In 1940, Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini had conquered most European countries except Greece. On October 28, 1940, the Greek leader Ioannis Metaxas refused Italian demands to allow their troops to enter Greece. This began the Greco-Italian War, as Italy attempted to invade but faced resistance from mobilized Greek troops fighting in difficult mountainous terrain. Though Germany later occupied Greece, the Greek resistance continued despite executions, hunger and sacrifice until the country's eventual liberation.