Linguistic turn plc v
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The document discusses Ferdinand de Saussure's theory of linguistics and the "Linguistic Turn" it inspired. [1] Saussure sought to establish linguistics as an objective science and supersede previous approaches. [2] He argued that language (langue) should be studied as a system separate from individual speech acts (parole). [3] Saussure analyzed language as a network of signs, each sign comprising a signifier (sound pattern) and signified (concept). This reoriented the study of language and inspired further developments in semiotics and cultural theory.
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Stylistics introduction, Definitions of Stylistics
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Linguistic Turn E12 M03
1. Saussure sought to establish linguistics as an exact science by isolating language as its object of study and distinguishing it from speech.
2. He theorized that language exists socially and should be studied as a system of signs independent of individuals, with each sign consisting of a signifier and signified.
3. Saussure laid the groundwork for semiology, the science of signs in society, by demonstrating language can be modeled as a symbolic system comparable to writing.
Linguistics
The document provides an overview of linguistics and defines key terms. It discusses:
1. Linguistics is the scientific study of human language in general and how languages work. It aims to describe languages objectively rather than prescribe rules of correctness.
2. Descriptive linguistics observes how language is actually used, while prescriptive linguistics sets rules for proper usage.
3. A linguist is a scientist who studies all aspects of language including its structure, use, history, and role in society using scientific methods like observation and hypothesis testing.
The Study of Language (ii)
The document discusses several key concepts in linguistics:
1) It describes how American structural linguistics in the early 20th century diverged from European structuralism by taking a more descriptive approach and emphasizing language description over interpretation.
2) It explains complementary distribution as the relationship between elements that occupy non-overlapping environments.
3) It provides examples of echo questions, which repeat part of a previous question for clarification.
Modern ling
This document provides an overview of modern linguistics, outlining the development of different schools of thought in the field. It discusses early definitions of language and the emergence of historical linguistics. It then focuses on structuralism under Saussure and the American tradition, as well as functionalism. The bulk of the document details the rise of generative linguistics through Chomsky's early models in 1957 and 1965, subsequent revisions including extended standard theory and government and binding theory, and the recent minimalist program. The document traces how empirical issues led to theoretical modifications in generative grammar over time.
Hh. schools of thought linguistics converted
This document provides an overview of key concepts in linguistics. It discusses linguistics as the scientific study of language and divides the field into synchronic versus diachronic analysis, theoretical versus applied linguistics, and microlinguistics versus macrolinguistics. It also covers structuralism, generativism, functionalism, and historical linguistics. Finally, it defines several concepts mentioned such as RP (Received Pronunciation), Grimm's Law, and ideograms to provide context for linguistic analysis.
Linguistic theories approaches and methods
This document outlines several linguistic theories and approaches, including:
- Structuralism founded by Ferdinand de Saussure which views language as a system of signs.
- American structuralism which took a behaviorist approach and focused on observable patterns.
- Generative grammar by Noam Chomsky which aims to explain a speaker's innate linguistic knowledge.
- Cognitive approaches like prototype theory and conceptual metaphor theory which see language as reflecting mental representations.
- Psycholinguistic approaches which study language production and comprehension processes.
- Corpus-based approaches which use large text databases to analyze authentic language usage.
Ppt,s & g
Structuralism & Generativism
This document provides an overview of structuralism and generativism in linguistics. It discusses European structuralism beginning in the 1920s based on Saussure's work, as well as American structuralism from the 1930s-1960s influenced by behaviorism. Generativism emerged in the late 1950s with Chomsky's work and emphasized the creativity and productivity of language. It separated competence from performance and focused on universal grammar. Generativism marked a departure from structuralism by emphasizing what languages have in common rather than their diversity.
I01066062
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Denysova
The document discusses the concept of concepts as objects of diachronic linguistics. It provides background on the theoretical bases of comparativism, including the hypotheses of monogenesis and proto-languages. It then outlines the methodology of comparative-historical language study, including using expanding circles and comparing data from written records. The document also discusses procedures of comparativistics like reconstruction and diachronic interpretation. Finally, it examines concepts as diachronic phenomena using the example of the mega concept represented by the English word "tea".
Linguistics
There is evidence that certain linguistic properties are universal across all human languages. Early scholars like Alsted and Kilwardby were interested in discovering a general grammar that described rules common to all languages. More recently, Noam Chomsky and other linguists have proposed that humans possess an innate, biologically-determined "universal grammar" that allows children to easily acquire any language they are exposed to. Sign languages provide clear evidence for linguistic universals, as deaf children learning sign languages progress through the same stages of acquisition as hearing children learning spoken languages, demonstrating the human capacity for language is not dependent on vocalization. The study of language universals continues to be an important area of linguistic research.
Introduction of Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday.
Michael Halliday was a renowned linguist born in 1925 who developed Systemic Functional Linguistics. He viewed language as a social semiotic and means for making meaning. Halliday identified seven functions of language acquisition in children and described language through four metafunctions - experiential, logical, discoursal, and interpersonal. His work influenced theories of language and education, and had significant applications in language teaching methodology.
Structuralism.pptx
Structuralism examines underlying structures and systems that govern cultural artifacts like language, art, and literature. The document discusses the origins and key concepts of structuralism developed by Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure in the early 20th century. Specifically, it outlines Saussure's ideas about signs being composed of signifiers and signifieds, the distinction between langue and parole, and analyzing cultural elements through binary oppositions and deep underlying structures rather than surface elements or authorial intent alone. Structuralism views shared deep structures as universal across cultures and time periods.
Sociolinguistics
This document discusses the history and relationships between sociolinguistics and other related disciplines. It outlines that sociolinguistics emerged from the work of scholars like William Labov, Basil Bernstein, Dell Hymes, John Gumperz, Charles Ferguson, and Joshua Fishman in the 1960s-1970s. It also describes how sociolinguistics is linked to linguistics, sociology, pragmatics, and anthropology by examining the social influences on language use.
THE CAUSATIVE VERB TO HAVE IN MODERN ENGLISH
In the article are analyzed the structure-semantic special aspects of the verb have in its causative meaning. The constructions with the verb have belong to the class of syntactic or analytical causatives. The author highlights the multidimensional semantic characters of the causative constructions with the verb have, which can embody different meanings of causativity.
Origins of language and linguistics
This Powerpoint provides a short glimpse in these areas viz, language and linguistics origin and other relevant information.
Week 9.. Mam Samina
This document discusses several grammatical theories that employ a functional approach, including Prague school, Simon Dik's Functional Grammar, Michael Halliday's systemic functional grammar, Role and Reference Grammar, and Danish functional grammar. It also covers topics like cognitive linguistics, semantics, language variation, functional styles, children's grammar, and differences between speech and writing.
Applied linguistics 1=class 1
The document provides an overview of the field of linguistics, covering several subfields and concepts. It discusses linguistics as the study of language as a cultural phenomenon and tool for social interaction. Key areas covered include phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, historical linguistics, sociolinguistics, generative grammar, and systemic functional linguistics. Major theorists in these areas discussed include Noam Chomsky, M.A.K. Halliday, and J.R. Firth.
An Introduction to Historical Linguistics and Traditional Grammar
This document provides an overview of the field of historical linguistics and the development of linguistics as a scientific discipline. It discusses key topics including:
- Historical linguistics studies how languages change over time by examining two or more stages of a language's development.
- The study of linguistics began with early philosophers but the "birthday" is considered 1786 when Sir William Jones discovered similarities between Indo-European languages.
- In the late 19th century, the study of linguistics expanded with theories of evolution and language change, and the emergence of different schools including structuralism and mentalism.
- Modern linguistics analyzes all aspects of language as a complex communication system, using descriptive rather than
Basic linguistic notions
The document discusses the scope and subject of theoretical grammar. It defines theoretical grammar as the analysis of a language's structures based on linguistic principles and approaches, as opposed to practical grammar which provides rules for usage. It outlines some key linguistic concepts including the difference between language and speech, and the system of relations within a language including paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations. It also describes the main levels of linguistic structure from phonology to text.
Language Context and Text - Halliday and Hasan.doc
This document discusses different theories of the functions of language. It summarizes four theories:
1. Malinowski's theory categorized functions as pragmatic (active, narrative) and magical.
2. Buhler's theory categorized functions as expressive, conative, and representational based on orientation to speaker, addressee, or other.
3. Britton's theory categorized functions as transactional, expressive, and poetic based on participant or spectator role.
4. Morris's theory categorized functions as information talking, mood talking, exploratory talking, and grooming talking.
The document argues that these theories show language serves to communicate information, express the self, and serve imagin
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Linguistic turn plc v
- 13. Problems with Previous Schools of Language Study 1. Grammarians [Ancient Greeks to the Modern French]: normative approach to Language 2. Classical Philologists: slavish attention to written texts, “to the neglect of the living language” 3. Comparative Philologists: naturalist approach to Language; method exclusively comparative, not historical [Whitney & Bopp however introduce the necessity to historicize language development] *all are unable to train their focus on the real object of study
- 14. Basic Difficulties of Language Study *range of linguistic phenomena is enormous **object of Language Study is not given in advance ***”linguistic phenomenon always has two related sides:” [p. 8] 1. acoustic—vocal 2. acoustic-vocal unit + idea [‘complex physiological-psychological unit’] 3. individual & social side of speech 4. implies an ‘established system’ & an ‘evolution’ [Kristeva: synchrony/diachrony]
- 15. Langue/Langage Language “not to be confused with human speech, of which it is only a definite part , though certainly an essential one” *both “a product of the faculty of speech ” & “a collection of necessary conventions …. adopted by a social body to permit individuals to exercise that faculty.” Speech [by contrast] is “many-sided, and heterogeneous….we cannot discover its unity.” [p. 9]
- 19. Further Divisions of the Circuit *outer-inner *psychological & non-psychological *active-receptive
- 20. Associative & Coordinating Faculty *”this faculty plays the dominant role in the organization of language as a system” [p. 12] *”to understand this….leave the individual act….approach the social fact” AVERAGE: COMMON BOND
- 21. The Social Crystallization of Language *nonpsychological part OUT psychological part OUT: execution is individual (executive side to be called speaking [ parole ]) SO: toward “the social bond that constitutes language”
- 22. “ Language is not complete in any speaker; it exists perfectly only within a collectivity.” [p. 14] *to separate language FROM speaking: social from individual; essential from what is accessory or accidental!
- 23. ‘ Language is not a function of the speaker.’ [On the contrary, the speaker is a function in/of Language’] p. 14 *implications or consequences of an axiom like this?
- 25. ‘ SEMIOLOGY’ “We must call a new type of facts in order to illuminate the special nature [and structure] of L” *’L is a system of signs that express ideas, and is THEREFORE COMPARABLE TO A SYSTEM OF WRITING, THE ALPHABET OF DEAF-MUTES, SYMBOLIC RITES, POLITE FORMULAS, MILITARY SIGNALS, etc. But it is the most important of all these systems . [LT;L Analogy; Linguistic Model] p. 16
- 26. FORESEEING SEMIOLOGY “A science that studies the life of signs within society is conceivable….I shall call it semiology (from the Greek s*em*ion ‘sign’). Semiology would show what would constitute signs [no longer exclusively ‘linguistic’], what laws govern them….” p. 16; also pp. 16-17 remarks
- 27. Nature of the Linguistic Sign
- 28. Language not a naming process or system “The linguistic unit is a double entity: one formed by the associating of two terms” [pp. 65-66]