Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that, together, laid the foundation for classical mechanics. They describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces
Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that, together, laid the foundation for classical mechanics. They describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces
IN BIOMECHANICS, LEVERS ARE THE MAINSTAY OF THE MOVEMENT. THE LEVERS ARE CLASSIFIED AS FIRST ORDER, SECOND ORDER AND THIRD ORDER LEVERS RESPECTIVELY. OF THESE SECOND ORDER LEVER IS OF MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE AND THIRD ORDER LEVER IS OF MECHANICAL DISADVANTAGE.
Different orders of Levers for novice learners. This content also has anatomical as well as mechanical examples. This is one of the foundation concepts in biomechanics for physiotherapy students.
This is uploaded as part of MOOC SWAYAM course- Academic writing
#LEVER SYSTEM
#lever system in human
#classification of lever
#lever of speed
#lever of stability
#lever of power
#part of lever
#mechanical advantage of lever
#most common type of lever in human body
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
6. A first-class lever is a lever system in which the axis lies between the point of application
of the effort force and the point of application of the resistance force, without regard to the
size of EA or RA.
It is order of stability and state of equilibrium can be achieved either with or without
mechanical advantage.
One example of this type of lever is demonstrated during nodding movements of the head,
the skull represents the lever, the atlanto-occipital joints the fulcrum, the weight is situated
anteriorly in the face, and the effort is supplied by the contraction of the posterior neck
muscles.
Second example of a muscle work- ing on a first-class lever is the pull of the supraspinatus
on the humerus.The attachment of the supraspinatus on the greater tubercle of the
humerus is on the opposite side of the composite axis of rotation for the glenohumeral joint
from the CoM of the upper extremity, which is just above the elbow.
Because the muscle and the gravitational force lie on either side of the joint axis,
this remains a first-class lever whether the supraspinatus is contracting
concentrically (as the EF) or eccentrically.
10. A second-class lever is a lever system in which the resistance
force has a point of application between the axis and the point of
application of the effort force, which always results in EA being
larger than RA.
This is the lever of power as there must always be a mechanical
advantages. An example in the lower limb is demonstrated when
the heels are raised to stand on the toes.The tarsal and
metatarsal bones are stabilised by muscular action to form the
lever, the fulcrum is at the metatarsophalangeal joint, and weight
of the body is transmitted through ankle joint to the talus. The
effort is applied at insertion of the tendon of calf muscle.
13. A third-class lever is a lever system in which the
effort force has a point of application between the
axis and the point of application of the resistance
force, which always results in RA being larger than
EA .
In the human body, there are more examples of the
3rd order of levers than of any other type.This type
of lever, in the loss of mechanical disadvantage, is
the lever of velocity, gained by speed and range of
movement.
One example of 3rd order lever is to lift heavy weight
holding through wrist. So in that fulcrum is elbow
joint, and resistance is weight being lift and effort is
by brachialis muscle.
14.
15. Mechanical advantage
• Mechanical advantage (M Ad) is a measure of the
mechanical efficiency of the lever (the relative
effectiveness of the effort force in comparison with the
resistance force). Mechanical advantage is related to
the classification of a lever and provides an under-
standing of the relationship between the torque of an
external force (that we can roughly estimate) and the
torque of a muscular force (that we can estimate only in
relation to the external torque). Mechanical advantage
of a lever is the ratio of the effort arm (MA of the effort
force) to the resistance arm (MA of the resistance
force), or
• MA= EA/RA
16. When EA is larger than RA, the M Ad will be
greater than 1. The “advantage” of a lever
with a mechanical advantage greater than 1 is
simply that the effort force can be (but is not
necessarily) smaller than the resistance force
and yet will nonetheless create more torque to
“win.” The torque of the effort force is always
greater than the torque of the resistance
force; that is, (EF)(EA) (RF)(RA). If EA is
greater than RA, then the effort torque can
still be greater than the resistance torque if EF
is smaller in magnitude than RF.
17. In third-class levers, the Mechanical Advantage will
always be less than 1 because EA is always smaller than
RA (the effort force lies closer to the axis than the
resistance force). A third-class lever is “mechanically
inefficient” or is working at a “disadvantage” because the
magnitude of the effort force must always be greater than
the magnitude of the resistance force in order for the
torque of the EF to exceed the torque of the RF (as it must
for the force to “win”). In a first-class lever system, the EA
can be larger than, smaller than, or equal to the RA.
However, because the distal attachment of a muscle tends
to be closer to the joint axis than is the point of application
of an external force even when muscles are working on
first-class levers, muscles working in first-class lever sys-
terms (like those in third-class systems) tend to be at a
mechanical disadvantage.
18. References
• The principles of exercise therapy 4th
edition by DENA GARDINER
• Joint structure and function 4th edition by
CYNTHIA NORKINS