary group, -G : Secondary group]
# usermod -g <groupname> <existing name>
To modify primary group name
# usermod -G <groupname1>,<groupname2> <existing user name>
To change or modify secondary group
# useradd -d “directory name with location” <user name>
To give a new home directory
# useradd -c “comment” -g <groupname> <username>
To give comment for a user
# usermod -c “comment” <user name>
To change or modify user comment
15. User Group Management
root : x : 0 : 0 : root : /root : /bin/bash
root : user name
x : link to shadow file
0 : user ID
0 : Group (primary) ID
root : comment of user
/root : home directory of user
/bin/bash : user shell
# useradd -s /sbin/nologin <username>
To create no-login user
# userdel -r <user name>
To delete user
# groupdel <group name>
To delete group (firstly delete group members)
16. Permissions
It is used to implement access control on objects (files and dir) of operating
system.
There are three permission in Linux
1. Read r 4
2. Write w 2
3. Execute x 1
# ls -l or ll
To check the permissions of any file/dir
# chmod UGO <file/dir>
To give or change permissions
# chmod -R UGO <file/dir>
To give or change permissions of sub file/dir (parent file/dir)
Each objects (file/dir) have three pairs of permissions
Like: rwx rwx rwx
user group others
17. Permissions
# chmod -R <user>:<group> <file/dir>
To change the ownership
Default permission
Root User:
File : 644
Dir : 755
User home dir : 700
Normal User:
File : 664
Dir : 775
18. GRUB
It is the boot loader for the linux. GRUB is short for GNU Grand Unified Boot
Loader.
Location of Grub file is :
/boot/grub/grub.conf : Original file
/etc/grub.conf : shortcut file
We can reset boot user password using two methods:
1. Single user mode (Using grub menu)
2. Rescue mode (Using linux DVD)
# grub-md5-crypt : to create encrypted password
19. TAR (Tap Archiver)
It is used for making TAR and compressed file. It is like making zip file and
rar files in windows. It also considered as backup and restore method.
Commands:
# tar -cvf <output.tar> <input folder>
To create a tar file
# tar -tvf <filename.tar>
To check the contents of tar file
# tar -xvf <filename.tar>
To extract the contents of tar or compressed file
# tar -zcvf <output.tar.gz> <input.tar>
To create compressed tar file
# tar -jcvf <output.tar.bz2> <input.tar>
To create compressed .bz2 tar file
20. RPM (Redhat Package Manager)
RPM is used to install packages in Redhat Linux OS. The extension of
Redhat Linux package is .rpm like .exe in windows.
Note: RPM command do not resolve dependency packages automatically.
Commands:
# rpm -ivh <packagename.rpm>
To install package
# rpm -e <software name>
To uninstall package/software
# rpm -qa
To get the list of all installed software
# rpm -qa grep <keyword>
To get the list of installed software using filter
# rpm -qi <softwarename>
To get info of all installed software
21. RPM (Redhat Package Manager)
# rpm -ql <software name>
To get the list of file/dir copied to system and its location by package
# rpm -qf <file/dir name>
To know the responsible package name of file/dir
# rpm -ivh --force --nodeps --aid <package name>
To install any package forcefully
22. Networking
It is assign used to assign IP address in our OS.
We can assign IP in two ways
1. Temporary IP setting
2. Permanent IP setting (using manual and DHCP)
Commands:
# ifconfig
To check the IP address and interface
# ifup <interface name>
To enable LAN interface
# ifdown <interface name>
To disable LAN interface
# hostname
To check the hostname of computer
23. Networking
# hostname <newhostname>
To change the hostname
# ifconfig <interface> <ipadress>
To assign IP
# route add default gw <gateway IP>
To assign gateway IP
# vim /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver <DNS1 IP>
nameserver <DNS2 IP> : to assign DNS IP
:wq
Temporary IP setting
Permanent IP setting
# system-config-network
To assign IP, Netmask, Gateway, Hostname, DNS1, DNS2 etc.
# service network restart
To restart the service of network
25. Harddisk Management
It is used to configure and maintain HDD partitions, volumes and file system in Linux
Commands used in HDD management
# fdisk -l
# fdisk <hdd file name>
To enter in HDD management mode
Commands used in HDD management mode:
: m : for all command and details
To check the partition table and HDD details
: p : for print current partition table
: n : to create new partition or volumes
: t : to change file system table
: l : to list file system hex code
: d : to delete a partition
: w : to save and quit
: q : to quit without saving
# mkfs.ext4 <partition_name>
To format Linux partition
After any
changes done
using fdisk
command,
Restart is
compulsary
# mkfs.vfat <partition_name>
To format windows partition in Linux