Download to read offline
![#vi .bashrc ( to create a alias)
Alias c = ‘clear’
And save the file… and logout …
GROUP
1. Primary group (when we create any user than this group automatic create)(-g
stand for primary group)
2. seconary group (
#groupadd group name ( to add a group)
#usermod -g group name username (to add a user in a group)
#usermod –G group name user name (to add a user in secondary group)
#id user name ( to check user i.d ,u.i.d ,g.i.d)
#groups user name ( to check group name)
#groupmod -n new name old name ( to change the group name)
#groupdel group name (for delete a group)
#chown user name file name ( to chnge owner a file)
#chgrp group name file name (to change group)
#chown :group name file name (to change group)
#who= it display a brief information about user name
#w= full detail with login terminal
#whoami= login name
#who am i= we will get full information login user
#finger=
#pinky= we will get full information login user
#chfn user name ( to fill user detail with contact number)
*PS1=”[jeet@h w]$” ( to change print terminal)
I/O redirection
>= to add content in a file
>> = to append any data in a file
<
|
; = to run multiple command …
&> = take error into a file
2>= to save error in text file
#chage –l asw 2> error (to save error in file)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/rhel-6-150422021229-conversion-gate01/85/Rhel-6-2-complete-ebook-4-320.jpg)
![};
To
} ;(comment all 6 lines and save the file)
#cd /var/named/chroot/var/named
#cp named.localhost hp.com
#vi hp.com (open the file and replace @ with host name like rcpl. Go to end of file
write www A 10.0.0.1 mail A 10.0.0.1 save the file)
#chmod 777 hp.com
#setup
Go to network settings and put dns ip …
#service named restart
#nslookup www.hp.com
#dig www.hp.com
SAMBA (linux to windows sharing)
It is works on 139,137 port number. Smb service is used for data sharing and nmb
service is used for domain envirment.
/var/lib/samba/private/passwd.tbd (it contain smb password).
#yum install samba*
#vi /etc/samba/smb.conf (smb=simple message block)
Go to end of line…
[name which u want to display on client]
Path = /asd (where the data store)
Public = yes (to secure ur data in network)
Writable = yes
Browseable = yes
valid users = put a user name which u want to access the data.
Printable = no
Save the file ……..
#service smb restart
#service nmb restart
#useradd hp
#smbpasswd -a hp
#service smb restart
#service nmb restart
Go to client and access the data….](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/rhel-6-150422021229-conversion-gate01/85/Rhel-6-2-complete-ebook-13-320.jpg)
![If u want to access client data then use this…
#smbclient -L 20.0.0.1 –U user name (on client)
#mount -t cifs //client i.p/C$ /mnt -o user=username (cifs= common internet file
system)
Access data without user name or password…
guest account = nobody (uncomment this line)
[sb ke liye]
path = /share
public = yes
writable = yes
browseable = yes
guest ok = yes
guest only = yes
guest account = nobody
SAMBA Centralize login
#vi /etc/samba/smb.conf (open this file)
Workgroup = jeet (domain name)77
Netbios name = jeet 74
Domain master = yes
Domain logons = yes (both of lines un comment)155,156
Logon path = %L (un comment)
Add user script =
Add group script =
Add machine script =
Delete user script =
Delete group script = (all lines un commented)
Os level = 40
Preferred master =yes (un comment)
Netlogon to guest line un comment
[profile] to guest ( to all lines un comment)
Path = /home/%u
Browseable = yes
Writable = yes
Save the file……
#service smb restart
#service nmb restart](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/rhel-6-150422021229-conversion-gate01/85/Rhel-6-2-complete-ebook-14-320.jpg)
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Rhel 6.2 complete ebook
- 1. useruseRHEL 6 Unix isfirst o.s in 1969 which is devleped by 4 programmers in bell labs.that time unix was in assembelly lan. In 1972 it was converted in c lan.in 1973 it was fully in c lan. Unix was not an open source o.s. In 1991 linus benedict torvaldes b.tech II year student made the kernal of linux. Is 1994 red hat was in market. 5 principles in linux: Everything is a file/dir stu. (including hardware) Small single purpose program. Ability to chain program together to perform a complex task (to run multiple task with a single command) Avoid captive user interface (its providing help) All configuration data store in a text file. H/w requirement for the installation C.P.UP4 RAM 512 MAX 1 T.B. HDD 5 G.B MAX 3 EB (EXA) /,BOOT,SWAP (important partition) in linux. Less than 4 gb of ram min swap is 2 g.b 4-16 gb of ram min swap 4 g.b 16-64 gb of ram min swap 8 g.b _rw_rw_rw_ _ 1 root root 243 14jan - Stand for =types of file there are 7 types of file in linux. - Or f = indicate zip file, text file ,c file any type of file. d = indicate directory
- 2. l = indicatesoft link of any file. b = block based hardware file like HDD,FDD. c = Character based file like Printer. s = socket file p = process or FIFO file this file size is 0 byte. If u want to see all types of file just go /dev …. rwx = owner creator of file r = 4 rwx = group w = 2 rwx = other x = 1 #chmod 644 filename (to change the permission of any file) #chmod –R 644 dir name (to change a dir per. With sub dir. Where ‘R’ stand for recursive). *file default permission is 644 and dir default permission 755 this permission set by umask . root default umask is 0022. Default permission = full permission – umask. 002 default umask value for users. #umask 000 (if u want to change umask value after that u create a file and u get full permission on file or folder) #vi .exrc (this file create short cut of multiple commands and this file create on user home directory ) Special permission: #setfacl -m u:username:permission(using only r,w,x) file name #getfacl file name (to see full permission of any file) #setfacl -x u:user name file name ( to remove permission) #setfacl -m g:group name ( set permission on a group) #chattr +i filename ( to add a attribute a file and this file can not be delete. –i to remove the permission ) #chattr +a filename (if u want to edit this file with attributes.) #chattr -a file name (to remove attributes) #lsattr file name ( to see the file permission) Links Soft link (inode number is different ,use as a short cut) hard link (inode number is same , use as a mirror)
- 3. 1. Time ofcreation 2. Modification time 3. Permission 4. Hard disk location #ls -I (to see the inode numbers) #ln file name hardlink file name (hardlink) # ln -s file name softlink file name (softlink) USERS Super user 0 i.d System user 1-499 i.d (ftp,shutdown) Ordinary user 500 i.d /etc/passwd file : Root :x:o:o(gid): :/root:/bin/bash (users shell) Abc:x:502(uid):502: :/home/abc:/bin/bash *Users password saved in /etc/shadow file in encrypted format. User profile files : .bash_profile = when we login than this file run..interactive login. (su – username) .bashrc = this is also login file with aliases.non interactive login. (su username) .bash_logout = this is a logout file. */etc/skel (to set permanent umask value) */etc/bashrc (to check umask value) #passwd –d user name (to remove password) #usermod -L user name ( to lock a usr) #usermod -U user name ( to unlock a user) #useradd -p ““ user name( without password) #chage –l user name (to get full user detail) #chage -E 2012-04-21 username (to change expires date) #chage -M 0 user name (max number of days of password) #chage –m 1 user name (min number of password) #chage -W 1 user name( to set warning level for password) #chage –d 0 username (password change at first logon) #userdel user name (to remove a user without home dir.) #userdel -r user name (to remove a user with home dir.) #useradd –o –u 0 username ( to assign uid 0) #useradd –M useradd (to add user without home directory) #usermod –l newname oldname (to change user name)
- 4. #vi .bashrc (to create a alias) Alias c = ‘clear’ And save the file… and logout … GROUP 1. Primary group (when we create any user than this group automatic create)(-g stand for primary group) 2. seconary group ( #groupadd group name ( to add a group) #usermod -g group name username (to add a user in a group) #usermod –G group name user name (to add a user in secondary group) #id user name ( to check user i.d ,u.i.d ,g.i.d) #groups user name ( to check group name) #groupmod -n new name old name ( to change the group name) #groupdel group name (for delete a group) #chown user name file name ( to chnge owner a file) #chgrp group name file name (to change group) #chown :group name file name (to change group) #who= it display a brief information about user name #w= full detail with login terminal #whoami= login name #who am i= we will get full information login user #finger= #pinky= we will get full information login user #chfn user name ( to fill user detail with contact number) *PS1=”[jeet@h w]$” ( to change print terminal) I/O redirection >= to add content in a file >> = to append any data in a file < | ; = to run multiple command … &> = take error into a file 2>= to save error in text file #chage –l asw 2> error (to save error in file)
- 5. Sed = sed‘s/one/ONE’ < filename GREP #grep “word” file name #grep –i “word” file name (to remove case sens) #grep –w “word” file name (exact word) #grep –n “word” file name (line number) #grep –c “word” file name (count the number) #grep –v “word” file name ( not match the word) CUT #cut –c2 file name (cut the 2 line of file ) #cut –c2-3 file name ( cut the range of file) #cut -c2- file name ( start from 2 character) #cut -d “ : “ -f1 /etc/passwd Zip & Unzip 1.gzip 2.bzip2 (advance utility) #gzip file name (to zip a file) #gzip -c file name > new file name ( to zip a file excluding original file with extension “gz”) #zcat file name ( to see the content of zip file) #gunzip filename.gz ( unzip a file) #gzip -d filename.gz (unzip a file) #bzip file name (zip a file) #bzip2 -d file name( unzip a file) #bunzip2 file name (unzip) #bzcat file name ( to see the content of file)
- 6. #bzip2 file name&(to run any process in back ground) Backup Tar (tape archive ) #tar -cvf filename.tar path #tar -tvf file name.tar ( to see the content of file) #tar -rvf file name.tar path (to append a data) #tar -xvf path file name.tar (to extract data) Crontab Crontab (service is crond) Or (it take backup only one time) #crontab -e ( u get a file and write your crontab) * * * * * Min hour date monthday (0-59)(0-24)(1-31)(1-12)(0-7) write command #crontab -e -u user name (normal user) #crontab -l ( to see the all crontab) #crontab -l -u username ( to see crontab) #crontab -r –u username (to remove all crontab) Find and locate : #find path -name/size/permission name. #find / -name size #find / -name .?? (hidden file) #find / -perm 000 (find a file with permission) #find /etc –name *.conf -exec cp {} /directory name(/as) ; #find /etc –name smb.conf -exec cat {} ; #find –user root #find –user root ! –group root #locate file name (to locate a file) System information #cat /proc/cpuinfo (cpu information) #cat /proc/meminfo (mem information) #cat /proc/diskstats (disk information) #uname -a (to get grub information)
- 7. #lsusb (to showall detail with usb) #ps ( to check current running process) #ps –aux ( to check all running process) #kill pid ( to kill normal process) #kill -9 pid (to kil forcefully process) #top (to check full system process) Sudoers /etc/sudoers ( for use sudo if u want to open this file the best way to open this file is ‘visudo’) #visudo (to open this file and search root ALL=ALL and just below of this line u can write a user name after that u get a full privilege as like root) #sudo /usr/sbin/useradd user name (to run this command as a root) #visudo #User_Alias ADMIN (search this line go to below of that line) User_Alias RCPL = username #These are group (search this line go to below of that line) Cmnd_Alias HPES = /usr/sbin/useradd #allow the root command (search this line go to below of that line) Username All = All alias name (and save the file) QUOTA #mkdir /quota (to create a new partition and mount it a dir) #vi /etc/fstab (to open this file and enter these lines) /dev/sdb /quotaext4 defaults,usrquota 0 0 And save the file. #mount -o remount /quota (remount the partition with out restart the system) #quotacheck -cu /quota (to check the quota) #quotaon /quota #chmod 777 /quota ( to give a full permission) #edquota user name ( to open a file and write these lines) /dev/sdb6 100M(soft) 120M(hard) (block size) #repquota –a (to check quota status) SWAP Partition #free -m ( to check use of swap or ram)
- 8. To extend thesize of swap u can create a new partition ans restart the system…and than give a i.d #mkswap -L swap-sdb5 /dev/sdb5 ( format swap partition) LVM First of all we create three partition for LVM. #pvc:reate /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd (to add three hdd) #pvdisplay ( to show all HDD detail) #vgcreate san /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd (to add a group) #vgdisplay (to see display the volume group) #lvcreate -L +100G /dev/san -n lv0 (to create a logical space of that volume) #mkfs.ext4 /dev/san/lv0 (to format a lvm partition) #mount /dev/san/lv0 /mnt (to mount that partition) #df –h (to check free space of disk) #lvextend -L +50G /dev/san/lv0 (to extend the size) #lvdisplay #umount /dev/san/lv0 (for extend the size) #e2fsck -f /dev/san/lv0 (recheck the file system) #resize2fs /dev/san/lv0 (to extend the size) #mount /dev/san/lv0 /mnt (remount the partition) #df -h (to check extend the size) #lvreduce -L -50G /dev/san/lv0 (to reduce the size) #umount /mnt #lvremove /dev/san/lv0 (to remove lv) #vgremove /dev/san (to remove volume group) #pvremove /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd ( to remove pv) #vgextend /dev/vgi /dev/sdc (to add a new hdd in lvm) #pvdisplay (check total PE and free PE) #pvmove /dev/sdb /dev/sdc (to move a pv) #pvdisplay (check it PE or PE transfer) #vgreduce /dev/vg1 /dev/sdb (to remove hdd) #pvremove /dev/sdb
- 9. RAID #mdadm -C /dev/md0-n3 /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd –l5 (create a raid 5) #mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0 #mount /dev/md0 /mnt #mdadm -D /dev/md0 (to check raid is working or not) #mdadm -f /dev/md0 /dev/sdb (to faulty a disk in raid) #mdadm -r /dev/md0 /dev/sdb (to remove a disk) #mdadm -a /dev/md0 /dev/sdb ( to add a disk) #mdadm -S /dev/md0 (to stop raid) #mdadm -A /dev/md0 /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd ( to run a raid) RPM #rpm -I vsftpd (to get packet information) #rpm -qc vsftpd (to get configuration file) YUM NFS If u want to share ant thing in Linux to linux than we use network file system. It work on 2049 and it supported service is rpc bind. #mkdir nfs (put on some file which u want share in network) #vi /etc/exports (open this file and write down these lines) /nfs *(rw) (save the file) #service nfs start (to start nfs start) #showmount -e (to view share data) #vi /etc/sysconfig/selinux (open this file and disable the selinux) #setup (to stop the firewall on server side) #chkconfig nfs on ( to on permanent service ntsysv) #init 6 (for check the selinux file) Now go to the client machine.. #vi /etc/sysconfig/selinux (open this file and disable the selinux)
- 10. #setup (to stopthe firewall on client side) #chkconfig nfs on ( to on permanent service ntsysv) #init 6 (for check the selinux file) #mount -t nfs 10.0.0.1(server i.p):/nfs /mnt #showmount -e 10.0.0.1 (server i.p) (to show share data) #cd /net #cd /net/10.0.0.1 (server ip) (to check share data) TELNET #yum install telnet* #vi /etc/xinetd.d/telnet (to open this file asnd search disable = no and save it) #service xinetd restart Go to the client end and install the telnet package. #yum install telnet* #vi /etc/securetty (rename this file this file if u want to login root ) #mv /etc/securetty /etc/z (rename this file restart service and login with root) VSFTPD(daemon) Port no.20(ftp data),21(tcp) #yum install vsftpd* #vi /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf (open this file and change it) #anon_upload_enable=yes (uncomment this line) #anon_mkdir_write_enable=Yes (uncomment this line for create a dir) And save the file #cd /var/ftp/pub (to add data from site) #chmod 777 /var/vsftpd/pub #service vsftpd restart Go to the client and install the ftp service #yum install ftp #ftp 10.0.0.1 (server ip) Username=anonymous >ls >get ftp #vi /etc/vsftpd/ftpusers (if u want to block any user enter the on this file)
- 11. #vi /etc/vsftpd/user_list (ifu want to access ftp only single user than enter the name of user and than go to vsftd.conf and enter this line ‘userlist_deny=NO’ and save the file and restart the service…. DHCP #yum install dhcp* #cp /usr/share/doc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf.smaple /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf (copy the sample file) #vi /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf (open this file and find internal network and enter your network range) #cat /var/lib/dhcpd/dhcpd.leases (dhcp leases entry) #cat /var/log/messages (to check DORA process) How to deny specfic ip for dhcp host fantasia1 { hardware ethernet 00:0c:29:90:5e:02; deny booting; APACHE #yum install httpd* #cd /var/www/html #vi index.html (write any line for web page) #service httpd restart For directory browsing ( create multiple file on /var/www/html/ with out index.html) #cd /etc/httpd/conf.d/welcome.conf (open this file and commented last 4 lines and save the file) Multiple site hosting We want to create different pages for different location.. And open this file “vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf “ and search directory index and write your pages name index.html a1.html b1.html and go to end of file and search #name virtual host after that insert a line below that “NameVirtualHost ‘server ip’ after that go to end of file and copy the last 7 lines.. </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost 192.168.2.21:80> DocumentRoot / ServerName www.du.com </VirtualHost>
- 12. After that openthis file vi /etc/hosts and enter your ip with different web names…. For authentication <Directory /var/www/html> AuthName "website Authentications" AuthUserfile /var/www/html/pass AuthType basic Require Valid-User </Directory> Save the file #htpasswd –cm /var/www/html/pass jeet(user name ) DNS #yum install bind* (Berkeley internet name domain) #cp –av /usr/share/doc/bind-9../sample/etc/* /var/named/chroot/etc/ (all configuration file) # cp –av /usr/share/doc/bind-9../sample/var/named/* /var/named/chroot/var/named/ (database file) #vi /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf(open this file) Listen on port { any } Allow query { any } View local host To } (comment all lines just above view internal) Key ddns_key To } (comment all lines) (line no. 145) Zone “hp.com” Type master File “hp.com” (copy four lines and enter after that ) Zone “my.ddns.internal.zone” { Type master ; *for reverse master domain…. zone "0.0.10.in-addr.arpa" IN { type master; file "hp.com";
- 13. }; To } ;(comment all6 lines and save the file) #cd /var/named/chroot/var/named #cp named.localhost hp.com #vi hp.com (open the file and replace @ with host name like rcpl. Go to end of file write www A 10.0.0.1 mail A 10.0.0.1 save the file) #chmod 777 hp.com #setup Go to network settings and put dns ip … #service named restart #nslookup www.hp.com #dig www.hp.com SAMBA (linux to windows sharing) It is works on 139,137 port number. Smb service is used for data sharing and nmb service is used for domain envirment. /var/lib/samba/private/passwd.tbd (it contain smb password). #yum install samba* #vi /etc/samba/smb.conf (smb=simple message block) Go to end of line… [name which u want to display on client] Path = /asd (where the data store) Public = yes (to secure ur data in network) Writable = yes Browseable = yes valid users = put a user name which u want to access the data. Printable = no Save the file …….. #service smb restart #service nmb restart #useradd hp #smbpasswd -a hp #service smb restart #service nmb restart Go to client and access the data….
- 14. If u wantto access client data then use this… #smbclient -L 20.0.0.1 –U user name (on client) #mount -t cifs //client i.p/C$ /mnt -o user=username (cifs= common internet file system) Access data without user name or password… guest account = nobody (uncomment this line) [sb ke liye] path = /share public = yes writable = yes browseable = yes guest ok = yes guest only = yes guest account = nobody SAMBA Centralize login #vi /etc/samba/smb.conf (open this file) Workgroup = jeet (domain name)77 Netbios name = jeet 74 Domain master = yes Domain logons = yes (both of lines un comment)155,156 Logon path = %L (un comment) Add user script = Add group script = Add machine script = Delete user script = Delete group script = (all lines un commented) Os level = 40 Preferred master =yes (un comment) Netlogon to guest line un comment [profile] to guest ( to all lines un comment) Path = /home/%u Browseable = yes Writable = yes Save the file…… #service smb restart #service nmb restart
- 15. #smbpasswd –a root( to add a root for member). *****IMP***** *if u want to change password when the user login first time.. #pdbedit -u username --pwd-must-change-time 120000 #pdbedit -P “maximum password age” –C value (4) #pdbedit -P “maximum password age” –C value (4294967295) #pdbedit -L -v (to check user information) #pdbedit -P “bad lockout attempt” –C 3 (lock the a/c when attempt wrong password) SQUID #yum install squid* #vi /etc/squid/squid.conf (open this file Just go to acl connect method and enter below of this line.) acl block_acl url_regex gmail yahoo facebook download http_access deny block_acl http_access allow all (save the file and restart the service) if u want to open any ip than enter this line… acl ip_pool src 10.0.0.2 http_access allow ip_pool (save the file and restart the service) NCSA Authentication First of all we want to install “http” for ht password after that we want to search a file that is “ncsa_auth”which is locate in /usr/lib/squid/ncsa_auth…after that “vi /etc/squid/squid.conf (open this file and enter a line to the beginning of the file) auth_param basic program /usr/lib/squid/ncsa_auth /etc/squid/pass (after that go to acl connect method enter a line below of this line) acl ncsa_users proxy_auth REQUIRED acl block_acl url_regex gmail yahoo facebook download http_access deny block_acl http_access allow ncsa_users http_access allow all (save the file) cache_mgr jeetsingh@gmail.com ?( for msg enter this line any where of file) #htpasswd –c /etc/squid/pass jeet Site blocking with file:
- 16. #vim /etc/squid/squid.com acl block_listurl_regex -i "/etc/squid/block_list.txt" http_access deny block_list TIME BASE ACL ON PROXY SERVER: acl allow_acl time M T W H F 9:00-17:00 acl badsite url_regex -i "/jeet" http_access deny badsite http_access allow allow_acl MAC BASE PROXY acl mac arp 00:0C:29:90:5E:02 acl web url_regex gmail facebook http_access deny web http_access allow mac http_access allow all #Block Mozilla Firefox in squid proxy acl bad_browser browser Firefox http_access deny bad_browser all SIZE according…. Acl group1 src 192.168.1.2 Reply_body_max_size 1024KB group 1 LDAP Light weight directory access protocol its work on 389 port no. #yum install openldap* #updatedb #locate slapd.conf (to search this file) #cp /usr/share/openldap-server/slapd.conf.obsolete /etc/openldap/slapd.conf #vi /etc/openldap/slapd.conf (open this file) Suffix “dc=san, Rootdn = “cn=root,dc=san
- 17. rootpw redhat directory /var/lib/ldap/san.com(save the file) #mkdir /var/lib/ldap/san.com #service slapd restart #cd /var/lib/ldap/san.com #ls #cd /etc/openldap/slapd.d/ #cd cn=config #ls # vi olcDatabase={2}bdb.ldif (to open this file for creating a data base in ur directory) Suffix : dc=san,dc=com RootDN: cn=root.dc=san,dc=com Directory: /var/lib/ldap/san.com (save the file) #service slapd restart Set the full permission on san.com….. #ls /var/lib/ldap/san.com (to check database file) # locate DB_CONFIG (to search db file) #cp /usr/share/openldap_server/DB_CONFIG.example DB_Config (copy DB_Config on your san directory) #chown ldap:ldap DB_CONFIG( to change owner ship of this file) #service slapd restart #vi /dn dn: dc=san,dc=com objectClass : dcObject objectClass :organization dc: san o: san1 save the file #rm -rf /etc/openldap/slapd.d/* (to delete this file) #slaptest -F /etc/openldap/slapd.d/ -f /etc/openldap/slapd.conf (to check configuration test) #ldapadd -x -D “cn=root,dc=san.dc=com” -w redhat -f /dn #useradd ldapuser #passwd 123 #yum install migrationtools* #grep ldapuser /etc/passwd >aa
- 18. /usr/share/migrationtools/migrate_passwd.pl /aa >/aa1(migrate a passwd ) #vi /aa1 (open this file delete ou in first line) Dc=san,dc=com Save the file #ldapadd -x -D “cn=root,dc=san.dc=com” -w redhat -f /aa1 Go to the client machine System----authentication----LDAP---Dn—dc=san,dc=com LDAP server----server i.p. Go to server end…. #vi /etc/exports /home*(rw) (to share user home directory) #service nfs restart #service rpcbind restart Go to client #Vi /etc/auto.master /home/etc/auto.home (save the file) #vi /etc/auto.home * -fstype=nfs 10.0.0.2:/home/& (save the file) #service autofs restart SSH #ssh system i.p #ssh user@system ip (srver10.0.0.1) #scp server ip :/file path /source (from client side) #scp /source clientip:/path (from server side) BOOT PROCESS RHEL 5 1.BIOS(Basic Input/Output System) 2.boot loader (gurb.conf) GRUB:-GRand Unified Bootloader
- 19. 4.Kernel (vmlinuz) 5.initrd (itloads driver releted file) 6.ini (inittab select ur run level) 7.Desktop RHEL 6 1.BIOS(Basic Input/Output System) 2.boot loader (gurb.conf) GRUB:-GRand Unified Bootloader 4.Kernel (vmlinuz) 5.initrd (it loads driver releted file) 6.up start (as like inittab) 7.Desktop #cd /etc/rc.d (this dir content init tab file data base) LUKS (linux unified key setup) Partition must be unmounted and blank.. #fdisk –l (create a blank partition and format that part..) #dd if=/dev/urandom of=/dev/sdb5 (full that partition) #cryptsetup --verbose --verify-passphrase luksFormat /dev/sdb5 #cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sdb5 linux_data (to open part.) #mkdir /linux_data #mount /dev/mapper/linux_data /linux_data #vi /etc/crypttab (linux_data /dev/sdb5 none) #vi /etc/fstab #cryptsetup luksDump /dev/sdb5 ( to check its woking or not) SEND MAIL #yum install sendmail
- 20. #yum install procmail /etc/mail/sendmail.cf(it is a main file of send mail but we work on /etc/mail/sendmail.mc) #vi /etc/mail/sendmail.mc Port smtp (comment this line) #m4 /etc/sendmail.mc > /etc/mail/senmail.cf #service sendmail restart #useradd amit #password arun #su –arun #mail amit@localhost.localdomain Login with user and type #mail (to see the mail) SYSLOG We want to centralized log data base.. #vi /etc/sysconf/rsyslog $modload udpto $input (both line uncommented) #vi /etc/sysconfig/rsyslog “-m 0 –r” (write end of file and save the file) #service rsyslog start Go to the client machine..and find “rules” Vi /etc/rsyslog.conf *.* @server ip Save the file #service rsyslog restart NIS #yum install ypserv* #nisdomainname hp #domainname hp #hostname rcpl #service ypserv restart #service rpcbind restart #cd /usr/lib/yp/
- 21. #./ypinit -m (afterthat press “ctrl + d”) #make -C /var/yp (for update data base) #vi /etc/exports (for sharing home folder) Go to client System ------- authentication ---- nis login--- domain name ---- server ip. #vi / etc/auto.master (open this file and enter this line /home /etc/auto.home (save the file) #vi /etc/auto.home (open this file and write this line) * -fstype=nfs server ip:/home/& #service autofs stop #service autofs start #service ypbind restart PAM (pluggable authentication moduel) If u want to restric any user to time to time and terminal. #touch /etc/nologin (to block any normal user) # cd /lib/security ( to check PAM configuration file) #vi /etc/pam.d/login (open this file and comment the line “#account required pam_nologin.so (save the file than check normal user login) *if u want block terminal for singel user first of all we want to remove “nologin” and than.. #vi /etc/pam.d/login (open this file and put a line from the begain of line) auth required pm_access.so (save the file) #vi /etc/security/access.conf (open this file and go to end of line) + : jeet : tty4 (if u want user login only tty 4) - : jeet : ALL (deny all terminal save the file) *if u want user login with time wice… #Vi /etc/pam.d/login (open the file enter a line before auth include system_auth) account required pam_time.so (save the file) #vi /etc/security/time.conf (open this file go to end of file and enter this line) login;tty4;jeet;Al1200-1600 (to login any user with time )
- 22. *if u wantto login with limited number of sessions.. Vi /etc/pam.d/login (open this file and go to session lines and enter this line.) session required pam_limits.so (save the file) #vi /etc/security/limits.conf (go to end of line enter this line just above #end of file) jeet hard maxlogins 1 (save the file) *if u want to give root privilage any user. #vi /etc/pam.d/login (enter this line for the begain of file) auth requried pam_group.so #vi /etc/security/group.conf (opent this and go to end of file enter this line just above ) Login;tty;ss;Al0000-2400;root (save the file) If u want to remove all user from login screen.. #vi /etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults/%gconf-tree.xml (open this file and search “/disable_user” (go to line number 14454) <default type=”bool” value=”false”/> (just relplace false with true and save the file) Change the login screen… #cd /usr/share/backgrounds/ (paste your png image) #vi /usr/share/backgrounds/default.xml (open this file and find time when u want to change login screen). If u want to show own msg when we access telnet.. #vi /etc/issue.net (save the file)
- 23. SEND MAIL Smtp =25 pop3 = 110 pop3s 995 CREATE A DNS SERVER WITH MX RECORD…THE MX RECORD ENTRY IS.. @ MX 10 WWW.MAIL.COM SERVICE NAMED RESTART FOR CHECK MX RECORD : nslookup set type=MX mail .com yum install sendmail* # vi /etc/mail/sendmail.mc (open this file) DAEMON_OPTION(PORT=SMTP,ADDR=10.0.0.1,NAME=MTA) LOCAL_DOMAIN (‘domain name’) MASQUERADE_DOMAIN(HOST NAME) MASQUERADE_DOMAIN(DOMAIN NAME) SAVE THE FILE… #m4 /etc/mail/sendmail.mc > /etc/mail/sendmail.cf #service sendmail restart #telnet www.rahul.com 25 (to check smtp work is not) ehlo www.rahul.com mail from:root@rahul.com rcpt to:amit#rahul.com Data subject :hiiiiiiiiiiiiii #yum install dovecot # vi /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf protocol = imap pop3 lmtp pop3s imaps (uncomment) listen = *, : : (un comment) mail_location = mbox:~/mail:INBOX=/var/mail/%u ssl_cert_file = /etc/pki/dovecot/certs/dovecot.pem ssl_key_file = /etc/pki/dovecot/private/dovecot.pem save the file…… #service dovecot restart Before genrating the certificate…
- 24. /etc/pki/dovecot/certs/dovecot.pem (rename thisfile) /etc/pki/dovecot/private/dovecot.pem (rename this file) # vi /etc/pki/dovecot/dovecot-openssl.cnf Contry name =IN # /usr/libexec/dovecot/mkcert.sh (create a certficate) #vi /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf/10-mail.conf mail_location = mbox:~ (uncomment this line) save the file…. #service dovecot restart Go to client TFTP #yum install dhcp* #vi /etc/dhcpd/dhcpd.conf (open this file) Subnet 10.0.0.0 netmask 255.0.0.0 { range 10.0.0.10 10.0.0.20; } allow bootings; allow bootp; class “pxeclients” { match if substring (option vendor-class-identifier, 0, 9) = “PXEClient”; next-server 10.0.0.1; filename “linux-install/pxelinux.0”; } #service dhcpd restart #yum install tftp* #vi /etc/xinetd.d/tftp Disable = no Bind = server ip (add this line and save the file) #service xinetd restart #yum install syslinux*
- 25. #mkdir –p /var/lib/tftpboot/linux-install/pxelinux.cfg #cp/usr/share/syslinux/pxelinux.0 /var/lib/tftppool/linux-install #cp /usr/share/syslinux/menu.32 /var/tftpboot/linux-install/ #cp /media/RHEL/1/images/pxeboot/* /var/lib/tftpboot/linux-install #vi /var/tftpboot/linux-install/pxelinux/pxelinux.cfg/default Timeout 100 default menu.32 Menu title ##########boot menu############# label 1 menu label ` 1 ) RHEL 6 kernel vmlinuz append initrd=initrd.img (save the file) #service xinetd restart Mount the dvd and share it with nfs…. #yum install system-config.kickstart * #system config-kickstart (and configure it) http://iso.linuxquestions.org/backtrack/backtrack-5-r3/#x86_64