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DIFFERENT ORBITALS IN A
N A
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DORBITAL DIAGRAM.
-USES T
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O R B I T A L D I A G R A M
T
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C
T
R
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A
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IT
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C
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R
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R
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A
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B
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L SPINS. THIS M
E
A
N
S T
A
H
T E
A
C
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R
B
I
T
A
L IN S
U
B
S
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R
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. T
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N
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T T
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R
B
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T
A
L
S A
R
E FILLED W
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HE
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C
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R
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S
. R
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C
A
L
L T
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TT
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R
B
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T
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L C
A
NH
O
L
DA
M
A
X
I
M
U
MO
FSIX E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
S
.
ORBITAL D
I
A
G
R
A
M F
O
R O
X
Y
G
E
N
.
1.GIVE T
H
E G
R
O
U
N
D S
T
A
T
E E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N C
O
N
F
I
G
U
R
A
T
I
O
N A
N
D
2. IF A
N O
X
Y
G
E
N A
T
O
M G
A
I
N T
E
O E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
S A
N
D F
O
R
M A
N A
N
I
O
N
(O^2-), W
H
A
T A
R
E T
H
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E
W E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N C
O
N
F
I
G
U
R
A
T
I
O
N A
N
D ORBITAL
D
I
A
G
R
A
M
S A M P L E P R O B L E M
A
T
O
M
I
C N
U
M
B
E
R O
F O
X
Y
G
E
N (Z=8) IS E
Q
U
A
L T
O N
U
M
B
E
R O
F
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
S T
OB
E DISTRIBUTED IN T
H
E ORBITALS. S
T
A
R
T W
I
T
H N
=
1
A
N
D P
R
O
C
E
E
D T
O FILL T
H
E ORBITALS IN T
H
E OR
DER
S’ T
A
K
E N
O
T
E
1.T
H
E
T
H
AM
A
X
I
M
U
M N
U
M
B
E
RO
FE
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
S IN E
A
C
H ORBITAL.
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N C
O
N
G
I
G
U
R
A
T
I
O
N
: 1S^2 2S^2 2P^4
ORBITAL D
I
A
G
R
A
M :
S O L U T I O N
2. W
H
E
N A
N O
X
Y
G
E
N A
T
O
M GAINS T
W
O ELECTR
ONS, T
H
E T
O
T
A
L N
U
M
B
E
R O
F
V
E
L
E
N
C
E E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
S B
E
C
O
M
E 10. SINCE T
H
E P ORBITAL C
A
N H
O
L
D A
M
A
X
I
M
U
M O
F SIX E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
, IT C
A
N STILL A
C
C
O
M
M
O
D
A
T
E T
H
E ADDITIONAL
T
W
OELECTR
ONS.
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N C
O
N
G
I
G
U
R
A
T
I
O
N
: 1S^2 2S^2 2P^6
ORBITAL D
I
A
G
R
A
M :
S O L U T I O N
GIVE T
H
E G
R
O
U
N
D S
T
A
T
E E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N C
O
N
F
I
G
U
R
A
T
I
O
N A
N
D ORBITAL D
I
A
G
R
A
M
FOR:
1.H
Y
D
R
O
G
E
N (Z=1)
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
(Z=17)
2.BERYLLIUM (Z=4) A
N
D ITS C
A
T
I
O
N
A
N
S ITS A
N
I
O
N
F
O
R
M
E
D
F
O
R
M
E
D
W
H
E
N
W
H
E
N
LOSING T
W
O
GAINING O
N
E
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N
.
3.C
H
L
O
R
I
N
E
A C T I V I T Y
L
O
N
G E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N CONFIGURATIONS, ESPECIALLY T
H
O
S
E F
O
R E
L
E
M
E
N
T
S W
I
T
H
H
I
G
H A
T
O
M
I
C N
U
M
B
E
R
, C
A
N B
E C
O
N
V
E
N
I
E
N
T
L
Y S
H
O
R
T
E
N
E
D USING C
O
R
E
SYMBOLS. C
O
R
E SYMSBOLS, W
R
I
T
T
E
N A
S E
L
E
M
E
N
T S
Y
M
B
O
L INSIDE
B
R
A
C
K
E
T
S A
R
E R
E
P
R
E
S
E
N
T
A
T
I
O
N O
F T
H
E E
L
E
C
T
R
O
N C
O
N
F
I
G
U
R
A
T
I
O
N O
F T
H
E
N
O
B
L
E G
A
S T
H
A
T B
E
L
O
N
G T
O T
H
E R
O
WB
E
F
O
R
E T
H
A
T O
F T
H
E E
L
E
M
E
N
T IN
QUESTION.
F
O
R EXAMPLE, T
H
E C
O
N
F
I
G
U
R
A
T
I
O
N F
O
R N
E
O
N (Z=10) IS P
L
A
C
E
D IN A
B
R
A
C
K
E
T [NE]= 1S^2 2S^2 2P^6. S
O
D
I
U
M (Z=11), CITH C
O
N
F
I
G
U
R
A
T
I
O
N
1S^2 2S^2 2P^6 3S^1, M
A
YT
H
E
N R
E
P
R
E
S
E
N
T
E
D A
S [NE]3S^1.
N O B L E G A S E L E C T R O N
C O N F I G U R A T I O N
WH Y A R E
F O L L WE D
R U L E S
I N M A K I N G
E L E C T R O N N O T A T I O N ?
T H A N K Y O U
I H
O
P
E Y
O
UL
E
A
R
N
E
D S
O
M
E
T
H
I
N
G N
E
W
!

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lesson 2.2 electron distribution.pptx

  • 1. И»AYEfi 2 И»AYEfi 1 Add a s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n » E S S ❖ f i 2 . 2 E » E € T f i ❖ f i E I S T f i I B f i T I ❖ f i HIGHS€❖fiE 2 5 0 0
  • 2. E » E € T fi ❖fi E I S T fi I B fi T I ❖fi IS I M P O R T A N T IN T H E U N D E R S T N D I N G C H E M I C A L R E A C T I O N S . T W O TYPES O F N O T A T I O N A R E U S E D T O S H O W T H E DISTRIBUTION O F E L E C T R O N S IN T H E DIFFERENT ORBITALS IN A N A T O M - E L E C T R O N C O N F I G U R A T I O N A N DORBITAL DIAGRAM.
  • 3. -USES T H E S Y S M B O L O F T H E ORBITAL A N D T H E N U M B E R O F E L E C T R O N (W RI T T E N AS SUPERSCRIPTS) T H A T O C C U P Y E A C H ORBITAL E L E C T R O N C O N F I G U R A T I O N
  • 4. IT CONSIST O F B O X E S A N D A R R O W S T H A T R E P R E S E N T T H E ORBITAL A N D ELECTRONS, RESPECTIVELY. T H E U P A N D D O W N ORIENTATIONS O F T H E A R R O W SR E P R E S E N T T H E T W OM A G N E T I C SPINS O FT H E ELECTRONS. O R B I T A L D I A G R A M
  • 5. T H E BASIC E L E C T R O N DISTRIBUTION IS M A D E W H E NA N A T O M IS IN IT G R O U N D STATE. G R O U N D S T A T E M E A N S T H A T T H E A T O M S E L E C T R O N O C C U P Y T H E L O W E S T POSSIBLE E N E R G Y LEVEL. R E P R E S E N T I N G E L E C T R O N D I S T R I B U T I O N F O L L O W S T H R E E G E N R A L R U L E S - A U F B A U PR INCI PL E , P A U L I E X C L U S I O N P R I N C P L E , A N D H U N D SR U L E . T H E A U F B A U PRINCIPLE S T A T E S T H A T E L E C T R O N S S H P U L D O C C U P Y FIRST T H E O R B I T A L W I T H L O W E R E N E R G Y B E F O R E T H O S E W I T HH I G H E RE N E R G Y .
  • 6. T H E P A U L I E X C L U S I O N P R I N C I P L E S T A T E S T H A T N O T W O E L E C T R O N IN A N A T O M C A N P O S S E S S T H E S A M E S E T O F Q U A N T U M N U M B E R . T H I S P R I N C I P L E E M P H A S I Z E S T H E S I G N I F I C A N C E O F T H E SPIN Q U A N T U M N U M B E R S . IF T W O E L E C T R O N I N A N A T O M H A V E S A M E , N , L, A N D M L , T H E Y S H O U L D STILL H A V E D I F F E R E N T M S V A L U E S : M E A N I N G , O N E E L E C T R O N M U S T H A V E M S = + 1 / 2 A N D T H E O T H E R M U S T H A V EH A V EM S = - 1/2. THIS PRINCIPLE IS B E S T E X P A L I N E D U S I N G O R B I T A L D I A G R A M S . C O N S I D E R T H E T W O E L E C T R O N S IN T H E 1S O R B I T A L . R E A C L L T H A T T H E S O R B I T A L C A N A C C O M M O D A T E U P T O T W O E L E C T R O N SO N L Y .T A K EN O T EO FT H ES E TO FT H EQ U A N T U MN U M B E R SO FE A C HE L E C T R O N .
  • 7. T H E H U N D ’ S R U L E O F M A X I M U M MU LTI P LIC IT Y S U G G E S T T H A T T H E M O S T S A T B L E A R R A N G E M E N TO FE L E C T R O NIN S U B S H E L L S IS T H EO N EW I T HT H EG R E A T E S T N U M B E R O F P A R A L L E L SPINS. THIS M E A N S T A H T E A C H O R B I T A L IN S U B S H E L L IS S I N G L Y O C C U P I E D B E F O R E P A I R I N G O F E L E C T R O N S O C C U R S . T O F I N D O U T T H E P O R B I T A L S A R E FILLED W I T HE L E C T R O N S . R E C A L L T A TT H EP O R B I T A L C A NH O L DA M A X I M U MO FSIX E L E C T R O N S .
  • 8. ORBITAL D I A G R A M F O R O X Y G E N . 1.GIVE T H E G R O U N D S T A T E E L E C T R O N C O N F I G U R A T I O N A N D 2. IF A N O X Y G E N A T O M G A I N T E O E L E C T R O N S A N D F O R M A N A N I O N (O^2-), W H A T A R E T H E N E W E L E C T R O N C O N F I G U R A T I O N A N D ORBITAL D I A G R A M S A M P L E P R O B L E M
  • 9. A T O M I C N U M B E R O F O X Y G E N (Z=8) IS E Q U A L T O N U M B E R O F E L E C T R O N S T OB E DISTRIBUTED IN T H E ORBITALS. S T A R T W I T H N = 1 A N D P R O C E E D T O FILL T H E ORBITALS IN T H E OR DER S’ T A K E N O T E 1.T H E T H AM A X I M U M N U M B E RO FE L E C T R O N S IN E A C H ORBITAL. E L E C T R O N C O N G I G U R A T I O N : 1S^2 2S^2 2P^4 ORBITAL D I A G R A M : S O L U T I O N
  • 10. 2. W H E N A N O X Y G E N A T O M GAINS T W O ELECTR ONS, T H E T O T A L N U M B E R O F V E L E N C E E L E C T R O N S B E C O M E 10. SINCE T H E P ORBITAL C A N H O L D A M A X I M U M O F SIX E L E C T R O N , IT C A N STILL A C C O M M O D A T E T H E ADDITIONAL T W OELECTR ONS. E L E C T R O N C O N G I G U R A T I O N : 1S^2 2S^2 2P^6 ORBITAL D I A G R A M : S O L U T I O N
  • 11. GIVE T H E G R O U N D S T A T E E L E C T R O N C O N F I G U R A T I O N A N D ORBITAL D I A G R A M FOR: 1.H Y D R O G E N (Z=1) E L E C T R O N (Z=17) 2.BERYLLIUM (Z=4) A N D ITS C A T I O N A N S ITS A N I O N F O R M E D F O R M E D W H E N W H E N LOSING T W O GAINING O N E E L E C T R O N . 3.C H L O R I N E A C T I V I T Y
  • 12. L O N G E L E C T R O N CONFIGURATIONS, ESPECIALLY T H O S E F O R E L E M E N T S W I T H H I G H A T O M I C N U M B E R , C A N B E C O N V E N I E N T L Y S H O R T E N E D USING C O R E SYMBOLS. C O R E SYMSBOLS, W R I T T E N A S E L E M E N T S Y M B O L INSIDE B R A C K E T S A R E R E P R E S E N T A T I O N O F T H E E L E C T R O N C O N F I G U R A T I O N O F T H E N O B L E G A S T H A T B E L O N G T O T H E R O WB E F O R E T H A T O F T H E E L E M E N T IN QUESTION. F O R EXAMPLE, T H E C O N F I G U R A T I O N F O R N E O N (Z=10) IS P L A C E D IN A B R A C K E T [NE]= 1S^2 2S^2 2P^6. S O D I U M (Z=11), CITH C O N F I G U R A T I O N 1S^2 2S^2 2P^6 3S^1, M A YT H E N R E P R E S E N T E D A S [NE]3S^1. N O B L E G A S E L E C T R O N C O N F I G U R A T I O N
  • 13. WH Y A R E F O L L WE D R U L E S I N M A K I N G E L E C T R O N N O T A T I O N ?
  • 14. T H A N K Y O U I H O P E Y O UL E A R N E D S O M E T H I N G N E W !