This is the 2nd lesson of the course 'Traditional Technology in Sri Lankan Agriculture' taught at the Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
The document discusses climate smart agriculture practices. It defines climate smart agriculture as an approach that aims to sustainably increase productivity and incomes, adapt and build resilience to climate change, and reduce and/or remove greenhouse gas emissions. The document outlines various climate smart agricultural practices and approaches, including crop management practices, soil/water management, livestock/agroforestry management, and more. It also discusses challenges and the need for capacity building, knowledge sharing, financial support, and policy frameworks to promote widespread adoption of climate smart agriculture.
www.fao.org/climatechange/epic
This presentation was prepared to provide a general overview of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) and the EPIC programme. After providing a definition of CSA, the presentation focuses on Sustainable Land Management and the role of climate finance to support CSA. It concludes with a description of the FAO-EC project on CSA.
Historical evidence
History of agriculture in Sri Lanka (Stage 1, 2, 3 and 4).
Recent History of Sri Lankan Agriculture (evolution)
Green Revolution and its consequences
Present issues in Agriculture
Climate Change
GHG emission
GHG mitigation strategies in the agriculture sector
Carbon sequestration
Innovation Systems is a concept to help reveal and deal with the partnership and institutional issues that shape innovation processes and shape the contribution of research to that process. It recognises multiple knowledge bases, including research but also others. It is a capability to innovate, not just today but in ever-changing environments — i.e., it is a dynamic, adaptive capability. It is embedded in and defined by the institutional and policy contexts that shape the ways actors and organisations behave
Agriculture has been and continues to be the most important sector in Indian economy. Climate change is one of the most important environmental issues facing the world today. The impact of climate change is a reality and it cuts across all climates sensitive sectors including the Agriculture sector. In this situation this seminar focuses on the climate smart agriculture. CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily new but are used in the context of climatic changes which is prime requirement in arena of climate change. Farmers possessed low level of knowledge regarding climate change, and they adopted traditional methods to mitigate the impact of climate change. Small land holdings, poor extension services and non availability of stress tolerant verities were the major problems faced by the farmers in adoption to climate change. Extension functionaries were having medium level awareness about impact of climate change on agriculture. They used electronic media, training and conferences and seminars as major sources of information for climate change. They need training on climate smart agriculture aspects. Based on the above facts this presentation focuses on analyzing the opportunities and challenges of climate smart agriculture.
10 May 2021. Regenerative Agriculture vs. Agroecology: nomenclature hype or principle divergence?
(a) A decade of CSA: what are the achievements, the challenges and the bottlenecks? (b) What practical implications for smallholder farmers, agriculture and the environment?
Presentation by Bruce Campbell - Director of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).
Climate-smart agriculture aims to achieve two goals: ensuring food security and avoiding dangerous climate change. To meet the increasing food demand by 2050 while adapting to climate change, agriculture must increase productivity sustainably. Practices like conserving and managing water resources efficiently and reducing food losses can help boost food security and mitigate emissions. However, achieving these goals also depends on demographic, economic, and consumption pattern changes. Climate-smart agriculture sustains productivity and resilience increases while reducing greenhouse gases to enhance food security and development, using ecosystem-based landscape approaches. Key actions include investing in research, supporting smallholders' transition, and aligning agriculture, food security, and climate change policies and financing. Agriculture's full mitigation potential lies not
The document discusses climate smart agriculture practices. It defines climate smart agriculture as an approach that aims to sustainably increase productivity and incomes, adapt and build resilience to climate change, and reduce and/or remove greenhouse gas emissions. The document outlines various climate smart agricultural practices and approaches, including crop management practices, soil/water management, livestock/agroforestry management, and more. It also discusses challenges and the need for capacity building, knowledge sharing, financial support, and policy frameworks to promote widespread adoption of climate smart agriculture.
www.fao.org/climatechange/epic
This presentation was prepared to provide a general overview of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) and the EPIC programme. After providing a definition of CSA, the presentation focuses on Sustainable Land Management and the role of climate finance to support CSA. It concludes with a description of the FAO-EC project on CSA.
Historical evidence
History of agriculture in Sri Lanka (Stage 1, 2, 3 and 4).
Recent History of Sri Lankan Agriculture (evolution)
Green Revolution and its consequences
Present issues in Agriculture
Climate Change
GHG emission
GHG mitigation strategies in the agriculture sector
Carbon sequestration
Innovation Systems is a concept to help reveal and deal with the partnership and institutional issues that shape innovation processes and shape the contribution of research to that process. It recognises multiple knowledge bases, including research but also others. It is a capability to innovate, not just today but in ever-changing environments — i.e., it is a dynamic, adaptive capability. It is embedded in and defined by the institutional and policy contexts that shape the ways actors and organisations behave
Agriculture has been and continues to be the most important sector in Indian economy. Climate change is one of the most important environmental issues facing the world today. The impact of climate change is a reality and it cuts across all climates sensitive sectors including the Agriculture sector. In this situation this seminar focuses on the climate smart agriculture. CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily new but are used in the context of climatic changes which is prime requirement in arena of climate change. Farmers possessed low level of knowledge regarding climate change, and they adopted traditional methods to mitigate the impact of climate change. Small land holdings, poor extension services and non availability of stress tolerant verities were the major problems faced by the farmers in adoption to climate change. Extension functionaries were having medium level awareness about impact of climate change on agriculture. They used electronic media, training and conferences and seminars as major sources of information for climate change. They need training on climate smart agriculture aspects. Based on the above facts this presentation focuses on analyzing the opportunities and challenges of climate smart agriculture.
10 May 2021. Regenerative Agriculture vs. Agroecology: nomenclature hype or principle divergence?
(a) A decade of CSA: what are the achievements, the challenges and the bottlenecks? (b) What practical implications for smallholder farmers, agriculture and the environment?
Presentation by Bruce Campbell - Director of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).
Climate-smart agriculture aims to achieve two goals: ensuring food security and avoiding dangerous climate change. To meet the increasing food demand by 2050 while adapting to climate change, agriculture must increase productivity sustainably. Practices like conserving and managing water resources efficiently and reducing food losses can help boost food security and mitigate emissions. However, achieving these goals also depends on demographic, economic, and consumption pattern changes. Climate-smart agriculture sustains productivity and resilience increases while reducing greenhouse gases to enhance food security and development, using ecosystem-based landscape approaches. Key actions include investing in research, supporting smallholders' transition, and aligning agriculture, food security, and climate change policies and financing. Agriculture's full mitigation potential lies not
This document discusses conservation agriculture and its principles of minimum soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, and crop diversification. It summarizes that conservation agriculture, also known as no-till agriculture, can reverse soil degradation and sustainably intensify agricultural production by maintaining soil health and structure. The three principles of conservation agriculture, when practiced with other complementary techniques, provide an appropriate solution to issues of soil erosion, water pollution, and loss of biodiversity caused by conventional tillage agriculture.
What is sustainable agriculture ppt By Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
1. The document discusses sustainable agriculture and defines it as the successful management of resources to satisfy changing human needs while maintaining environmental quality and conserving natural resources.
2. It provides goals for sustainable agriculture systems, including providing profitable farm incomes while promoting environmental stewardship, stable farm families/communities, and reducing inputs.
3. The document outlines several practices for sustainable agriculture, such as using cover crops, crop rotation, and integrated pest management, to improve soils and reduce pollution.
This document outlines an assessment of climate-smart agriculture (CSA). It discusses indicators for measuring CSA's contributions to food security, adaptation, and mitigation. It provides examples of successful CSA projects from FAO and others, including those focusing on improved rice cultivation techniques in Vietnam, drought-tolerant maize varieties in Africa, and livestock insurance programs in Kenya and Ethiopia. The document concludes with instructions for a breakout group exercise to further assess the CSA potential of case studies.
Erosion control techniques like terracing, contour plowing, contour bunding, and windbreaks are used to prevent soil erosion. Terracing involves creating stepped fields on sloped land to slow water runoff. Contour plowing involves plowing across slopes along elevation contours to allow water to slowly settle into the soil. Tree planting and using organic fertilizers also help control erosion and improve soil quality over time. Sustainable land management practices like conservation agriculture can mitigate climate change by reducing emissions and increasing carbon absorption in soils and forests.
Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change. Projections based on population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 percent to meet demands by 2050. Most estimates also indicate that climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity. Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals. This seminar describe an approach to deal with the above issue viz. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and also examines some of the key technical, institutional, policy and financial responses required to achieve this transformation. Building on cases from the field, the seminar try to outlines a range of practices, approaches and tools aimed at increase the resilience and productivity of agricultural product systems, while also reducing and removing emissions. A part of the seminar elaborates institutional and policy options available to promote the transition to climate-smart agriculture at the smallholder level. Finally, the paper considers current gaps and makes innovative suggestion regarding the combined use of different sources, financing mechanism and delivery systems.
This document outlines topics to be covered in a three-day course on irrigation water management for CNMP development. The course will cover determining the volume of water needed for crops including consumptive use, net irrigation requirements, and management allowed depletion. It will also discuss irrigation scheduling and the importance of considering crop, soil, climate and irrigation system factors. Finally, the document outlines three levels of conducting irrigation system evaluations for clients.
Best Practices In Land And Water ManagementJosé Jump
Government organizations need to serve farmer clients in more interdisciplinary and participatory ways
Re-orient agriculture and rural development programmes to promote and nurture active participation of farmers and their organizations
Target the production chain: GAP-LWM productivity + food quality markets health and nutrition
Participatory research and support services to facilitate transition from conventional agriculture to GAP-LWM
Restructure inappropriate macro-economic and agricultural policies
Adopt policies that promote and enforce sustainable and productive land and water use through GAP protocols
Protect the integrity of agricultural families – land tenure, build on indigenous knowledge, promote youth in agriculture, reduce labour/drudgery
Adjust legislation to facilitate initiatives of local groups adopting GAP (help meet their needs)
Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change. Projections based on population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 percent to meet demands by 2050. Most estimates also indicate that climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity. Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals. This seminar describe an approach to deal with the above issue viz. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and also examines some of the key technical, institutional, policy and financial responses required to achieve this transformation. Building on cases from the field, the seminar try to outlines a range of practices, approaches and tools aimed at increase the resilience and productivity of agricultural product systems, while also reducing and removing emissions. A part of the seminar elaborates institutional and policy options available to promote the transition to climate-smart agriculture at the smallholder level. Finally, the paper considers current gaps and makes innovative suggestion regarding the combined use of different sources, financing mechanism and delivery systems.
This document discusses integrated watershed management and rainwater harvesting. It covers India's water resources, watershed development and modeling, integrated watershed management approaches, water conservation techniques, and provides a case study of a successful watershed management project in Jhabua, India. The key points are:
1) Integrated watershed management aims to manage water resources in an integrated way across river basins and account for all interests. It involves community participation and addresses social and economic issues.
2) Watershed modeling uses computer models and remote sensing to help plan and manage limited water resources.
3) A case study of Jhabua, India showed how integrated management including water conservation, reforestation, and
This document discusses drought management in India. It provides classifications for drought based on meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural factors. Key parameters for drought risk analysis are discussed such as rainfall, temperature, evaporation, and soil moisture. The document outlines drought management strategies in India including crop insurance schemes, calamity relief funds, and drought proofing programs. It identifies regions in India that are frequently affected by drought and the cumulative effects of changing rainfall patterns, water utilization, and agricultural practices that contribute to drought in these areas. Adaptation strategies are proposed such as micro-irrigation practices, sustainable crops, and social networks.
A Special Lecture has been delivered for Students at the Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka on the course - Traditional Technology in Sri Lankan Agriculture on 26th July 2021
Sustainable agriculture aims to satisfy human food needs over the long term while enhancing environmental quality and conserving resources. It is multifunctional, supporting food production, environmental protection, and rural community development. Dietitians can encourage more sustainable practices by promoting locally-grown foods, dietary variety, and alternative protein sources to support healthier diets and more sustainable food systems. Getting involved through community programs, government, or subcommittees allows both professionals and individuals to positively impact agricultural sustainability.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change in Africa and strategies for mitigation and adaptation. It finds that:
- Climate change will significantly impact water resources, agriculture, coastlines, and human health in Africa through increased drought, flooding, sea level rise, and disease spread. This poses major risks and challenges.
- Africa has a very low adaptive capacity due to factors like poverty, lack of technology, education, and infrastructure. Current coping strategies will not be enough to adapt to the scale of future climate impacts.
- Concerted action is needed both to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and help Africa adapt to the severe consequences of climate change through projects, policies, and financial mechanisms. International cooperation will be essential
Conservation agriculture aims to conserve, improve, and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated soil, water, and biological management combined with minimal disturbance and external inputs. It is based on three principles: minimal soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotations. Adopting conservation agriculture can increase soil organic matter, improve soil quality, boost crop yields, reduce erosion, and decrease costs through lower fuel and labor needs. The approach is applicable worldwide in a variety of climates and for many crops.
Crop diversification for Sustainable AgricultureGuru6005
This document discusses crop diversification in India. It defines crop diversification as shifting from less profitable crops or systems to more profitable and sustainable ones. It notes some key benefits as increasing income, withstanding price fluctuations, and improving sustainability. Some important approaches discussed are horizontal diversification through crop substitution or intensification, and vertical diversification through crops, livestock, fisheries etc. Factors determining successful diversification include environment, infrastructure, prices and household factors. Priority areas identified include shifting from low to high value crops, single to mixed crops, and agriculture to agriculture plus processing. Constraints to diversification in India include rainfall dependence and issues around land fragmentation and input supply.
Awareness lecture series conducted in Anuradhapura (31.01.2019) and Trincomalee (05.02.2019) organized by Climate Resilient Integrated Water Management Project - UNDP
This is the 9th lesson of the course - Foundation of Environmental Management taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
This document discusses conservation agriculture and its principles of minimum soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, and crop diversification. It summarizes that conservation agriculture, also known as no-till agriculture, can reverse soil degradation and sustainably intensify agricultural production by maintaining soil health and structure. The three principles of conservation agriculture, when practiced with other complementary techniques, provide an appropriate solution to issues of soil erosion, water pollution, and loss of biodiversity caused by conventional tillage agriculture.
What is sustainable agriculture ppt By Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
1. The document discusses sustainable agriculture and defines it as the successful management of resources to satisfy changing human needs while maintaining environmental quality and conserving natural resources.
2. It provides goals for sustainable agriculture systems, including providing profitable farm incomes while promoting environmental stewardship, stable farm families/communities, and reducing inputs.
3. The document outlines several practices for sustainable agriculture, such as using cover crops, crop rotation, and integrated pest management, to improve soils and reduce pollution.
This document outlines an assessment of climate-smart agriculture (CSA). It discusses indicators for measuring CSA's contributions to food security, adaptation, and mitigation. It provides examples of successful CSA projects from FAO and others, including those focusing on improved rice cultivation techniques in Vietnam, drought-tolerant maize varieties in Africa, and livestock insurance programs in Kenya and Ethiopia. The document concludes with instructions for a breakout group exercise to further assess the CSA potential of case studies.
Erosion control techniques like terracing, contour plowing, contour bunding, and windbreaks are used to prevent soil erosion. Terracing involves creating stepped fields on sloped land to slow water runoff. Contour plowing involves plowing across slopes along elevation contours to allow water to slowly settle into the soil. Tree planting and using organic fertilizers also help control erosion and improve soil quality over time. Sustainable land management practices like conservation agriculture can mitigate climate change by reducing emissions and increasing carbon absorption in soils and forests.
Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change. Projections based on population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 percent to meet demands by 2050. Most estimates also indicate that climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity. Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals. This seminar describe an approach to deal with the above issue viz. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and also examines some of the key technical, institutional, policy and financial responses required to achieve this transformation. Building on cases from the field, the seminar try to outlines a range of practices, approaches and tools aimed at increase the resilience and productivity of agricultural product systems, while also reducing and removing emissions. A part of the seminar elaborates institutional and policy options available to promote the transition to climate-smart agriculture at the smallholder level. Finally, the paper considers current gaps and makes innovative suggestion regarding the combined use of different sources, financing mechanism and delivery systems.
This document outlines topics to be covered in a three-day course on irrigation water management for CNMP development. The course will cover determining the volume of water needed for crops including consumptive use, net irrigation requirements, and management allowed depletion. It will also discuss irrigation scheduling and the importance of considering crop, soil, climate and irrigation system factors. Finally, the document outlines three levels of conducting irrigation system evaluations for clients.
Best Practices In Land And Water ManagementJosé Jump
Government organizations need to serve farmer clients in more interdisciplinary and participatory ways
Re-orient agriculture and rural development programmes to promote and nurture active participation of farmers and their organizations
Target the production chain: GAP-LWM productivity + food quality markets health and nutrition
Participatory research and support services to facilitate transition from conventional agriculture to GAP-LWM
Restructure inappropriate macro-economic and agricultural policies
Adopt policies that promote and enforce sustainable and productive land and water use through GAP protocols
Protect the integrity of agricultural families – land tenure, build on indigenous knowledge, promote youth in agriculture, reduce labour/drudgery
Adjust legislation to facilitate initiatives of local groups adopting GAP (help meet their needs)
Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change. Projections based on population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 percent to meet demands by 2050. Most estimates also indicate that climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity. Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals. This seminar describe an approach to deal with the above issue viz. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and also examines some of the key technical, institutional, policy and financial responses required to achieve this transformation. Building on cases from the field, the seminar try to outlines a range of practices, approaches and tools aimed at increase the resilience and productivity of agricultural product systems, while also reducing and removing emissions. A part of the seminar elaborates institutional and policy options available to promote the transition to climate-smart agriculture at the smallholder level. Finally, the paper considers current gaps and makes innovative suggestion regarding the combined use of different sources, financing mechanism and delivery systems.
This document discusses integrated watershed management and rainwater harvesting. It covers India's water resources, watershed development and modeling, integrated watershed management approaches, water conservation techniques, and provides a case study of a successful watershed management project in Jhabua, India. The key points are:
1) Integrated watershed management aims to manage water resources in an integrated way across river basins and account for all interests. It involves community participation and addresses social and economic issues.
2) Watershed modeling uses computer models and remote sensing to help plan and manage limited water resources.
3) A case study of Jhabua, India showed how integrated management including water conservation, reforestation, and
This document discusses drought management in India. It provides classifications for drought based on meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural factors. Key parameters for drought risk analysis are discussed such as rainfall, temperature, evaporation, and soil moisture. The document outlines drought management strategies in India including crop insurance schemes, calamity relief funds, and drought proofing programs. It identifies regions in India that are frequently affected by drought and the cumulative effects of changing rainfall patterns, water utilization, and agricultural practices that contribute to drought in these areas. Adaptation strategies are proposed such as micro-irrigation practices, sustainable crops, and social networks.
A Special Lecture has been delivered for Students at the Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka on the course - Traditional Technology in Sri Lankan Agriculture on 26th July 2021
Sustainable agriculture aims to satisfy human food needs over the long term while enhancing environmental quality and conserving resources. It is multifunctional, supporting food production, environmental protection, and rural community development. Dietitians can encourage more sustainable practices by promoting locally-grown foods, dietary variety, and alternative protein sources to support healthier diets and more sustainable food systems. Getting involved through community programs, government, or subcommittees allows both professionals and individuals to positively impact agricultural sustainability.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change in Africa and strategies for mitigation and adaptation. It finds that:
- Climate change will significantly impact water resources, agriculture, coastlines, and human health in Africa through increased drought, flooding, sea level rise, and disease spread. This poses major risks and challenges.
- Africa has a very low adaptive capacity due to factors like poverty, lack of technology, education, and infrastructure. Current coping strategies will not be enough to adapt to the scale of future climate impacts.
- Concerted action is needed both to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and help Africa adapt to the severe consequences of climate change through projects, policies, and financial mechanisms. International cooperation will be essential
Conservation agriculture aims to conserve, improve, and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated soil, water, and biological management combined with minimal disturbance and external inputs. It is based on three principles: minimal soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotations. Adopting conservation agriculture can increase soil organic matter, improve soil quality, boost crop yields, reduce erosion, and decrease costs through lower fuel and labor needs. The approach is applicable worldwide in a variety of climates and for many crops.
Crop diversification for Sustainable AgricultureGuru6005
This document discusses crop diversification in India. It defines crop diversification as shifting from less profitable crops or systems to more profitable and sustainable ones. It notes some key benefits as increasing income, withstanding price fluctuations, and improving sustainability. Some important approaches discussed are horizontal diversification through crop substitution or intensification, and vertical diversification through crops, livestock, fisheries etc. Factors determining successful diversification include environment, infrastructure, prices and household factors. Priority areas identified include shifting from low to high value crops, single to mixed crops, and agriculture to agriculture plus processing. Constraints to diversification in India include rainfall dependence and issues around land fragmentation and input supply.
Awareness lecture series conducted in Anuradhapura (31.01.2019) and Trincomalee (05.02.2019) organized by Climate Resilient Integrated Water Management Project - UNDP
This is the 9th lesson of the course - Foundation of Environmental Management taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
This document discusses methods for valuing wetland ecosystems in India. It provides background on wetland types and services. Biophysical tables show the extent and economic value of different wetland types in Tamil Nadu based on global transfer values. Specific wetland sites are valued, with potential and actual values compared to estimate losses from degradation. A willingness to pay survey in Chennai estimates the value of Pallikaranai wetland to local households. Maintaining wetlands properly could generate substantial economic and social benefits.
Lecture notes eat 359 (water resources engineering) lecture 1-studentmusab ahmed
This document provides an overview of water resources in Malaysia. It discusses where water comes from on Earth and the percentages of freshwater available. Only 0.6% of Earth's water can be used by humans. The document then summarizes water demand in Malaysia by sector from 2010 to 2050, with total demand projected to increase from 14,785 million cubic meters to 18,233 million cubic meters. Key challenges facing water resources include population growth, urbanization, climate change, and pollution. The document also discusses issues like water pricing, wastewater treatment, and moving towards more sustainable water management through green technologies and integrated approaches.
In my research i focused on the main issues of Pakistan regarding to environment, it would help you to understand and my suggestion is to take a part to degrade these issue and give the safe and clean Pakistan to next generation.
Pakistan faces many environmental concerns due to its poor natural resource management and unsustainable use of resources. Key issues include limited fresh water resources as water availability is projected to decline significantly. Much of the country's surface and groundwater is also polluted from untreated municipal and industrial wastewater. Other major problems are solid waste management, air pollution from traffic and industry, deforestation, soil erosion, waterlogging and salinity, and desertification exacerbated by population growth pressures on limited resources.
Use of groundwater for agriculture in Sri Lanka has become popular especially in the dry zone during 1980s. Shallow open dug-wells referred to as agro-wells brought blessing to small scale farmers in the dry zone, but over-exploitation of groundwater extracted from regolith aquifer could lead to create a disastrous situation causing permanent depletion of the resource.
Case study and design for Pale Bk as green villageIRJET Journal
This document presents a case study and design for developing Pale Bk village in India as a green village. It discusses:
1. Population forecasting for the village, estimating the population will reach 6,242 by 2051 using an incremental increase method.
2. Proposing the installation of 50 solar street lights to power the village roads at a total 10-year cost of Rs. 1,955,250 which would be recovered within 10.5 years through electricity savings.
3. Recommending the installation of solar water heaters at a cost of Rs. 41,800 per system to provide energy efficient hot water.
4. Describing biogas systems as a renewable energy option for the village,
This is the second lesson of the course ' Climate Change and Global environment' conducted at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata university of Sri Lanka
1) The document discusses water footprint as an innovative strategy for water management and sustainability. It analyzes the water footprint of a college of agricultural engineering in India.
2) The total annual water footprint of the college was calculated to be 146,96,323 cubic meters, with the operational water footprint accounting for 75,321 cubic meters and the supply chain water footprint accounting for 1,46,21,028 cubic meters.
3) The largest component of the water footprint was found to be the green water footprint of 34412639 cubic meters, followed by the grey water footprint of 5090589 cubic meters and the blue water footprint of 4585741 cubic meters.
WorldFish scientist Yumiko Kura presents on findings from the Yali Falls Hydropower Dam in Vietnam, making a strong case for local communities to gain access and use rights to the reservoir for multiple uses. This research was part of the Challenge Program for Water and Food and now falls under the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems.
Find out more about our work in the Mekong: http://wle.cgiar.org/focal-regions/southeastasia/
1 Climate and Soil for training of trainers.WV English.pdfDr. P.B.Dharmasena
This is a presentation made for trainers on soil and climate under the project on Building Resilience and Strengthening Community Disaster Preparedness in Sri Lanka
This document summarizes the current status of groundwater resources in Central Asia. It finds that groundwater is highly connected to surface water and irrigation in the region. Most groundwater recharge comes from irrigation water losses. There is widespread shallow groundwater in irrigated areas, increasing agricultural groundwater use. While this may increase productivity, it will not significantly increase total water available for agriculture. The document is based on studies by IWMI and national partners on groundwater in countries like Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan. It acknowledges support from organizations like OPEC and UNESCO for funding and coordinating this research on transboundary water issues in Central Asia.
This document summarizes a study on the generation and quality of greywater in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. It finds that about 67% of household water can be classified as reusable greywater, while 17% of potable water is wasted in toilet flushing. Kitchen greywater was found to be the most polluted and not suitable for reuse without treatment. The rapid population growth in Dhaka City has led to over-extraction of groundwater, with levels dropping by about 2/3 of a meter per year. Greywater reuse is imperative to meet growing water demands and reliance on groundwater must be reduced through water recycling.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Robust Strategies of GIS and Geospatial Data mining techniques for drinking g...IJERA Editor
Dependency factors of drought in Maharashtra state of drinking water are groundwater resources, for rural, Urban and Agriculture commercial zone .this situation exploits the development and progress of groundwater management study. No doubt the climate has a vital role in it. So Researcher and decision maker have a new topic of study and research with increasing product of Geospatial data and different temporal of characteristics, geometrics, and Geospatial information systems. And it has been capabilities to control and handle a case like diverse range of geospatial data with varieties of skills. One of the major aspect and issues in geospatial data management is to explore the ratio and future trends of the data and which is smoothly possible with the GIS and Geospatial Data mining techniques and that is being brought into our consideration to discussed and to write this paper on this issue and for this we introduced geospatial data mining applications in drinking ground water quality Management, At last about the abundance of industrial Zones in state of Maharashtra, of India and their effects on water quality in this region, correlation between industrial pollutions and water quality indicators through geospatial data mining has been modeled as a case study at Jalna District Maharashtra.
Exceed swindon aswan 2018-atef-ghandour_bbAtef Ghandour
This document estimates the water footprint of sugarcane crops grown in five governorates in Upper Egypt. It finds that the average blue water footprint is 175 m3/ton, accounting for 81% of the total water footprint. The grey water footprint averages 42 m3/ton, or 19% of the total. The total estimated water footprint is 217 m3/ton. The water footprint analysis could be expanded to better account for local water resource impacts in terms of both quantity and quality.
This is the first lesson of the course - Indigenous Knowledge Systems taught to M.Sc. students of the Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
This document is a community service project report submitted by five students to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering. It discusses water resources in India. The report provides background on global and Indian water resources, the hydrologic cycle, types of water resources based on use, and the major river basins and groundwater regions in India. It also outlines the students' work plan, methodology, and details of their community service conducting a survey on water resource usage and conservation in Peddapuram.
Presentation made at a Webinar Program on 11th June 2024 for World Environment Day organized jointly by Organization of Environment & Children Rights Preservation (OECRP), and Ace Property & Business Consultants (Pvt.) Ltd (APB)
This is a presentation made on Climate Smart Agriculture for training of trainers under the project on Building Resilience and Strengthening Community Disaster Preparedness in Sri Lanka
4 Climate Resilience WV English for training of trainersDr. P.B.Dharmasena
This is a presentation made for trainers on Climate Resilience
under the project on Building Resilience and Strengthening Community Disaster Preparedness in Sri Lanka
This is a TOT presentation made on Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for the project - Building Resilience and Strengthening Community Disaster Preparedness in Sri Lanka
2 Climate change on agriculture for training of trainersDr. P.B.Dharmasena
This is a TOT presentation on Agriculture and Climate Change
made for the project - Building Resilience and Strengthening Community Disaster Preparedness in Sri Lanka
Developing 2050 Carbon Net Zero Road Map & Strategic Plan for Sri Lanka - ...Dr. P.B.Dharmasena
This validation workshop was held after preparing the Road Map and Strategic Plan for Sri Lanka and the authors are responsible for the agriculture sector.
Sustainable Water Management in Cascade System: A model in Environmentally Se...Dr. P.B.Dharmasena
This document summarizes a presentation given at the International Water Conference in Sri Lanka on sustainable water management in tank cascade systems. Some key points:
- Tank cascade systems are a traditional Sri Lankan method of water resources management that store, convey, and utilize water across interconnected tanks and streams. This helps mitigate droughts and floods.
- The Village Tank Cascade System was declared a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System by the UN's FAO for its sustainable practices.
- Challenges include high amounts of water lost to the sea each year, lack of coordination between water agencies, and ignoring traditional management systems.
- Tank cascades provide multiple benefits like food/water security, biodiversity,
Restoration of Tank Cascade Systems for Productivity and SustainabilityDr. P.B.Dharmasena
Presentation made for Technical staff of Climate Resilient Integrated Water Management Project (CRIWMP) at Kurunegala on 9th May 2018
Why cascade systems again?
Drought and flood events can be expected more due to climate change
High prevalence of poverty in tank cascade areas
Mal-nutrition can be greatly reduced by tank fishery and animal husbandry
Better land use under cascade principles – addresses ecological issues such as clearance of village forests, unsustainable land use etc.
Improve living conditions
Health issues ? – drinking water, contamination of agro-chemicals and heavy metals leads to kidney failures, malaria etc.
Most importantly It is an answer to drought hazards
A rainwater harvesting technology;
A soil moisture and groundwater maintaining technology;
A soil erosion and siltation control technology;
A technology that ensured the maintenance of ecological balance;
A technology that promotes social cohesion and needs for community leadership;
A system that accommodates spiritual development which promotes egalitarian (equally treated) attitudes especially during droughts;
A system that nurtured the development of drought insurance through animal husbandry
Cascade Tank Village System and identification of novel post graduate researc...Dr. P.B.Dharmasena
Seminar on Research collaboration opportunities with School of Environment and Rural Science, University of New England, Australia - 14th September 2018, NRMC, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Main GHGs from agricultural lands are CH4 and N2O
GHG emission can be reduced by 60 % in 2050 through:
Removal of rice straws and through good management practices in paddy fields
Use alternatives to chemical fertilizer
CH4 reduction from livestock by improving feed quality and animal comfort
Reduce N2O emission in soils
Enhance C sequestration in paddy and rainfed uplands through ‘Evergreen Agro-ecosystem’ concept
Carbon stock in agricultural lands can be enhanced by improving land management practices
C sequestration in tea lands can be increased through: Agro-ecosystem approach; Crop diversification; Intercropping; Introduction of shade trees with optimum density; and Rehabilitation of old tea lands
C stock can be increased by 267 % by the year 2050 through Home Garden Intensification
If the proposed mitigation actions are implemented, the country will be able to achieve Net Zero by 2038.
This lecture was delivered to Agricultural Instructors working for Climate Smart Agriculture Project in 11 districts in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. It includes Climate Smart Agriculture, Special characters in CSA, technological packages for crops such as paddy, maize etc. and livestock such as cattle, poultry etc.
This lecture was delivered for the Agricultural Instructors working for Climate Smart Agriculture project in 11 districts in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. It includes climate change and climate variability, Relevance of global impacts of climate change. Green House Gas (GHG) emission, Reduction of GHG in the agriculture sector, targets for GHG reduction up to 2050, new agriculture concepts to reduce GHG and increase carbon sequestration
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Dive into the realm of operating systems (OS) with Pravash Chandra Das, a seasoned Digital Forensic Analyst, as your guide. 🚀 This comprehensive presentation illuminates the core concepts, types, and evolution of OS, essential for understanding modern computing landscapes.
Beginning with the foundational definition, Das clarifies the pivotal role of OS as system software orchestrating hardware resources, software applications, and user interactions. Through succinct descriptions, he delineates the diverse types of OS, from single-user, single-task environments like early MS-DOS iterations, to multi-user, multi-tasking systems exemplified by modern Linux distributions.
Crucial components like the kernel and shell are dissected, highlighting their indispensable functions in resource management and user interface interaction. Das elucidates how the kernel acts as the central nervous system, orchestrating process scheduling, memory allocation, and device management. Meanwhile, the shell serves as the gateway for user commands, bridging the gap between human input and machine execution. 💻
The narrative then shifts to a captivating exploration of prominent desktop OSs, Windows, macOS, and Linux. Windows, with its globally ubiquitous presence and user-friendly interface, emerges as a cornerstone in personal computing history. macOS, lauded for its sleek design and seamless integration with Apple's ecosystem, stands as a beacon of stability and creativity. Linux, an open-source marvel, offers unparalleled flexibility and security, revolutionizing the computing landscape. 🖥️
Moving to the realm of mobile devices, Das unravels the dominance of Android and iOS. Android's open-source ethos fosters a vibrant ecosystem of customization and innovation, while iOS boasts a seamless user experience and robust security infrastructure. Meanwhile, discontinued platforms like Symbian and Palm OS evoke nostalgia for their pioneering roles in the smartphone revolution.
The journey concludes with a reflection on the ever-evolving landscape of OS, underscored by the emergence of real-time operating systems (RTOS) and the persistent quest for innovation and efficiency. As technology continues to shape our world, understanding the foundations and evolution of operating systems remains paramount. Join Pravash Chandra Das on this illuminating journey through the heart of computing. 🌟
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Azure API Management to expose backend services securely
Lesson 2- Traditional Agriculture: agriculture, climate and soil
1. P.B. Dharmasena
0777 - 613234, 0717 - 613234
dharmasenapb@ymail.com , dharmasenapb@gmail.com
https://independent.academia.edu/PunchiBandageDharmasena
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Punchi_Bandage_Dharmasena/contributions
http://www.slideshare.net/DharmasenaPb
Traditional Technology in Sri Lankan Agriculture
Course code: AS 3210 (2/ 25:10)
Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka,
Puliyankulama, Sri Lanka
Lesson 2. – Agriculture, Climate and Soil
2. South Asian Region
Quarter of the World Population
Accounts for 3% of global gross domestic product (GDP)
1.9% of world exports
1.7% of world foreign direct investment
Home for 40% of the world poor with
29.5% population living on less than a dollar a day
This is the region where Sri Lanka is located.
GDP is the final value of the goods and services produced within the
geographic boundaries of a country during a specified period of time,
normally a year. GDP growth rate is an important indicator of the
economic performance of a country.
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, British Indian Ocean Territory,
India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
3. Sri Lanka in a Nutshell
Demographics
Home for 21.4 mn people
90% is literate
70% is internet knowledge
Human Development index (2018)
0.78 ranked 71 among 188 countries
.625 (1990) increased to 0.78 (2018)
Poverty Head count reduced from 15.3% in 2006 to
4.1% in 2016
Unemployment – 4.1%
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistical tool
used to measure a country's overall achievement in its social
and economic dimensions.
4. Sri Lanka in a Nutshell cont’d….
Economic
GDP 2017 – US$ 87.2 bn
GDP per capita US$ 4065, a middle income economy
GDP growth rate 3.1% (2017), 3.7% (2019)
Composition of GDP
Agriculture 7.8% from GDP (2017)
Industry 30.5% (2017)
Services 61.7% (est. 2017)
Export revenue – US$ 11.08 bn. (2017)
4
Poverty headcount line - Percentage of the population living
below the national poverty line
5. Virtual water
• The volume of freshwater used to produce the product, measured
at the place where the product was actually produced.
• Virtual water is measured in cubic metres per kilogram lit./kg or
m³/mt.
• The water is said to be virtual because once the crop is grown, the
real water used to grow it is no longer actually contained in the
crop.
• The concept of virtual water helps us realize how much water is
needed to produce different goods and services.
• In semi-arid and arid areas, knowing the virtual water value of a
good or service can be useful towards determining how best to use
the scarce water available. - Professor John Anthony Allan (2005).
6. Water availability in Sri Lanka
• Annual average rainfall: 2,000 mm
• Total land area: 65,610 km2
• Total volume: 131.22 billion m³
• Population: 21.2 million
• Annual rainwater per capita: 6,190 m³/person.
However, this value varies spatially in a wide range
7. Estimates of Per-Capita water availability: Sri Lanka (m3/ person)
District m3/
person
District m3/
person
District m3/
person
District m3/
person
Colombo 449 Galle 2,817 Batticaloa 1,907 Mannar 1,323
Gampaha 871 Matara 1,806 Trincomalee 2,508 Vavuniya 1,676
Kalutara 3,438 Hambantota 1,604 Polonnaruwa 6,888 Mullaitivu 3,416
Kandy 717 Badulla 2,227 Anuradhapura 1,684 Kilinochchi 1,525
Nuwara
Eliya
2,146 Monaragala 4,877 Kurunegala 914 Jaffna 284
Matale 2,275 Ampara 3,209 Puttalam 579 Sri Lanka 1,928
Source: Amarasinghe, Mutuwatte & Shakthivadivel, 2000
8. 585 Mm3 from Mannar District
435 Mm3 from Mulaithivu District
350 Mm3 from Kilinochchi District
We are still wasting water
9. We are still wasting water
97 mcm from Paranki Aru (river)
64 mcm from Aruvi Aru (river)
1,600 hectares can be
cultivated with rice
annually
25%
350 Mm3 from Kilinochchi District
435 Mm3 from Mulaithivu District
585 mcm from Mannar District
10. Water consumption of different land uses in Sri Lanka
Land use Area (km2) Evaporation
(mm/year) B m3 %
Tea 2,569 1,240 3.20 3.74
Rubber 2,295 1,341 3.08 3.60
Coconut 2,945 1,335 3.93 4.60
Paddy 7,815 1,226 9.58 11.20
Moist monsoon forest 2,923 1,263 3.69 4.32
Sub-montane forest 796 1,240 0.99 1.16
Dry monsoon forest 10,613 1,407 14.93 17.46
Lowland rainforest 1,796 1,319 2.37 2.77
Sparse forest 4,772 1,247 5.95 6.96
Riverine dry forest 534 1,348 0.72 0.84
Mixed vegetation 28,325 1,245 35.43 41.43
Surface water 870 1,889 1.64 1.92
Total 66,253 85.51
Source:
Bastiaanssen and
Chandrapala (2003)
11. Virtual water – Tea, Rubber, Coconut
and Paddy
Data sources - Annual Performance Report, 2015, Ministry of Plantation Industries,
Department of Census and statistics, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Crop Extent cultivated
(‘000 ha)
Yield
(t/ha)
Total
production
(M kg)
Water
consumption
(mm)
Total
water use
(M m3)
Virtual
water
(m3/mt)
Tea 194.6 1.69 329 1240 2413 7334
Rubber 120.3 0.74 89 1341 1613 18124
Coconut 134.1 22,790* 3056* 1335 1790 586**
Paddy 772.6 4.428 3421 1524 11,774 3442
* - Nuts, ** - 1000 nuts
12. Food Crop Statistics
Crop Extent
(ha)
Production
(mt)
Yield
(mt/ha)
Imports
(mt)
% of
imports
Maize 50,857 129,769 2.55 28,034 17.8
Soybean 1,654 3,788 2.99 1,790 32.1
Red onion 4,994 46,234 10.28 16,207 26.0
Big onion 5,081 81,707 16.08 143,274 63.7
Chilli (dry) 13,554 46,414 1.00 36,054 43.7
Ground nut 9,002 13,077 1.45 4,005 23.4
Finger millet 5,902 6,433 1.09 3,272 33.7
Black gram 7,867 7,071 0.90 3,348 32.1
Green gram 8,570 9,258 1.08 14,183 60.5
Cowpea 11,439 13,485 1.18 429 3.1
Department of census and statistics and Sri Lanka Customs, 2009
13. Water consumption of OFC crops in Sri Lanka
Crop Extent (ha) Production
(mt)
Water
requirement
(mm)
Total water
consumption
(M m3)
Virtual water
estimate
(m3/mt) or l/kg
Maize 50,857 129,769 825 419.6 3,233
Soybean 1,654 3,788 710 11.7 3,089
Red onion 4,994 46,234 700 35.0 757
Big onion 5,081 81,707 700 35.6 436
Chilli (dry) 13,554 46,414 920 124.7 2,687
Groundnut 9,002 13,077 735 66.2 5,062
Finger millet 5,902 6,433 460 27.2 4,228
Black gram 7,867 7,071 460 36.2 5,120
Green gram 8,570 9,258 460 39.4 4,256
Cowpea 11,439 13,485 770 88.1 6,533
14. Virtual water of OFC crops imported to Sri Lanka
Crop Virtual water
estimate
(m3/mt)
Imports (mt) Virtual water for
imports (Mm3)
Maize 3,233 28,034 90.6
Soybean 3,089 1,790 5.5
Red onion 757 16,207 12.3
Big onion 436 143,274 62.5
Chilli (dry) 2,687 36,054 96.9
Groundnut 5,062 4,005 20.3
Finger millet 4,228 3,272 13.8
Black gram 5,120 3,348 17.1
Green gram 4,256 14,183 60.4
Cowpea 6,533 429 2.8
15. Sri Lanka milled rice imports (2008-2017)
Year Milled rice
Import (‘000
mt)
Equivalent
unprocessed
rice (‘000 mt)
Average
yield
(mt/ha)
Extent to be
cultivated
(ha)
Virtual
Water
(m3/mt)
Total
Virtual
water
(Mm3)
2008 40 72.7 4.195 17,730 3717 270.2
2009 169 307.3 4.187 73,394 3640 1118.5
2010 20 36.4 4.444 8,191 3429 124.8
2011 40 72.7 4.347 16,724 3506 254.9
2012 23 41.8 4.145 10,084 3677 153.7
2013 256 465.5 4.408 105,603 3457 1609.4
2014 623 1,132.7 4.204 269,434 3625 4106.2
2015 31 56.4 4.527 12,459 3367 189.9
2016 550 1,000.0 4.417 226,398 3450 3450.3
2017 600 1,090.9 4.563 239,075 3340 3643.5
Water requirement for rice: 1,524 mm
16. Virtual water summary
Crop Virtual water
(m3/mt or lit/kg)
Tea 7,334
Rubber 18,124
Coconut (1000 nuts) 586
Paddy 3,442
Maize 3,233
Soybean 3,089
Red onion 757
Crop Virtual water
(m3/mt or lit/kg)
Big onion 436
Chilli (dry) 2,687
Groundnut 5,062
Finger millet 4,228
Black gram 5,120
Green gram 4,256
Cowpea 6,533
19. Three topographic zones:
• The central
highlands (South-
central part; 750-
2500 m)
• The plains (125-
750 m),
• The coastal belt (0-
125m)
• Sixteen principal rivers
(longer than 100 km)
• 12 rivers carry about
75 % of the mean river
discharge of the
country
• The longest river:
Mahaweli Ganga (335
20. Weather vs. Climate
Weather and
Climate are not
the same
• Weather - The
conditions of the
atmosphere at a
particular place
and time.
• Climate -
Average
conditions of a
certain place over
a long period of
time
21. Climatic Seasons in Sri Lanka
• First Inter-Monsoon (FIM) – March & April
• Southwest Monsoon (SWM)- May – September
• Second Inter-Monsoon (SIM)- October & November
• Northeast Monsoon (NEM) – December - February
22. Climatic zones of Sri Lanka
Rainfall
below 1,750 mm - Dry zone
1,750 - 2,500 mm - Inter mediate zone
above 2,500 mm - Wet zone
23. Agro-Ecological Zones of Sri Lanka
• 24 agro-ecological
zones (RF &
Altitude), combined
with effects of soil,
land form and land
use (agricultural
activities)
• 49 sub-zones
– WZ – 16
– IZ – 20
– DZ - 13
DRYZONEINTERMEDIATEZONEWETZONE
24. Sub zoning
• Each AER is denoted by a 4-character code consisting of letters and a
number; (eg:.DL1a)
– Three major rainfall zones are indicated by the first upper case letter of
the code (W, I and D);
– Three categories of elevation are noted by the second upper case letter
of the code (L, M and U);
– The numerical character in the third place of the code represents the
degree of wetness on the scale of 1 5 where 1 represents the most
favorable
– The lower case letter in the fourth place indicates a sub-region as
determined by rainfall and other physical environmental factors. The
degree of wetness decreases from a f .
31. Soil Type Extent (‘000
ha)
%
Reddish Brown Earths (RBE) 1,610 24.6
Low Humic Gley (LHG) 950 14.5
Non Calcic Brown (NCB) 163 2.5
Red and Yellow Latasols (RYL) 320 4.9
Immature Brown Loams (IBL) 205 3.1
Solodized Solonetz 210 3.2
Grumusols 15 0.2
Red Yellow Podzolic (RYP) 1,490 22.8
Reddish Brown Latasol (RBL) 60 0.9
Alluvials 450 6.9
Regosols 190 2.9
Bog and Half Bog 60 0.9
Lithosols 210 3.2
32. General crops for some soils in Sri Lanka
1. Reddish Brown Earth – Maize / Grain legumes
2. Low Humic Gley – Paddy
3. Red-Yellow Podzolic – Plantation crops
4. Non Calcic Brown – Big onion / Red onion
5. Red Yellow Latasols – Cashew
6. Sandy Regosols – Coconut
7. Alluvial – Paddy
8. Grumusols – Paddy
9. Immature Brown Loam – Home garden
33. RBE (Rhodustalfs)
Largest extent of the land in the dry zone
Characteristic reddish brown colour
Series: Medawachchiya, Aluthwewa, Anamaduwa,
Ranorawa, Thadarathu, Siyambalanduwa, Ranna,
Nonagama, Kotawehera mankada, Walawe, Ulhitiya
Soil catenary sequence
Well Drained Imperfectly Drained Poorly Drained
RBE
LHG
34. Characteristics of RBE Soils
Physical Properties
Soil Depth - Moderate (60 cm – 150 cm)
Texture - Sandy clay loam
Structure - Strong sub angular blocky
Infiltration - 3 – 9 cm in 4 hours
Available Moisture 130 – 170 mm/m
Consistency - Hard when dry
Slightly friable when moist
Very sticky when wet
36. Low Humic Gley Soils (Tropaqualfs)
Third most extensive soil group in Sri Lanka
Located at the foot slopes of the undulating landscape
Characterized by the wetness or gleying through the
profile
Availability of calcite concretions
Physical Properties
Texture - Sandy clay to clay
Structure - Sub angular blocky to massive
WHC - Fairly good
38. Red – Yellow Podzolic soils (Tropudult)
Second most extensive soil group in Sri Lanka
Modal soil of the wet zone of Sri Lanka
Mostly known as Lateritic soils
Majority found in the hilly part of the country
Colour varies from strong brown to yellowish brown
Series: Minuwangoda, Galigamuwa, Pallegoda,
Homagama, Boralu, Agalawatta, Dodangoda, malaboda,
Mattakele, Horton, Nuwara Eliya, Maskeliya, Weddagala
39. Red – Yellow Podzolic soils
• Deeply developed soil
profile
• Higher structural stability
and better response to
management
• Moderate CEC
• Low pH
• Prone to erosion due to
steep topography (in the mid
and up country)
40. Agro-
ecological
region
Annual
rainfall
expectancy
at 75%
(mm)
Soil Land use
Low country
dry zone
650-1,300 RBE, LHG, NCB,
RYL, Regosol, Old
alluvial, Grumusol,
Solodized Solonetz
Rain-fed upland
crops, paddy, home
garden, forest, scrub,
sugar cane, cashew,
coconut, condiments
Low country
intermediate
zone
1,100-1,600 RYP, RBE, LHG,
RBL, Regosol,
IBL, NCB
Coconut, home
gardens, export
agricultural crops,
paddy, rubber, sugar
cane, rainfed upland
crops, citrus,
41. Agro-ecological
region
Annual
rainfall
expectancy at
75% (mm)
Soil Land use
Mid country
intermediate
zone
1,100-2,000 RBL, RYP, IBL, LHG,
RBE, Mountain
Regosol,
Tea, vegetables, home
gardens, paddy, forest,
grasslands, export
agricultural crops, rubber
Up country
intermediate
zone
1,300-2,400 RYP, Mountain
Regosol, LHG
Tea, vegetables, home
gardens, export
agricultural crops, forest,
paddy
42. Agro-ecological
region
Annual
rainfall
expectancy at
75% (mm)
Soil Land use
Low country wet
zone
1,700-3,200 RYP, LHG, Bog &
Half Bog, RBL,
Regosol
Tea, rubber, coconut,
home gardens, paddy,
export agricultural
crops, fruit crops
Mid country wet
zone
1,400-3,300 RYP, RBL, LHG, IBL Tea, home gardens,
export agricultural
crops, paddy, forest,
rubber
Up country wet
zone
1,800-3,100 RYP, Mountain
Regosol
Tea, forest, vegetables,
pasture, home gardens,
50. Season Coefficient of Variation of
all Sri Lanka Rainfall
1931– 1960 1961 - 1990
Northeast Monsoon (Dec. to
Feb.)
31% 42%
First Intermonsoon (Mar. to
Apr.)
23% 27%
Southwest Monsoon (May.
to Sep.)
21% 16%
Second Intermonsoon (Oct.
to Nov)
22% 23%
Annual (Jan. to Dec.) 12% 14%
The Coefficient of Variation of all-Sri Lanka Rainfall during
the periods 1931-1960 and 1961-1990,
51. Annual minimum air Temperature anomaly Trend in Badulla
y = 0.0089x - 0.677
R2
= 0.4002
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
1900 1909 1919 1928 1937 1946 1955 1964 1973 1982 1991 2000
year
TminAnomalyinC
(from1961-1990)
Annual Minimum Air Temperature
Nuwara-Eliya, Sri Lanka
y = 0.02x - 1.676, R 2
= 0.69**
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
1901 1909 1917 1925 1933 1941 1949 1957 1965 1973 1981 1989 1997
year
TmininC0
(from1901-1997)
52. Annual Maximum air temperature anomaly Trend in Badulla
y = 0.0151x - 1.2269
R2
= 0.4512
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1900
1907
1915
1922
1929
1936
1943
1950
1957
1964
1971
1978
1985
1992
1999
year
TmaxAnomalyinC
(from1961-1990)
Annual Maximum Air Temperature
Puttlam, Sri Lanka
y = 0.0209x - 1.6402, R2 = 0.655**
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
1901
1907
1913
1919
1925
1931
1937
1943
1949
1955
1961
1967
1973
1979
1985
1991
1997
year
TmaxinC0
(from1901-1997)
56. – In Sri Lanka if T increases by 0.5 0C
• rice yield reduction by 5.9 %
• Night Temperature (minimum Temperature)
–Potato
–Tomato
57. • Pest
– warmer climate
• Pest population
– enhanced re-production
• Disease
– Bacteria, Virus, Fungi
– favors hot and humid environment
• not dry and hot environment
– in some regions
• more disease occurrence
• Or may difficult to control
58. • Weeds
– 18 worst weeds
• out of which 14 are C4 plants
– can withstand T
– C3 plants optimum T 15-20 0C
– C4 plants optimum T 25- 30 0C
– Pig weed - C4
• 3 0C T 240 times increase in biomass
• Pest, Disease and Weeds more occurrence
– reduced yield, high cost of production
– 2 0C T 30% reduction in crop yield only due to
changes of population dynamics of P, D & W
60. C 3 Plants C 4 Plants
3 C compounds 4 C compounds
Ex. Phophoglyceric Acid (PGA) Ex. Oxaloacetic Acid (OAA)
Cool season plants Warm season plants
Temperature range 180C-240C Temperature range 320C-550C
95 % - C 3 plants on earth 5 % - C 4 plants on earth
Abundant in temperate conditions Abundant in tropical conditions
Less efficient in photosynthesis More efficient in photosynthesis
62. Changes of weather fronts
– dry regions become more dry
• drought frequency may increase - delayed SWM and short
duration of SWM
• intensity of drought may increase & long dry spells in wet
season
• marked increase in inter annual, seasonal variability
Increasing evapo-transpiration
- high water loss from open water bodies
– enhance the drought condition
• minor tank cascades in Sri Lanka high (surface
area/depth) ratio hence more vulnerable
Impacts of Rising Temperature…
63. Impacts of Changing Rainfall Regime…
High variability in seasonal rainfall
– high variability of
monsoons
– strong, persistent and
frequent El Nino events
– Intense rains
strong tendency for above
normal rainfall in SIM
(Oct-Nov) in El Nino years
- Increased frequency of floods and
droughts affect
– agriculture
– water resources
– infrastructure
64. • Problem of soil erosion
– steep slopes are highly vulnerable
– siltation of reservoirs
Polgolla - 44% silted by 1988 (12 years after its
commissioning) - now 2.8% per year
Rantambe - 4.3 % per year (by now 54%) – Uma Oya
Victoria - 0.0 8% per year
Minor tanks - 2.4% per year
- land degradation –marginal lands
Soil productivity reduces – Mid country tea lands
Average soil erosion in Upper Mahaweli - 115 mt/ha/yr
(soil formation 1cm 100 - 400 years)
Changing Rainfall
Regime…
65. Changing Rainfall Regime…
• High intense rains
– if daily RF exceeds
200 mm/day
• high probability
for land slides in
prone areas
– NBRO estimates
• 12,500 ha are
vulnerable to land
slides
67. A victim of Hambantota Drought December 2001
Source: Dept of Social Services
68. Faith of Coconut Trees in Hambantiota
December 2001
Source: Dept of social service
69. Impacts of Sea Level Rise...
• In the coastal zone of Sri
Lanka
– Approx. 24% of the land
area and 32% of the
population
– 65% of urbanized land
area
– 80% tourism
– 65 % industrial out put
– commercial ports and
fishery harbors
– principal road and rail
infrastructure
– Important eco-systems
70. Climate change effects on agriculture.
• Sri Lanka falls into the category of “vulnerable
small island nation” according to the UNs
Framework for Climate Change (UNFCC) and
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC’s).
• Impacts are: rising sea level, high temperature,
more frequent and prolong drought, high intensity
rainfall, increased thunder.
• Climate change in Sri Lanka will have
consequences on water, agriculture, fishery, and
health.
• Increased salinity in rivers and damage habitats;
farmers’ and fishermen’s livelihoods are affected.
• Over the next two decades the sea level will rise
by 500 mm (16 inches).
• A major part of Northern and Eastern areas of Sri
Lanka will be submerged when the sea level
rises.
• Sri Lanka will experience dry areas becoming
drier and wet areas becoming wetter, leadings to
floods in some areas and droughts in others.
71. 1. Effects on Tea
sector.
• Tea can show high yields
in the wet zone hill
country. As the extreme
heavy rains erode top
soil, about 30 cm of soil
has already been eroded,
and this will be further
aggravated by climate
change thus affecting the
tea plantations.
72. 2. Effects on
Coconut
sector.
• The fruit formation
can be adversely
affected by rising
temperature and
change in rainfall
mainly due to
reduction of pollen
quality and/ or
germination.
73. 3. Effects on Paddy
sector.
• High temperature and less
or shorter rains (less water)
will result in paddy
farming output falling by
20%-30 % in the next 20
to30 years. Paddy is
cultivated by small farm
families where the cost of
production is much higher
than the selling price, and
low production would
aggravate this situation.
74. 4. Effects on Plantation crops in
general
• Prolonged droughts
also affect plantation
crops such as tea,
rubber and coconut and
minor export crops such
as cocoa and coffee,
which account for
slightly more than
700,000 hectares of
agricultural land in the
wet and intermediate
zones.