This document provides an overview of water resources in Malaysia. It discusses where water comes from on Earth and the percentages of freshwater available. Only 0.6% of Earth's water can be used by humans. The document then summarizes water demand in Malaysia by sector from 2010 to 2050, with total demand projected to increase from 14,785 million cubic meters to 18,233 million cubic meters. Key challenges facing water resources include population growth, urbanization, climate change, and pollution. The document also discusses issues like water pricing, wastewater treatment, and moving towards more sustainable water management through green technologies and integrated approaches.

1. by: SALWA MOHD ZAINI MAKHTAR
EAT 359 – WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
- LECTURE 1 –

2. Where Does Water Come From ?
2

3. Earth(World)
Land (30%) Water (70%)
Ocean
(97%)
Freshwater (3%)
Glaciers & Ice Caps
(68.75)
Groundwater & Surface water
(31.3%)
Can use (0.6%)
Cannot be used
(99.4%)
3
The percentage of water resources.

4. Why is Water Important?
4

5. 5
MALAYSIA’S WATER
RESOURCES
AVAILABILITY
AND
DEMAND

6. 6
WHAT WE HAVE NOW : WATER AVAILABILITY IN MALAYSIA
{Based on The Review of The National Water Resources Study 2000-2050} (2011)

7. 7
SCENARIOS OF WATER
RESOURCES IN MALAYSIA
WHERE
THE
RAINFALL
GO?
• Water is abundant but it does not fall everywhere all the time
• Blessed nation with plenty of water & almost free of natural disaster
• Per capita volume : 17,000 m3/capita (Surface runoff)
TOTAL WATER DEMAND IN ALL SECTORS
2010 2020 2050
PERLIS 306 299 281
KEDAH 2922 2976 2876
PULAU PINANG 765 829 894

8. Demand from Sectors
8
TOTAL WATER DEMAND IN ALL SECTORS
2010 2020 2050
PERLIS 306 299 281
KEDAH 2922 2976 2876
PULAU PINANG 765 829 894
KELANTAN 1632 1619 1604
TERENGGANU 884 975 1026
PERAK 1949 1923 1811
SELANGOR 2238 2491 2922
PAHANG 726 946 959
NEGERI
SEMBILAN
340 361 374
MELAKA 323 366 439
JOHOR 715 881 1301
SABAH 912 1356 1469
SARAWAK 1054 2162 2247
WP LABUAN 18 24 29
TOTAL M’SIA 14785 17205 18233
DOMESTIC (BCM)
2010 2020 2050
10.58 12.57 15.98
8.27 9.11 7.21
1.18 1.12 1.18
0.13 0.18 0.58
1.29 1.59 1.29
IRRIGATED PADDY
(BCM)
IRRIGATED NON-
PADDY (BCM)
LIVESTOCK (BCM)
FISHERIES (BCM)
ESTIMATED WATER DEMAND OF VARIOUS SECTORS
SECTOR
2010
2050
2020
14785 MCM
17205 MCM
18233 MCM
BUDGET TOTAL WATER
DEMAND ALL SECTORS

9. 9
RIVERS are the main source of
WATER - 97 % of water supply
for Domestic, Industrial and
Agriculture
Water resources : Rivers, water bodies & ground water
Waterbodies : Aquifer, lake, pond, wetlands, estuary,
coastal water and other water bodies, natural or artificial
and the resource therein

10. What are the Challenges Facing the
Water Agenda?
10
1. Sustaining Biodiversity
•Ecosystem Preservation
•Ecological Functions
•Habitat Destruction
2. Water Stress
•Urbanization
•Industralization
•Population Growth
•Water Quantity & Quality
3. Climate Change
•Sea Level Rise
•Flood and Drought
•Extreme Weather
•Climate Change Adaptations
4. Green Technology
•Green Growth
•Sustainability
•Renewable Energy
•Technological Investment
5. Environment
•Water Demand
•Pollution Management
•Risks and Hazards
•IWRM
6. NKEA
•Water Resource
•Economic Generator
•Societal Development
•Investments

11. 11
Water Supply Issues:
•Infinite becomes a finite resource – spatially
and temporally
•Rapid urbanization and population growth
•Inadequate infrastructure and escalating cost
•High non-revenue water (NRW)
•Low water pricing
•Water pollution
•Climate change – uncertainty and irreversibility

12. 12
WATER TARIFF IN SELANGOR
USAGE PRICE/m3
MIN.PAYMENT
(RM) (RM)
Domestic Usage
0-20 m³ 0.57 6
21-35 m³ 1.03
35 m³ and above 2
Commercial (Inclusive of
Public Swimming Pool)
35 m³ 2.07 36
35 m³ and above 2.28
Govt. Dept. 1.61 17
Religious Places 0.46 6
Ship 4.23
Charitable Org. 0.58 6
* Condos/Apart. 1.38 173
* Low Cost Flats/ Apart. 0.8 35
* Army Camps/ Estates/ 1 12
Govt. Quarters
SEWERAGE CHARGES IN MALAYSIA
Band
Annual Value Basic Charge (RM)
(RM) Connected Septic Tank
1 0 - 2,000 8 7
2 2,001 - 5,000 14 8
3 5,001 - 10,000 20 14
4 10,001 - 20,000 26 19
5 20,001 - 30,000 29 21
6 30,001 - 40,000 32 23
7 40,001 - 50,000 35 25
8 50,001 - 60,000 38 27
9 60,001 - 70,000 41 29
10 70,001 - 80,000 44 31
Monthly Excess Charge
Water Usage Excess Charge
< 100 m3
< 200 m3
30 sen /m3
> 200 m3
45 sen/m3

13. 13
WATER PRICING IN SINGAPORE
For comparison sake : usage of 10m3 of water
Usage Price/m3
S$
Water Tariff
0-40m3 1.17
>40m3 1.4
Water Conservation Tax 30%
Sanitary Appliance Fee 3.00/fitting
Waterborne fee 0.28
USAGE
MALAYSIA SINGAPORE
PRICE/m3
S$
(RM)
Domestic Usage
0-20 m³ 5.7 10.2
Water Conservation Tax - 3.05
Waterborne fee /Sewerage 8 2.8
charges
Sanitary Fee /others 0 9
Total/month 13.7 25.05

14. 14
State
Population (‘000)
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Perlis 246 291 319 343 361
Kedah 2,043 2,440 2,695 2,906 3,065
Pulau Pinang 1,609 1,841 1,958 2,064 2,133
Perak 2,441 2,810 3,004 3,177 3,294
Selangor & Kuala Lumpur 6,970 7,951 8,443 8,896 9,195
Negeri Sembilan 1,032 1,190 1,274 1,348 1,399
Melaka 785 925 1,008 1,078 1,129
Johor 3,458 4,117 4,533 4,879 5,140
Pahang 1,573 1,867 2,050 2,203 2,317
Terengganu 1,149 1,445 1,672 1,854 2,006
Kelantan 1,677 2,104 2,427 2,686 2,901
Peninsular Malaysia 22,983 26,981 29,383 31,434 32,940
Sarawak 2,660 3,127 3,505 3,839 4,117
Sabah 3,267 3,874 4,400 4,719 4,958
Labuan 88 101 110 115 118
East Malaysia 6,015 7,102 8,015 8,673 9,193
Malaysia 28,998 34,083 37,398 40,107 42,133
Malaysia: Population Projections

15. 15

16. 16
Water Demand Scenario
Total Water Availability versus Consumptive Water Demand in Malaysia

17. 17
Urban - Impact on surface runoff
Figure: Typical pathways for forest rainfall. A portion of
precipitation never reaches the ground because it is
intercepted by vegetation and other surfaces.
Figure: Relationship between impervious cover and surface
runoff. Impervious cover in a watershed results in increased
surface runoff. As little as 10 percent impervious cover in a
watershed can result in stream degradation.

18. 18
WATER SHORTAGES & DROUGHT

19. 19
Sustaining Water Resources – Pollutants of Concern
Point Source Pollution Non-Point Source Pollution Emerging Pollutants

20. 20
Water Pollution Impacts

21. 21
Water Pollution
Status of Rivers in Malaysia (2005 – 2012)

22. 22
Pollution Management Issues
• Manage point, non-point pollution and emerging pollutants of concern.
• Carrying capacity of each river system and the Total Maximum Daily Load
(TMDL) it can assimilate without harming the environment.
• Address trans-boundary water pollution issues.
• Improved water quality monitoring network.
• Re-look at current water quality standards.
• Legislative, institutional, policy and funding needs.

23. 23
Water and Ecological Sustainability Issues
Environmental Flow: quantity, timing, and quality of water flows required to
sustain freshwater and estuarine ecosystems, and human livelihoods that
depend on these ecosystems.
Why is it important?
•Increasing water abstraction from rivers results in
less downstream flow.
•Dam construction changes river condition.
•Obstruction to movement
•Sensitive flora and fauna species depend on
certain water habitat conditions to survive.
•Flushing of silt and pollutants from river system.
•Downstream communities depend on river.
•Trans-boundary issues.

24. 24
Water and Ecological Sustainability Issues
Payment for Environmental Services:
Market-based tools to enable financial
incentives to be allocated by beneficiaries
of ecosystem services to compensate
individuals or organisations, conserving the
natural resources.

25. 25
Water and Ecological Sustainability
Blue water footprint:
volume of surface water and ground water consumed
during production processes (i.e. evaporated or
incorporated into the product)
Green water footprint:
volume of rainwater consumed (i.e. evaporated or
incorporated into the product)
Grey water footprint:
volume of freshwater that is required to assimilate the
load of pollutants and calculated as the volume of water
that is required to maintain the water quality according to
agreed water quality standards.
Source: Virtualwater.EU
Source: Hoekstra, A.Y., Chapagain, A.K., Aldaya, M.M. and Mekonnen, M.M. (2011) The water
footprint assessment manual: Setting the global standard, Earthscan, London, UK.

26. 26
Water Resources Potential

27. 27
Water Resources Potential

28. 28
Integrated Urban Water Resource Management Issues

29. 29
Wastewater Treatment Technology

30. 30
Towards a Green Technological
Moving towards a green economy – Are we ready?

31. 31
Conclusion : Water Resources Management is
everybody business - Its also our role
1) Self realisation - Reduce, Reuse and Recycle
2) Stewardship – take charge through 3 simple steps
(action, advise, despise)
3) Advocacy – Tahu (Know), Sedar (Aware), Faham
(understand)
4) Avoid eternalizing cost to every action and process
including to our supplier

32. 32
for your attention
THANK YOU