Life science abu
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•200 views
DNA contains the genetic instructions for cell development, reproduction, and death of an organism. DNA is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, wrapped around histone proteins to form chromatin. Chromosomes are always duplicated, forming two identical chromatids attached at the centromere. DNA is a polymer made of nucleotides, each containing a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group. Purines and pyrimidines are the two types of nitrogenous bases that make specific base pairings in the DNA strands. DNA can be cloned to produce many identical copies and is used in applications like gene therapy, transgenic organisms, and solving crimes through genetic profiling.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Parasexual cycle
The parasexual cycle in fungi involves plasmogamy, karyogamy, and occasional haploidization, but these events are not linked to specific life cycle stages. It allows for genetic recombination through mitotic crossing over of diploid nuclei and sorting of new haploid strains, though less frequently than true sexual cycles. The parasexual cycle in Aspergillus nidulans specifically involves the formation of heterokaryotic mycelium through nuclear fusion, multiplication and crossing over of diploid nuclei, occasional haploidization, and production of genetically distinct haploid strains. It has importance for genetic mapping, strain improvement, and increasing biodiversity.
Pedigree and genes
The document discusses pedigree and genes, including the chance that three children will be heterozygous if their parents are heterozygous for a gene. It then provides information on pedigrees, dominant and recessive traits, and how traits are passed down based on whether alleles are dominant or recessive. The document also discusses chromosomes, including their structure, number and size in different species. It summarizes the early discoveries around chromosomes and genes, including linkage of genes to chromosomes through experiments in fruit flies. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of heredity through pedigrees and genes and their relationship to chromosome structure.
Parasexual cycle
Parasexual cycle was first introduced by Guido Pontecarvo and Roper in dueteromycete members. In this sexual reproduction is absent. It is a cycle in which their is no specific time for lasmogamy, karyogamy and meiosis. They derive their sexual benefits from parasexuality.
importance of this cycle can be seen in industrial process, new and better strain,analysis of genetic and physiological processes of perfect and imperfect. it is also successful in genetic control of pathogenecity and host range in fusarium species.
Bacterial genetics
BACTERIAL GENETICS
DEFINITION
CENTRAL DOGMA
EXTRACHROMOSOMAL GENETIC ELEMENTS
MUTATION
TRANSMISSION OF GENETIC MATERIAL
Crossing over basics
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Crossing over is exchange of strictly homologous segments of a genome between their
respective non-sister chromatids during cell division, which results in chromosomal
recombinations of linked genes in daughter cells.
Molecular study of Bacteria in relation to heredity and variation
The document discusses heredity and variation in bacteria through molecular studies. It covers various genetic elements in bacteria like the chromosome, plasmids, bacteriophages, and transposable elements. It also describes different types of mutations that cause genetic variation, and mechanisms of gene transfer between bacteria like transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Fluctuation tests demonstrated that variation in bacteria is due to pre-existing mutations rather than environmental changes.
General Genetics: The Chromosomal Basics of Heredity
The Cell, Chromosome Structure, Cell Division, Mitosis, Meiosis, Life Cycles (terminal, initial, intermediary)
Molecular biology
Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that are self-replicating and carried by bacteria. They range in size from 2-100kb and can contain genes for antibiotic resistance. Bacterial genomes exist as a single circular chromosome that is highly condensed and packaged. Viruses have RNA or DNA genomes that are either single or double-stranded. Their genomes must be able to be recognized and expressed by their host cell. Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from endosymbiotic bacteria and contain their own genomes that are maternally inherited and range in size and structure between species. Plant mitochondrial DNA can be much larger than animals.
Recommended
Parasexual cycle
The parasexual cycle in fungi involves plasmogamy, karyogamy, and occasional haploidization, but these events are not linked to specific life cycle stages. It allows for genetic recombination through mitotic crossing over of diploid nuclei and sorting of new haploid strains, though less frequently than true sexual cycles. The parasexual cycle in Aspergillus nidulans specifically involves the formation of heterokaryotic mycelium through nuclear fusion, multiplication and crossing over of diploid nuclei, occasional haploidization, and production of genetically distinct haploid strains. It has importance for genetic mapping, strain improvement, and increasing biodiversity.
Pedigree and genes
The document discusses pedigree and genes, including the chance that three children will be heterozygous if their parents are heterozygous for a gene. It then provides information on pedigrees, dominant and recessive traits, and how traits are passed down based on whether alleles are dominant or recessive. The document also discusses chromosomes, including their structure, number and size in different species. It summarizes the early discoveries around chromosomes and genes, including linkage of genes to chromosomes through experiments in fruit flies. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of heredity through pedigrees and genes and their relationship to chromosome structure.
Parasexual cycle
Parasexual cycle was first introduced by Guido Pontecarvo and Roper in dueteromycete members. In this sexual reproduction is absent. It is a cycle in which their is no specific time for lasmogamy, karyogamy and meiosis. They derive their sexual benefits from parasexuality.
importance of this cycle can be seen in industrial process, new and better strain,analysis of genetic and physiological processes of perfect and imperfect. it is also successful in genetic control of pathogenecity and host range in fusarium species.
Bacterial genetics
BACTERIAL GENETICS
DEFINITION
CENTRAL DOGMA
EXTRACHROMOSOMAL GENETIC ELEMENTS
MUTATION
TRANSMISSION OF GENETIC MATERIAL
Crossing over basics
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Crossing over is exchange of strictly homologous segments of a genome between their
respective non-sister chromatids during cell division, which results in chromosomal
recombinations of linked genes in daughter cells.
Molecular study of Bacteria in relation to heredity and variation
The document discusses heredity and variation in bacteria through molecular studies. It covers various genetic elements in bacteria like the chromosome, plasmids, bacteriophages, and transposable elements. It also describes different types of mutations that cause genetic variation, and mechanisms of gene transfer between bacteria like transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Fluctuation tests demonstrated that variation in bacteria is due to pre-existing mutations rather than environmental changes.
General Genetics: The Chromosomal Basics of Heredity
The Cell, Chromosome Structure, Cell Division, Mitosis, Meiosis, Life Cycles (terminal, initial, intermediary)
Molecular biology
Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that are self-replicating and carried by bacteria. They range in size from 2-100kb and can contain genes for antibiotic resistance. Bacterial genomes exist as a single circular chromosome that is highly condensed and packaged. Viruses have RNA or DNA genomes that are either single or double-stranded. Their genomes must be able to be recognized and expressed by their host cell. Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from endosymbiotic bacteria and contain their own genomes that are maternally inherited and range in size and structure between species. Plant mitochondrial DNA can be much larger than animals.
Prof vkm bio(dna replication)
how exactly DNA replication take place. this power point presentation will explain you exactly what you want.
CYTOPLASMIC INHERITANCE WITH REFERENCETO MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITANCE IN YEAST
This document summarizes a presentation on cytoplasmic inheritance with reference to mitochondrial inheritance in yeast. It discusses how cytoplasmic inheritance transmits genes outside the nucleus, usually from the female parent. Mitochondria contain their own circular DNA called mt-DNA. Mitochondrial inheritance refers to traits encoded in the mitochondrial genome being inherited, generally from the female parent. The document uses petite mutations in yeast mitochondria as an example, describing three types of petite mutants: 1) Segregational petite mutants created by nuclear mutations that segregate mendelianly, 2) Neutral petite mutants whose offspring are wild type when crossed with wild type yeast, and 3) Suppressive petite mutants that dominate and suppress wild type mitochondrial function in offspring
Genetics
This presentation elaborates regarding introduction to genetics, chromosomes, DNA, RNA, Genetics of developmental disorders of teeth, Genetics of craniofacial disorders and syndromes, genetics of cleft lip and palate, malocclusion and dental caries
CYTOPLASMIC INHERITANCE
Contents
Introduction
Mitochondrial or maternal inheritance
Shell coiling in Snail(Limnaea pregra)
Plastidial or chloroplast inheritance
Leaf variegation in Mirabilis Jalapa
Inheritance Involving Infective Particles
Kappa particles in Paramecium
Signififcance
References
Cytoplasmic inheritance
This document discusses several genetics concepts and experiments including: coiling of shells in snails and their dextral and sinistral forms, the kappa particle found in Paramecium studied by T.M. Sonneborn in 1938, leaf variegation patterns in Mirabilis jalapa plants, and types of male sterility including genetic male sterility.
Chapter 5 with ans
1. The document discusses cell division through mitosis and meiosis.
2. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells through the four stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. This ensures new cells are identical to the parent cell.
3. Meiosis produces four non-identical daughter cells through two cell divisions. It reduces the chromosome number by half and introduces genetic variation.
Molecular Genetics
This document provides an overview of genetics and evolution through genetics concepts. It discusses key concepts like natural selection, genes, chromosomes, DNA, RNA, mutations, and how traits are passed down from one generation to the next through cell division processes like mitosis and meiosis. It also summarizes DNA structure and function, how DNA is replicated, and how proteins are synthesized through transcription and translation of genetic code.
Carbon Dioxide Sensitivity in Drosophilla
This document discusses CO2 sensitivity in Drosophila flies. It notes that while most Drosophila are not affected by exposure to CO2, a sensitive strain was discovered that becomes paralyzed upon brief exposure. Sensitivity is inherited maternally, being passed from females to their offspring but rarely from males. The document further explains that sensitivity in this strain is caused by a virus-like particle called sigma found in the fly's cytoplasm, and can be transmitted to normal flies by injection of extract from sensitive flies. Sigma is dependent on temperature and initial levels for its reproduction. It is a non-chromosomal, cytoplasmic element that can induce sensitivity regardless of the fly's genetic makeup.
Basic concepts of Genes, Chromosomes & DNA: Human Genome Project
The document discusses the basic concepts of genetics including DNA, genes, chromosomes, and genetic inheritance. It provides definitions of key terms like gene, allele, and chromosome. It also summarizes the goals and accomplishments of the Human Genome Project, which aimed to map the entire human genome to better understand genes and hereditary traits.
Cell division -Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division that occur in eukaryotic organisms. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells from a single parent cell, while meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells from a single diploid parent cell. The key differences are that mitosis results in cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell, while meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half to produce gametes. Meiosis has two rounds of nuclear division - meiosis I and meiosis II - while mitosis only has one.
Introduction to Genetics
Genetics is the study of heredity and variation. It examines how traits are inherited through genes on chromosomes, which are faithfully transmitted from parents to offspring via gametes, maintaining generational continuity. Genetic variation arises from mutations in the DNA sequence, which are heritable changes that provide the basis for natural selection and evolution. Genetics also explores DNA and gene function at the molecular level using techniques like restriction enzymes, vectors, recombinant DNA, and cloning.
Maternal inheritance of chloroplasts dna
This document summarizes maternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA. It discusses how chloroplasts are inherited in the variegated four o' clock plant Mirabilis jalapa. Flowers on green branches produce only green offspring, while flowers on white branches produce only white offspring, demonstrating maternal inheritance of chloroplasts. Flowers on variegated branches produce offspring with mixed phenotypes, due to segregation of chloroplast types in the egg cell cytoplasm. This cytoplasmic inheritance demonstrates that in some plants, chloroplast DNA is inherited maternally rather than paternally.
Important genetics terminology
Important teminology of genetics.this will give the learner the initial knowledge to go further in the deep learning of genetics.
Cytoplasmic Inheritance
Cytoplasmic or non-nuclear inheritance involves the transmission of genes located outside the nucleus in organelles like chloroplasts and mitochondria. There are several mechanisms of cytoplasmic inheritance in seed plants and gymnosperms. In angiosperms, mechanisms include exclusion or degradation of organelles in the generative or sperm cells. Studies using techniques like DAPI staining and Southern blotting validated that cytoplasmic DNA is lost during pollen maturation in maternally inherited plants. Cytoplasmic inheritance is significant for traits like cytoplasmic male sterility and generation of novel varieties by organelle-specific mutagens.
1. modern genetics (2010)
Modern genetics began in the 1920s with the study of DNA and its role in heredity. Griffith's experiments in 1928 showed that genetic material could be transferred between bacteria, transforming harmless bacteria into deadly ones. Hershey and Chase's experiments in 1952 provided proof that DNA, rather than proteins, carries the genetic instructions of organisms. The structure of DNA was determined in 1953 by Watson, Crick, and Franklin to be a double helix held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs.
Terminology related to genetics
The document discusses various concepts related to genetics and genes. It defines key terms like DNA, mRNA, gene, coding region, exons, introns, regulatory sequences, alleles, loci, genotype, phenotype, traits, karyotype and more. It explains genes are segments of DNA that encode instructions to make proteins, while regulatory sequences control gene expression. mRNA carries gene copies from DNA in the nucleus to cellular machinery for protein production.
Summary ch 5
This document summarizes key points about cell and nuclear division:
1) In sexual reproduction, gametes are haploid with one set of chromosomes, while the zygote formed from their fusion is diploid with two sets. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from two sets to one set before fertilization.
2) All human body cells are diploid except gametes, which are haploid.
3) Cancer results from uncontrolled cell division which can be caused by carcinogenic agents like asbestos, radiation, or certain viruses. Genetic factors may also contribute to cancer risk.
DNA Grade 12
Chromatin, which contains DNA and proteins, is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Histone proteins help package DNA into chromatin and condense it further into chromosomes during cell division. DNA is a double-stranded polymer composed of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases. It forms the twisted ladder-shaped structure known as a double helix and carries the genetic instructions that are passed from parents to offspring. DNA replication is the process where DNA copies itself before cell division, involving unwinding of the DNA strands, formation of a replication fork, and synthesis of new strands along the original templates.
Concept of gene
The document traces the evolution of the concept of the gene from its earliest conceptions in the early 20th century to more modern understandings. It notes that early thinkers like Mendel, Garrod, and Morgan viewed the gene as the basic unit of heredity controlling phenotypic traits. Later work established that genes encode enzymes and polypeptides, with hypotheses like the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis. Still more recent work determined that genes are sequences of DNA that code for polypeptide chains. The document also discusses different types of genes and models of gene action like the operon model.
Molecular biology introduction
This document provides an introduction to molecular biology. It defines molecular biology as the branch of biology that deals with macromolecules like proteins and nucleic acids that are essential for life. It describes the three domains of life - eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and archaea. Key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are outlined. Basic components of molecular biology like nucleic acids, chromosomes, genes and genomes are defined. The central dogma of molecular biology is mentioned and examples of applications of molecular biology are provided.
Whats next 003
Story exercises; create an 8 panel story from a random photo; cute asian girl with camera
More Related Content
What's hot
Prof vkm bio(dna replication)
how exactly DNA replication take place. this power point presentation will explain you exactly what you want.
CYTOPLASMIC INHERITANCE WITH REFERENCETO MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITANCE IN YEAST
This document summarizes a presentation on cytoplasmic inheritance with reference to mitochondrial inheritance in yeast. It discusses how cytoplasmic inheritance transmits genes outside the nucleus, usually from the female parent. Mitochondria contain their own circular DNA called mt-DNA. Mitochondrial inheritance refers to traits encoded in the mitochondrial genome being inherited, generally from the female parent. The document uses petite mutations in yeast mitochondria as an example, describing three types of petite mutants: 1) Segregational petite mutants created by nuclear mutations that segregate mendelianly, 2) Neutral petite mutants whose offspring are wild type when crossed with wild type yeast, and 3) Suppressive petite mutants that dominate and suppress wild type mitochondrial function in offspring
Genetics
This presentation elaborates regarding introduction to genetics, chromosomes, DNA, RNA, Genetics of developmental disorders of teeth, Genetics of craniofacial disorders and syndromes, genetics of cleft lip and palate, malocclusion and dental caries
CYTOPLASMIC INHERITANCE
Contents
Introduction
Mitochondrial or maternal inheritance
Shell coiling in Snail(Limnaea pregra)
Plastidial or chloroplast inheritance
Leaf variegation in Mirabilis Jalapa
Inheritance Involving Infective Particles
Kappa particles in Paramecium
Signififcance
References
Cytoplasmic inheritance
This document discusses several genetics concepts and experiments including: coiling of shells in snails and their dextral and sinistral forms, the kappa particle found in Paramecium studied by T.M. Sonneborn in 1938, leaf variegation patterns in Mirabilis jalapa plants, and types of male sterility including genetic male sterility.
Chapter 5 with ans
1. The document discusses cell division through mitosis and meiosis.
2. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells through the four stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. This ensures new cells are identical to the parent cell.
3. Meiosis produces four non-identical daughter cells through two cell divisions. It reduces the chromosome number by half and introduces genetic variation.
Molecular Genetics
This document provides an overview of genetics and evolution through genetics concepts. It discusses key concepts like natural selection, genes, chromosomes, DNA, RNA, mutations, and how traits are passed down from one generation to the next through cell division processes like mitosis and meiosis. It also summarizes DNA structure and function, how DNA is replicated, and how proteins are synthesized through transcription and translation of genetic code.
Carbon Dioxide Sensitivity in Drosophilla
This document discusses CO2 sensitivity in Drosophila flies. It notes that while most Drosophila are not affected by exposure to CO2, a sensitive strain was discovered that becomes paralyzed upon brief exposure. Sensitivity is inherited maternally, being passed from females to their offspring but rarely from males. The document further explains that sensitivity in this strain is caused by a virus-like particle called sigma found in the fly's cytoplasm, and can be transmitted to normal flies by injection of extract from sensitive flies. Sigma is dependent on temperature and initial levels for its reproduction. It is a non-chromosomal, cytoplasmic element that can induce sensitivity regardless of the fly's genetic makeup.
Basic concepts of Genes, Chromosomes & DNA: Human Genome Project
The document discusses the basic concepts of genetics including DNA, genes, chromosomes, and genetic inheritance. It provides definitions of key terms like gene, allele, and chromosome. It also summarizes the goals and accomplishments of the Human Genome Project, which aimed to map the entire human genome to better understand genes and hereditary traits.
Cell division -Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division that occur in eukaryotic organisms. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells from a single parent cell, while meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells from a single diploid parent cell. The key differences are that mitosis results in cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell, while meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half to produce gametes. Meiosis has two rounds of nuclear division - meiosis I and meiosis II - while mitosis only has one.
Introduction to Genetics
Genetics is the study of heredity and variation. It examines how traits are inherited through genes on chromosomes, which are faithfully transmitted from parents to offspring via gametes, maintaining generational continuity. Genetic variation arises from mutations in the DNA sequence, which are heritable changes that provide the basis for natural selection and evolution. Genetics also explores DNA and gene function at the molecular level using techniques like restriction enzymes, vectors, recombinant DNA, and cloning.
Maternal inheritance of chloroplasts dna
This document summarizes maternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA. It discusses how chloroplasts are inherited in the variegated four o' clock plant Mirabilis jalapa. Flowers on green branches produce only green offspring, while flowers on white branches produce only white offspring, demonstrating maternal inheritance of chloroplasts. Flowers on variegated branches produce offspring with mixed phenotypes, due to segregation of chloroplast types in the egg cell cytoplasm. This cytoplasmic inheritance demonstrates that in some plants, chloroplast DNA is inherited maternally rather than paternally.
Important genetics terminology
Important teminology of genetics.this will give the learner the initial knowledge to go further in the deep learning of genetics.
Cytoplasmic Inheritance
Cytoplasmic or non-nuclear inheritance involves the transmission of genes located outside the nucleus in organelles like chloroplasts and mitochondria. There are several mechanisms of cytoplasmic inheritance in seed plants and gymnosperms. In angiosperms, mechanisms include exclusion or degradation of organelles in the generative or sperm cells. Studies using techniques like DAPI staining and Southern blotting validated that cytoplasmic DNA is lost during pollen maturation in maternally inherited plants. Cytoplasmic inheritance is significant for traits like cytoplasmic male sterility and generation of novel varieties by organelle-specific mutagens.
1. modern genetics (2010)
Modern genetics began in the 1920s with the study of DNA and its role in heredity. Griffith's experiments in 1928 showed that genetic material could be transferred between bacteria, transforming harmless bacteria into deadly ones. Hershey and Chase's experiments in 1952 provided proof that DNA, rather than proteins, carries the genetic instructions of organisms. The structure of DNA was determined in 1953 by Watson, Crick, and Franklin to be a double helix held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs.
Terminology related to genetics
The document discusses various concepts related to genetics and genes. It defines key terms like DNA, mRNA, gene, coding region, exons, introns, regulatory sequences, alleles, loci, genotype, phenotype, traits, karyotype and more. It explains genes are segments of DNA that encode instructions to make proteins, while regulatory sequences control gene expression. mRNA carries gene copies from DNA in the nucleus to cellular machinery for protein production.
Summary ch 5
This document summarizes key points about cell and nuclear division:
1) In sexual reproduction, gametes are haploid with one set of chromosomes, while the zygote formed from their fusion is diploid with two sets. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from two sets to one set before fertilization.
2) All human body cells are diploid except gametes, which are haploid.
3) Cancer results from uncontrolled cell division which can be caused by carcinogenic agents like asbestos, radiation, or certain viruses. Genetic factors may also contribute to cancer risk.
DNA Grade 12
Chromatin, which contains DNA and proteins, is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Histone proteins help package DNA into chromatin and condense it further into chromosomes during cell division. DNA is a double-stranded polymer composed of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases. It forms the twisted ladder-shaped structure known as a double helix and carries the genetic instructions that are passed from parents to offspring. DNA replication is the process where DNA copies itself before cell division, involving unwinding of the DNA strands, formation of a replication fork, and synthesis of new strands along the original templates.
Concept of gene
The document traces the evolution of the concept of the gene from its earliest conceptions in the early 20th century to more modern understandings. It notes that early thinkers like Mendel, Garrod, and Morgan viewed the gene as the basic unit of heredity controlling phenotypic traits. Later work established that genes encode enzymes and polypeptides, with hypotheses like the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis. Still more recent work determined that genes are sequences of DNA that code for polypeptide chains. The document also discusses different types of genes and models of gene action like the operon model.
Molecular biology introduction
This document provides an introduction to molecular biology. It defines molecular biology as the branch of biology that deals with macromolecules like proteins and nucleic acids that are essential for life. It describes the three domains of life - eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and archaea. Key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are outlined. Basic components of molecular biology like nucleic acids, chromosomes, genes and genomes are defined. The central dogma of molecular biology is mentioned and examples of applications of molecular biology are provided.
What's hot (20)
CYTOPLASMIC INHERITANCE WITH REFERENCETO MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITANCE IN YEAST
CYTOPLASMIC INHERITANCE WITH REFERENCETO MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITANCE IN YEAST
Basic concepts of Genes, Chromosomes & DNA: Human Genome Project
Basic concepts of Genes, Chromosomes & DNA: Human Genome Project
Viewers also liked
Whats next 003
Story exercises; create an 8 panel story from a random photo; cute asian girl with camera
Socio cultural challenges Central America ldiaz
This document discusses socio-cultural challenges to violence prevention programs in Central America. It summarizes that there are differences in culture, language, economic development and impact of war across communities in Guatemala, Nicaragua, El Salvador and Honduras where the Miles de Manos violence prevention program operates. It notes some key cultural factors to consider include indigenous Mayan spirituality and worldviews, nuances in communication styles, the influence of older generations' practices in child rearing, and the challenges faced by both indigenous and mestizo teachers from rural areas.
White FUN Paper
Grywalizacja w klilku prostych odsłonach. Koncentracja na celach biznesowych. Analiza - konieczny etap, bez którego nie ma sensowanego startu.
Whats next 001
Story exercises; create an 8 panel story from a random photo; approaching a big tree in the forest
DISTANT DAWN
The document provides details about the concept for a dystopian film called "Distant Dawn" set in 2097. The world is on the brink of collapse due to climate change, with only parts of China, Europe, and Central America remaining functional. The protagonist's younger sister goes missing during a storm, so the protagonist searches for her sister in the ensuing chaos as no one can help. The film intends to shoot scenes in a supermarket and shopping district to depict a futuristic setting using props and costumes. The main characters are the protagonist Amy and her younger sister Fe.
Maryland v. king 569 us
This Supreme Court case considers whether it is constitutional for police to collect and analyze DNA samples from individuals arrested for serious crimes. The Court holds that taking a DNA sample from an arrestee is allowable under the Fourth Amendment as a reasonable search incident to arrest. The government has a legitimate interest in identifying arrestees accurately and determining whether they have committed other crimes. DNA sampling provides an important law enforcement tool that is no more intrusive than fingerprinting and helps solve cases. While individuals have privacy interests, those interests are diminished after arrest. Therefore, the DNA collection and analysis in this case was constitutional.
Ordonanta de urgenta_nr 21 din 2004
Ordonanta de urgenta_nr 21 din 2004 - sistemul situatiilor de urgenta
Quotes by lisa schroeder, jeffrey eugenides, jarod kintz, rick riordan, hl me...
Quotes by lisa schroeder, jeffrey eugenides, jarod kintz, rick riordan, hl mencken, lisa schroeder, charles dickens, jane austen, maggie stiefvater, jarod kintz
Quotes by jm barrie, charles dickens, joseph campbell, margaret mitchell, fri...
This document promotes a website that shares quotes from famous figures throughout history. The website is called quoteallthethings.com and encourages following them on various social media platforms like Google+, Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest to access more quotes.
Av contabilidade avançada
Este documento apresenta as respostas de um aluno para uma avaliação de Contabilidade Avançada composta por 11 questões. O aluno acertou a maioria das questões, demonstrando bom conhecimento dos principais métodos de consolidação de demonstrações contábeis e de avaliação de investimentos. A avaliação foi finalizada com 1 questão não respondida.
Monsters clip 01
A short audio clip contains screaming sounds similar to that of a cow. No other context or details are provided about the source of the sounds or their purpose in the recording. The sole content relates to a brief scream that brings to mind the noise a cow might make.
Otis pig facebook messages of everyone i've kissed
I spent my Valentines day reading through old Facebook messages of everyone I've kissed in my life. I went way deep, back to the earliest messages still floating around in Facebook's database. It was a weird experience. I'm not sure how I feel about it. But now I have this poetry book. It's a pretty short book. You can make one just like it! It's easy and fun. Read the back page for more info.
Monsters clip 01A
A short audio clip contains screaming sounds similar to that of a cow. No other context or details are provided about the source of the sounds or their purpose in the recording. The sole content relates to a brief scream that brings to mind the noise a cow might make.
Viewers also liked (20)
Quotes by lisa schroeder, jeffrey eugenides, jarod kintz, rick riordan, hl me...
Quotes by lisa schroeder, jeffrey eugenides, jarod kintz, rick riordan, hl me...
Quotes by jm barrie, charles dickens, joseph campbell, margaret mitchell, fri...
Quotes by jm barrie, charles dickens, joseph campbell, margaret mitchell, fri...
Otis pig facebook messages of everyone i've kissed
Otis pig facebook messages of everyone i've kissed
Similar to Life science abu
Presentation on Functions of Chromosomes
Chromosomes are structures that contain DNA and serve several important functions. They provide the genetic information for cells through genes located on the chromosomes. Chromosomes also package and protect the DNA, ensuring it is properly distributed during cell division to daughter cells. Chromosomes help regulate gene expression and replication of DNA to maintain genetic integrity. In humans, sex is determined by the X and Y chromosomes.
BIOCHEMISTRY
The document discusses key concepts in biochemistry including cells, chromosomes, DNA, and genes. It describes cells as the basic structural and functional units of living organisms and explains the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The role of chromosomes, DNA, and genes in heredity and controlling the metabolism of organisms is also summarized.
chromosome and genetics
Chromosomes contain DNA and proteins. Genes within chromosomes hold the code for building and maintaining an organism. Genes are located at specific positions on chromosomes. Diploid cells contain two copies of each chromosome - one from each parent. The interactions between gene copies give rise to traits like dominance. Chromosomes exist in two states - before and after DNA replication. Genes have fixed locations on chromosomes. Chromosomes package DNA through histone proteins that DNA winds around.
Lampbrush and polytene chromosome
Lampbrush and polytene chromosome
viral chromosomes
prokaryotic chromosomes
eukaryotic chromosomes
special chromosomes
Basis of Genetic Inheritance
The document discusses the physical and chemical basis of heredity. It explains that genes, which reside on chromosomes, are the carriers of hereditary information from one generation to the next. The DNA portion of genes functions as the chemical basis of heredity. Chromosomes are composed of DNA and contain many genes. They are visualized during cell division. The number of chromosomes is consistent within species but can vary between species. Mitosis and meiosis distribute genetic material during cell division and gamete formation, respectively. Nucleic acids and proteins serve as the molecular basis of genetics, with DNA containing genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and translated into proteins.
Cell DivisionCell Division in ProkaryotesBinary FissionDef
Cell Division
Cell Division in Prokaryotes
Binary Fission
Definition
Bacterial cells divide by a method of asexual reproduction known as binary fission. Fission means splitting. So in the process the genetic material is replicated, the cell grows larger and then splits into two.
Genetic Material of the Bacterial Cell
The genetic information of a bacterial cell exists as a single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule. Bacterial cells are prokaryotic cells; they lack a nucleus. The DNA of the bacterial cell is not surrounded by and enclosed within a nuclear membrane. It lies free within the protoplasm of the bacterial cell. Although the bacterial cell lacks a nucleus, the area of the cell protoplasm where the nucleus is found is called the nucleoid.
Prior to the Division of the Cell the DNA must be Doubled
Prior to the division of the bacterial cell, the DNA must be replicated, producing two copies that can be equally distributed to each of the two daughter cells. Replication of the DNA at a specific site on the DNA molecule called the origin of replication. The replication enzymes copy the DNA of both strands, moving around the circular DNA in both directions simultaneously until a specific site of termination is reached. When these enzymes have proceeded all the way around the circle of DNA, the cell possesses two copies of the genome. These “daughter” genomes are attached side-by-side to the plasma membrane.
Elongation of the Cell and Segregation of DNA to Opposite Ends of the Cell
As the DNA replicates, the cell elongates. The two circular molecules of DNA now separate and move apart toward opposite ends of the cell.
Fission of the Cell into two Daughter Cells
After the DNA molecules have been segregated to opposite ends of the cell, the bacterial cell will divide to form two daughter cells. Then a group of proteins that will operate together to separate the cell into two assemble at the site of separation. A key component of this group of division machinery proteins is the protein FtsZ. FtsZ proteins begin the separation process by forming a ring in the middle of the cell. Other components of the division apparatus then join the FtsZ ring, forming new plasma membrane that separates the cytoplasm into the two cells. This is followed by the formation of cell wall material in the separation zones. The result of the process of binary fission is two cells, each with its own circular, double stranded, DNA molecule.
The cell will now begin to split into two cells by a process called septation. This occurs as a septum forms in the middle of the cell. A protein called FtsZ forms a ring in the middle of the cell. As this process proceeds, the cell lays down new plasma membrane and cell wall materials in the zone between the attachment sites of the two daughter genomes. A new plasma membrane grows between the genomes; eventually, it reaches all the way into the center of the cell, dividing it in two. B ...
Genetics by Dr Shumaila
Chromosomes are structures that carry genes within cells. They are made of DNA tightly coiled around histone proteins. The number and structure of chromosomes varies between species. Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins and control inheritance of traits. They are located on chromosomes and there can be thousands of genes in a single cell. DNA replication and gene expression ensure genes are passed from parents to offspring.
The cell nucleus
The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that controls all cell activity. It contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA and is the site of DNA replication and transcription. The nucleus is enclosed by a nuclear envelope containing nuclear pores that regulate movement of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Chromatin in the nucleus packages DNA and participates in gene expression. The nucleolus forms within the nucleus and produces ribosomes.
Mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA
Mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA are circular and much smaller than nuclear DNA. They contain genes that code for proteins involved in cellular processes like energy production. Mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited, while chloroplast DNA can be biparentally or maternally inherited depending on the species. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA can cause diseases by disrupting cellular functions carried out by mitochondria.
5. Architecture of chromosome.pdf
Chromosomes are structures that carry genetic information in the form of DNA. They are located within the nucleus of cells.
Chromosomes contain genes arranged in specific locations along chromatin. Different species have varying numbers of chromosomes depending on their genome size. Chromosomes contain features like centromeres, chromatids, and telomeres that allow for their movement and protection during cell division. Chromosomes are classified based on centromere position and carry out essential functions like cell division, inheritance of traits, and sex determination.
Chromosome structure and packaging of dna
Chromosomes are structures that contain DNA and help transmit genetic information from parents to offspring. They exist in the nucleus of cells and vary in number between species. DNA is packaged into chromosomes through histone proteins that allow very long DNA strands to fit inside cells. DNA wraps around histone proteins to form structures called nucleosomes, which contain 147 base pairs of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins. Nucleosomes further compact DNA by forming a beads-on-a-string structure that can coil and fold, allowing the long DNA molecules to fit within cells.
2. Special chromosomes - Polytene chromosomes
Polytene chromosomes are giant chromosomes that form in certain cell types through repeated rounds of DNA replication without cell division. This results in thousands of identical DNA strands aligned side by side. They are very large, up to 2000um long, and show characteristic banding patterns when stained. The bands correspond to regions of coiled DNA and contain genes, while interbands have less coiled DNA. Gene activity causes some bands to expand and puff out, indicating active transcription in those regions. Polytene chromosomes are useful for mapping genes and studying patterns of gene expression.
eukaryotic n prokaryotic cells
The document discusses the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus enclosed in a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles. The genetic material in prokaryotes is a single loop of DNA, whereas in eukaryotes it is organized into linear chromosomes within the nucleus. Prokaryotes tend to be unicellular while eukaryotes can be unicellular or multicellular. The document then provides more details on the structures and components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
AN INTRODUCTION TO CELL.pptx
The document provides an introduction to cells. It states that cells are the basic building blocks of living things and the human body contains trillions of cells. Cells provide structure, take in nutrients, produce energy, and perform specialized functions. Cells also contain hereditary material and can replicate themselves. Cells have various internal parts called organelles that each perform different tasks.
DNA and its DISCOVERY.pdf
DNA
its Discovery
Who Discovered DNA?
Credit for who first identified DNA is often mistakenly given to James Watson and Francis Crick, who just furthered Miescher’s discovery with their own groundbreaking research nearly 100 years later. Watson and Crick contributed largely to our understanding of DNA in terms of genetic inheritance, but much like Miescher, long before their work, others also made great advancements in and contributions to the field.
In 1866, before many significant discoveries and findings, Gregor Mendel was the first to suggest that characteristics are passed down from generation to generation. Mendel coined the terms as recessive and dominant.
In 1869, Friedrich Miescher identified the “nuclein” by isolating a molecule from a cell nucleus that would later become known as DNA.
In 1881, Nobel Prize winner and German biochemist Albrecht Kossel, who is credited with naming DNA, identified nuclein as a nucleic acid. He also isolated those five nitrogen bases that are now considered to be the basic building blocks of DNA and RNA: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T) and uracil (U) in case of RNA).
In 1882, Walther Fleming devoted research and time to cytology, which is the study of chromosomes. He discovered mitosis in 1882 when he was the first biologist to execute a wholly systematic study of the division of chromosomes. His observations that chromosomes double is significant to the later discovered theory of inheritance.
In Early 1900s, Theodor Boveri and Walter Sutton were independently working on what’s now known as the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory, or the chromosomal theory of inheritance. Their findings are fundamental in our understanding of how chromosomes carry genetic material and pass it down from one generation to the next.
In 1902, Mendel’s theories were finally associated with a human disease by Sir Archibald Edward Garrod, who published the first findings from a study on recessive inheritance in human beings in 1902. Garrod opened the door for our understanding of genetic disorders resulting from errors in chemical pathways in the body.
In 1944, Oswald Avery first outlined DNA as the transforming principle, which essentially means that DNA transform cell properties.
Introduction to Chromosomes
in this presentation we will study about the chromosomes. disease of chromosomes linkage of chromosomes etc
Organization of genetic material on chromosome
The document summarizes the organization of genetic material on chromosomes. It discusses that genetic material includes DNA and RNA, which is stored on chromosomes in the nucleus, mitochondria, and cytoplasm. It then describes key differences in how genetic material is organized in prokaryotes versus eukaryotes, including that prokaryotes generally have circular DNA without histones while eukaryotes have linear DNA packaged into nucleosomes with histones. The document also notes that mitochondria and chloroplasts contain organelle DNA and that viruses can have DNA or RNA as their genetic material organized inside a protein capsule.
Structure of chromosome
Chromosomes are thread-like structures found in the nucleus of cells that contain organized DNA. They come in two types - autosomes which control non-sex characteristics, and sex chromosomes which determine sex. Chromosomes exist in pairs and are made up of DNA, proteins, and RNA. They contain a centromere that joins sister chromatids and a telomere at each end to protect the chromosome. Chromosomes package and protect DNA, carry genetic information to make proteins, and are essential for cell division and reproduction.
Polytene Chromosomes
Polytene chromosome with respect to historical basis, occurrence, structural organisation, bands and inter bands, puff are briefly stated for basic idea.
You may find this interesting understand the reason behind the gaint structure of these chromosomes.
This study material is a compilation of various sources such as text books, website etc...
Enjoy the process of Learning
Thank you
9. the origin of cells
The document discusses the origin of cells. It states that the first cell must have arisen from non-living materials and that all subsequent cells come from pre-existing cells, as demonstrated by Pasteur's experiments. It describes the endosymbiotic theory, which explains the evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells through the engulfment of bacteria that became mitochondria and chloroplasts. Evidence for this includes the similarities in size, structure, DNA, and division of mitochondria and chloroplasts to bacteria.
Similar to Life science abu (20)
Cell DivisionCell Division in ProkaryotesBinary FissionDef
Cell DivisionCell Division in ProkaryotesBinary FissionDef
Recently uploaded
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
Presented at the Stoke Newington Literary Festival on 9th June 2024
www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
Qualitative research interview training by Professor Katrina Pritchard and Dr Helen Williams
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
DRUGS AND ITS classification slide share
Any substance (other than food) that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or relieve symptoms of a
disease or abnormal condition
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective UpskillingExcellence Foundation for South Sudan
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.Hindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
described clinical examination all orthopeadic conditions .
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Recently uploaded (20)
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Life science abu
- 1. REFFERENCES ARE ON THE LAST SLIDE
- 2. DEOXYRIBOSE NUCLIED ACID. FUNCTION CONTAINS THE GENETIC INSTRUCTIONS FOR AN ORGANISM CELL DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION AND ALSO ULTIMITELY THE DEATH OF IT.
- 3. CHROMATIN IS MADE UP OF PROTIEN AND DNA. IT IS FOUND IS THE NUCLUES OF A EUKARYOTIC CELL. EUKARYOTIC CELLS MEAN THAT IT CONTAINS A NUCLUES AND OTHER STRUCTURES WITHIN A CLOSED MEMBRANE. THERE ARE HISTONES WHICH ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FIRST LAYER OF DNA. THESE HISTONES ARE PROTIENS.
- 4. CHROMOSOMES ARE ALWAYS DUPLICATED. THESE DUPLICATED CHROMOSOMES CONSIST OF TWO CHROMOTIDS THESE CHROMOTIDS ARE ATTATCHED TOGTHER BY A CENTROMERE. EACH CHROMOTID CONSIST OF GENES. HENCE EACH GENE CONSIST OF A LONG STRAND OF DNA.
- 5. CHROMOTID ATTATCHED BY A CENTROMERE
- 6. DNA MOLECULES ARE POLYMERS CALLED POLYNUCLEOTIDES. EACH POLYNUCLEOTIDE CONSIST OF MONOMERS CALLED NUCLEOTIDES. POLYMERS - MANY
- 7. NUCLEOTIDES CONSISTS OF THREE BASIC STRUCTURES. 1: NITROGENOUS BASE( A,T,G,C) 2: PENTOSE SUGAR 3: PHOSPHATE GROUP
- 8. THERE ARE TWO KIND OF NITROGENOUS BASES. NAMELY: PURINES :PYRIMIDINES PURINES ARE CYTOSINE AND THYMINE PYRIMIDINES ARE ADENINE AND GAUNINE PURINES ARE DOUBLE RING STRUCTURES PYRIMIDINES ARE SINGLE RING STRUCTURES
- 9. PURINE+PURINE= TOO WIDE PYRIMIDINE+PYRIMIDINE= TOO NARROW PURINE+PYRIMIDINE= WIDTH CONSTANT
- 10. 1: NON CODING DNA- INTRONS WITHIN THE GENES= INTRAGENIC INTRONS BETWEEN GENES= INTERGENIC INTRONS CODING GENES
- 11. 1: PSEUDOGENES IMAGINERY GENES NON-FUNCTIONAL GENES MUTATATIONS OCCURRED NOT ACTIVE 2: REPITITIVE DNA PRESENT IN MULTIPLE COPIES OF GENOME
- 12. THIS IS THE REPRODUCTION OF GENETICALLY IDENTICLE COPIES OF DNA, CELLS OR ORGSNISMS. THIS DNA CLONING CAN PRODUCE MANY IDENTICLE COPIES. WHEN CLONED GENES ARE USED TO MODIFY HUMANS- GENE THERAPY. ORGANASIMS THAT ARE USED TO PRODUCE PRODUCTS- TRANSGENIC GENES.
- 13. HAVE AN ORIGIN OF REPLICATION BE SMALL HAVE MANY UNIQUE RESTRICTION SITES HAVE SELECTABLE MARKERS
- 16. MADE WITH UNIQUE RESTRICTIONS SITES FOR INSERTION OF FOREIGN DNA FRAGMENTS.
- 17. DNA CAN BE USED IN SOLVING CRIMES. FOR DNA SCREENING AND FINGERPRINTING IN GENETIC PROFILING
- 18. REFFERENCE FOLLOWS ON THE NEXT SLIDE
- 19. (KUMAR.S,2008). http://www.slideshare.net/shaluskumar/dnapresentation-560835?qid=f9cab78f-bed9-4422bce7-d0c570325f82&v=default&b=&from_search=2 (CAMPBELL,REECE,2010) http://www.slideshare.net/pulenglee/unit-1-geneticsnucleic-acids-dna-22486964?qid=23860c11-46c94971-b72ce3a5071019c2&v=qf1&b=&from_search=2 (FLORES.L 2014). http://www.slideshare.net/LarkhaFlores/dna-cloning30085679?qid=ef7de702-9633-4aec-a9e70b52a3e58245&v=qf1&b=&from_search=1