Group functions operate on sets of rows to give one result per group. Some key points covered in the document include: 1. Group functions like AVG, COUNT, MAX, MIN, SUM allow aggregating data across rows grouped by columns like department. 2. The GROUP BY clause is used to divide rows into groups and column(s) in the SELECT that are not aggregate functions must be in the GROUP BY. 3. The HAVING clause is used to filter groups based on conditions with aggregate functions and comes after GROUP BY.

1. Aggregating Data Using Group Functions

2. ObjectivesAfter completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following:Identify the available group functionsDescribe the use of group functionsGroup data using the GROUP BY clauseInclude or exclude grouped rows by using the HAVING clause

3. What Are Group Functions?Group functions operate on sets of rows to give one result per group.EMP DEPTNO SAL--------- ---------1024501050001013002080020110020300020300020297530160030285030125030950301500301250 MAX(SAL)---------5000“maximum salary in the EMP table”

4. Types of Group FunctionsAVG COUNT MAXMIN STDDEV SUMVARIANCE

5. Using Group FunctionsSELECT [column,] group_function(column)FROMtable[WHEREcondition][GROUP BYcolumn][ORDER BYcolumn];

6. Using AVG and SUM FunctionsYou can use AVG and SUM for numeric data.SQL> SELECTAVG(sal), MAX(sal),2MIN(sal), SUM(sal)3FROMemp4WHEREjob LIKE 'SALES%';AVG(SAL) MAX(SAL) MIN(SAL) SUM(SAL)-------- --------- --------- ---------1400160012505600

7. Using MIN and MAX FunctionsYou can use MIN and MAX for any datatype.SQL> SELECTMIN(hiredate), MAX(hiredate)2 FROMemp;MIN(HIRED MAX(HIRED--------- ---------17-DEC-8012-JAN-83

8. Using the COUNT FunctionCOUNT(*) returns the number of rows in a table.SQL> SELECTCOUNT(*)2 FROMemp3 WHEREdeptno = 30; COUNT(*)---------6

9. Using the COUNT FunctionCOUNT(expr) returns the number of nonnull rows.SQL> SELECTCOUNT(comm)2 FROMemp3 WHEREdeptno = 30;COUNT(COMM)-----------4

10. Group Functions and Null ValuesGroup functions ignore null values in the column.SQL> SELECT AVG(comm)2 FROM emp; AVG(COMM)---------550

11. Using the NVL Function with Group FunctionsThe NVL function forces group functions to include null values.SQL> SELECT AVG(NVL(comm,0))2 FROM emp;AVG(NVL(COMM,0))----------------157.14286

12. 2916.666721751566.6667Creating Groups of Data EMP DEPTNO SAL--------- ---------1024501050001013002080020110020300020300020297530160030285030125030950301500301250 DEPTNO AVG(SAL) ------- ---------102916.6667202175301566.6667“averagesalary in EMPtable for each department”

13. Creating Groups of Data: GROUP BY ClauseSELECTcolumn, group_function(column)FROMtable[WHEREcondition][GROUP BYgroup_by_expression][ORDER BYcolumn];Divide rows in a table into smaller groups by using the GROUP BY clause.

14. Using the GROUP BY Clause All columns in the SELECT list that are not in group functions must be in the GROUP BY clause.SQL> SELECT deptno, AVG(sal)2 FROM emp3 GROUP BY deptno; DEPTNO AVG(SAL)--------- ---------102916.6667202175301566.6667

15. Using the GROUP BY Clause The GROUP BY column does not have to be in the SELECT list.SQL> SELECT AVG(sal)2 FROM emp3 GROUP BY deptno; AVG(SAL)--------- 2916.666721751566.6667

16. Grouping by More Than One ColumnEMP DEPTNO JOB SAL--------- --------- ---------10 MANAGER 245010 PRESIDENT 500010 CLERK 130020 CLERK 80020 CLERK 110020 ANALYST 300020 ANALYST 300020 MANAGER 297530 SALESMAN 160030 MANAGER 285030 SALESMAN 125030 CLERK 95030 SALESMAN 150030 SALESMAN 1250JOB SUM(SAL)--------- ---------CLERK 1300MANAGER 2450PRESIDENT 5000ANALYST 6000CLERK 1900MANAGER 2975CLERK 950MANAGER 2850SALESMAN 5600DEPTNO--------101010202020303030“sum salaries in the EMP tablefor each job, grouped by department”

17. Using the GROUP BY Clause on Multiple ColumnsSQL> SELECT deptno, job, sum(sal)2 FROM emp3 GROUP BY deptno, job; DEPTNO JOB SUM(SAL)--------- --------- ---------10 CLERK 130010 MANAGER 245010 PRESIDENT 500020 ANALYST 600020 CLERK 1900...9 rows selected.

18. Illegal Queries Using Group FunctionsAny column or expression in the SELECT list that is not an aggregate function must be in the GROUP BY clause.SQL> SELECTdeptno, COUNT(ename)2 FROMemp;Column missing in the GROUP BY clauseSELECT deptno, COUNT(ename) *ERROR at line 1:ORA-00937: not a single-group group function

19. Illegal Queries Using Group FunctionsYou cannot use the WHERE clause to restrict groups.You use the HAVING clause to restrict groups.SQL> SELECT deptno, AVG(sal)2 FROM emp3 WHERE AVG(sal) > 20004 GROUP BY deptno;Cannot use the WHERE clause to restrict groupsWHERE AVG(sal) > 2000 *ERROR at line 3:ORA-00934: group function is not allowed here

20. Excluding Group Results500030002850EMP DEPTNO SAL--------- ---------1024501050001013002080020110020300020300020297530160030285030125030950301500301250“maximumsalaryper departmentgreater than$2900” DEPTNO MAX(SAL)--------- ---------105000203000

21. Excluding Group Results: HAVING ClauseUse the HAVING clause to restrict groupsRows are grouped.The group function is applied.Groups matching the HAVING clause are displayed.SELECTcolumn, group_functionFROMtable[WHEREcondition][GROUP BYgroup_by_expression][HAVINGgroup_condition][ORDER BYcolumn];

22. Using the HAVING ClauseSQL> SELECT deptno, max(sal)2 FROM emp3 GROUP BY deptno4 HAVING max(sal)>2900; DEPTNO MAX(SAL)--------- ---------105000203000

23. Using the HAVING ClauseSQL> SELECT job, SUM(sal) PAYROLL2 FROM emp3 WHERE job NOT LIKE 'SALES%'4 GROUP BY job5 HAVING SUM(sal)>50006 ORDER BY SUM(sal);JOB PAYROLL--------- ---------ANALYST 6000MANAGER 8275

24. Nesting Group FunctionsDisplay the maximum average salary. SQL> SELECT max(avg(sal))2 FROM emp3 GROUP BY deptno;MAX(AVG(SAL))-------------2916.6667

25. SummarySELECTcolumn, group_function(column)FROMtable[WHEREcondition][GROUP BYgroup_by_expression][HAVINGgroup_condition][ORDER BYcolumn];Order of evaluation of the clauses:WHERE clauseGROUP BY clauseHAVING clause

26. Practice OverviewShowing different queries that use group functionsGrouping by rows to achieve more than one resultExcluding groups by using the HAVING clause