Collinearity Equations
Kinds of product that can be derived by the collinearity equation
- Space Resection By Collinearity
- Space Intersection By Collinearity
- Interior Orientation
- Relative Orientation
- Absolute Orientation
- Self-Calibration
1) The document discusses various coordinate systems used in photogrammetry including pixel, image, image space, and ground coordinate systems.
2) It also covers topics like interior orientation parameters (principal point, focal length), exterior orientation parameters (position and rotation angles), and two-dimensional coordinate transformations.
3) The relationships between the image, camera, and ground coordinates are defined using these parameters and coordinate systems to allow for mapping between the three domains.
Cylindrical and spherical coordinates shalinishalini singh
In this Presentation, I have explained the co-ordinate system in three plain. ie Cylindrical, Spherical, Cartesian(Rectangular) along with its Differential formulas for length, area &volume.
Coordinate systems
orthogonal coordinate system
Rectangular or Cartesian coordinate system
Cylindrical or circular coordinate system
Spherical coordinate system
Relationship between various coordinate system
Transformation Matrix
DIFFERENTIAL VECTOR
Curvilinear, Cartesian, Cylindrical, Spherical table
The document provides information on isometric and perspective projections in engineering graphics. It defines isometric projection as a type of pictorial projection that shows the actual sizes of all three dimensions of a solid in a single view. It also defines perspective projection as representing how an object would appear to the eye from a fixed position. The document then discusses principles, scales, views and methods of isometric projection. It provides examples of isometric views of basic geometrical shapes. It also discusses the principles and methods of perspective projection like visual ray and vanishing point methods.
This document provides an overview and definitions of key concepts from Chapter 1 of a college mathematics textbook, including: linear equations and inequalities in standard form and how they are solved; the Cartesian coordinate system and how graphs of linear equations form lines; determining the slope and equations of lines in slope-intercept and point-slope form; the relationship between supply and demand curves; and using linear regression to fit a line to scatter plot data and make predictions.
Collinearity Equations
Kinds of product that can be derived by the collinearity equation
- Space Resection By Collinearity
- Space Intersection By Collinearity
- Interior Orientation
- Relative Orientation
- Absolute Orientation
- Self-Calibration
1) The document discusses various coordinate systems used in photogrammetry including pixel, image, image space, and ground coordinate systems.
2) It also covers topics like interior orientation parameters (principal point, focal length), exterior orientation parameters (position and rotation angles), and two-dimensional coordinate transformations.
3) The relationships between the image, camera, and ground coordinates are defined using these parameters and coordinate systems to allow for mapping between the three domains.
Cylindrical and spherical coordinates shalinishalini singh
In this Presentation, I have explained the co-ordinate system in three plain. ie Cylindrical, Spherical, Cartesian(Rectangular) along with its Differential formulas for length, area &volume.
Coordinate systems
orthogonal coordinate system
Rectangular or Cartesian coordinate system
Cylindrical or circular coordinate system
Spherical coordinate system
Relationship between various coordinate system
Transformation Matrix
DIFFERENTIAL VECTOR
Curvilinear, Cartesian, Cylindrical, Spherical table
The document provides information on isometric and perspective projections in engineering graphics. It defines isometric projection as a type of pictorial projection that shows the actual sizes of all three dimensions of a solid in a single view. It also defines perspective projection as representing how an object would appear to the eye from a fixed position. The document then discusses principles, scales, views and methods of isometric projection. It provides examples of isometric views of basic geometrical shapes. It also discusses the principles and methods of perspective projection like visual ray and vanishing point methods.
This document provides an overview and definitions of key concepts from Chapter 1 of a college mathematics textbook, including: linear equations and inequalities in standard form and how they are solved; the Cartesian coordinate system and how graphs of linear equations form lines; determining the slope and equations of lines in slope-intercept and point-slope form; the relationship between supply and demand curves; and using linear regression to fit a line to scatter plot data and make predictions.
This document provides a summary of simple linear regression. It defines response and predictor variables, and gives examples of using a regression line to model the relationship between two variables. Key aspects covered include estimating slope and y-intercept using the least squares method, evaluating the quality of the regression model using the R-squared statistic, and checking assumptions through residual analysis.
Comprehensive coverage of fundamentals of computer graphics.
3D Transformations
Reflections
3D Display methods
3D Object Representation
Polygon surfaces
Quadratic Surfaces
This document provides information about different coordinate systems including polar, cylindrical, Cartesian, and spherical coordinate systems. It describes key aspects of each system such as their components, definitions, relationships between variables in different systems, and applications. Real-world examples of how coordinate systems are used for map projections, global positioning systems, and air traffic control are also discussed.
Bresenham-Circle-drawing-algorithm, Midpoint Circle Drawing AlgorithmSujataSonawane11
This document describes two common algorithms for drawing circles: the Bresenham circle drawing algorithm and the midpoint circle drawing algorithm. The Bresenham algorithm considers 8-way symmetry and plots 1/8th of the circle from 90 to 45 degrees by incrementing either the x or x and -y coordinates. The midpoint circle algorithm also uses 8-way symmetry and plots from 90 to 45 degrees. It takes unit steps in the positive x direction and uses a decision parameter to determine which of two possible y coordinates is closer to the circle at each step. Both algorithms use incremental calculations to efficiently draw circles through integer operations only.
The document discusses different coordinate systems used in land surveying. It describes 2D and 3D coordinate systems including cartesian and polar coordinate systems. The 2D cartesian system uses perpendicular x and y axes to locate points, with the x-axis running north-south and y-axis east-west. The 3D cartesian system extends this to three dimensions using an origin at the Earth's center. The document also covers converting between cartesian and polar coordinates, and fundamental calculations in surveying like join and polar computations.
Here are the key steps in Harris corner detection:
1. Compute the autocorrelation matrix M for a window around each pixel using:
M = ∑w(x,y)[IxIx IxIy]
[IxIy IyIy]
Where Ix and Iy are the gradients of the image I in x and y directions.
2. Compute the corner response function R = det(M) - k(trace(M))^2
3. A large R value indicates a corner. Threshold R to find candidate corner points.
4. Refine the candidate locations using interpolation.
So in summary, Harris detection looks for pixels with
This document presents a method for approximating illumination from polygonal area lights in real-time rendering. It projects the polygon onto the plane of the illuminated point to calculate diffuse illumination. It approximates local occlusion by the illuminated surface. Finding the optimal projection basis to avoid vertices appearing behind the plane is challenging. Results show promise for real-time rendering with area lights, though oscillations in performance need explanation. Future work could improve the projection, occlusion calculation, add specular lighting, and research global illumination effects.
Stixel based real time object detection for ADAS using surface normalTaeKang Woo
The document discusses using surface normal vectors for real-time object detection in autonomous driving applications. The goals are to:
1. Develop a stixel-based stereo vision module running at 15-30 fps for detecting objects and estimating their 3D positions.
2. Validate hypothesis regions of interest (ROIs) using surface normal vectors to improve precision by 10%.
3. Analyze object geometry features and classify objects using surface normal vectors.
The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 1 of the textbook "Engineering Electromagnetics - 8th Edition" by William H. Hayt, Jr. & John A. Buck. It introduces scalar and vector quantities, describes vector algebra including addition, subtraction and multiplication. It also discusses various coordinate systems used to describe the location and direction of vectors including rectangular, cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems. Transformations between Cartesian and other coordinate systems are shown.
This document discusses coordinates in space and three-dimensional coordinate geometry. It introduces points, lines, and planes in three-dimensional space and how they are represented using ordered triples of real numbers called coordinates. It describes how the three mutually perpendicular coordinate axes divide space into eight octants. It provides formulas for finding distances between points, section formulas, midpoints, and centroids. It also discusses direction cosines and direction ratios as ways to represent the direction of lines in space, and provides formulas for finding angles between lines based on their direction cosines or direction ratios.
MS Report, When we talked about the conic section it involves a double-napped cone and a plane. If a plane intersects a double right circular cone, we get two-dimensional curves of different types. These curves are what we called the conic section.
This document provides information and instructions for performing coordinate geometry computations for surveying traverse loops. It defines key terms like azimuths, bearings, angles, and directions. It explains how to compute interior angles, azimuths, latitudes, and departures for traverse legs. It also describes how to balance a traverse loop by adjusting angles and applying corrections to latitudes and departures to minimize positional errors.
This document provides an overview of surveying instruments and techniques. It discusses the basic principles and uses of levels and total stations for routine surveying tasks. Levels are used to determine height differences between points and stake out elevations, while total stations can measure angles and distances to determine point coordinates. The document also covers common surveying methods, instrument errors, and applications software for total stations.
This document provides an overview of surveying instruments and techniques. It discusses the basic principles and uses of levels and total stations for routine surveying tasks. Levels are used to determine height differences between points, while total stations can measure both angles and distances to calculate coordinates. The document also covers how to set up and use these instruments, take measurements, account for errors, and perform common surveying jobs and calculations. Applications software is also described for automating survey tasks.
Use of Specularities and Motion in the Extraction of Surface ShapeDamian T. Gordon
This document discusses using specular reflections or "highlights" and motion to determine surface shape. It describes structured highlight inspection which uses a spherical array of point light sources and images of highlights to calculate surface orientation at each point. A structured highlight inspection system extracts highlights from images and uses lookup tables from calibration to reconstruct the 3D surface shape. Stereo highlight techniques can improve on approximations by using two camera views to uniquely determine illumination angles.
- Regression analysis is used to study the relationship between variables and predict how the value of one variable changes with the other. It is one of the most commonly used tools for business analysis.
- Simple linear regression analyzes the relationship between one independent variable and one dependent variable. The regression equation estimates the dependent variable as a linear function of the independent variable.
- Least squares regression fits a line to the data by minimizing the sum of the squared residuals, providing estimates of the slope and y-intercept coefficients in the regression equation.
Solid state chemistry- laws of crystallography- Miller indices- X ray diffraction- Bragg equation- Spectrophotometer- Determination of interplanar distance- Types of crystal
This document discusses 3D computer graphics concepts including:
- Hierarchical transformations that allow representing 3D objects as a tree of parts related by transformations.
- Perspective projection which projects 3D points onto a 2D image plane based on a pinhole camera model.
- The viewing transformation which orients the camera in the 3D world.
- The graphics pipeline which transforms 3D models through multiple coordinate systems until rasterization on the 2D screen.
- Limitations of perspective projection like the maximum field of view and loss of depth information after projection.
- A homework exercise to manually project a translated and rotated 3D cube.
AI for Legal Research with applications, toolsmahaffeycheryld
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
This document provides a summary of simple linear regression. It defines response and predictor variables, and gives examples of using a regression line to model the relationship between two variables. Key aspects covered include estimating slope and y-intercept using the least squares method, evaluating the quality of the regression model using the R-squared statistic, and checking assumptions through residual analysis.
Comprehensive coverage of fundamentals of computer graphics.
3D Transformations
Reflections
3D Display methods
3D Object Representation
Polygon surfaces
Quadratic Surfaces
This document provides information about different coordinate systems including polar, cylindrical, Cartesian, and spherical coordinate systems. It describes key aspects of each system such as their components, definitions, relationships between variables in different systems, and applications. Real-world examples of how coordinate systems are used for map projections, global positioning systems, and air traffic control are also discussed.
Bresenham-Circle-drawing-algorithm, Midpoint Circle Drawing AlgorithmSujataSonawane11
This document describes two common algorithms for drawing circles: the Bresenham circle drawing algorithm and the midpoint circle drawing algorithm. The Bresenham algorithm considers 8-way symmetry and plots 1/8th of the circle from 90 to 45 degrees by incrementing either the x or x and -y coordinates. The midpoint circle algorithm also uses 8-way symmetry and plots from 90 to 45 degrees. It takes unit steps in the positive x direction and uses a decision parameter to determine which of two possible y coordinates is closer to the circle at each step. Both algorithms use incremental calculations to efficiently draw circles through integer operations only.
The document discusses different coordinate systems used in land surveying. It describes 2D and 3D coordinate systems including cartesian and polar coordinate systems. The 2D cartesian system uses perpendicular x and y axes to locate points, with the x-axis running north-south and y-axis east-west. The 3D cartesian system extends this to three dimensions using an origin at the Earth's center. The document also covers converting between cartesian and polar coordinates, and fundamental calculations in surveying like join and polar computations.
Here are the key steps in Harris corner detection:
1. Compute the autocorrelation matrix M for a window around each pixel using:
M = ∑w(x,y)[IxIx IxIy]
[IxIy IyIy]
Where Ix and Iy are the gradients of the image I in x and y directions.
2. Compute the corner response function R = det(M) - k(trace(M))^2
3. A large R value indicates a corner. Threshold R to find candidate corner points.
4. Refine the candidate locations using interpolation.
So in summary, Harris detection looks for pixels with
This document presents a method for approximating illumination from polygonal area lights in real-time rendering. It projects the polygon onto the plane of the illuminated point to calculate diffuse illumination. It approximates local occlusion by the illuminated surface. Finding the optimal projection basis to avoid vertices appearing behind the plane is challenging. Results show promise for real-time rendering with area lights, though oscillations in performance need explanation. Future work could improve the projection, occlusion calculation, add specular lighting, and research global illumination effects.
Stixel based real time object detection for ADAS using surface normalTaeKang Woo
The document discusses using surface normal vectors for real-time object detection in autonomous driving applications. The goals are to:
1. Develop a stixel-based stereo vision module running at 15-30 fps for detecting objects and estimating their 3D positions.
2. Validate hypothesis regions of interest (ROIs) using surface normal vectors to improve precision by 10%.
3. Analyze object geometry features and classify objects using surface normal vectors.
The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 1 of the textbook "Engineering Electromagnetics - 8th Edition" by William H. Hayt, Jr. & John A. Buck. It introduces scalar and vector quantities, describes vector algebra including addition, subtraction and multiplication. It also discusses various coordinate systems used to describe the location and direction of vectors including rectangular, cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems. Transformations between Cartesian and other coordinate systems are shown.
This document discusses coordinates in space and three-dimensional coordinate geometry. It introduces points, lines, and planes in three-dimensional space and how they are represented using ordered triples of real numbers called coordinates. It describes how the three mutually perpendicular coordinate axes divide space into eight octants. It provides formulas for finding distances between points, section formulas, midpoints, and centroids. It also discusses direction cosines and direction ratios as ways to represent the direction of lines in space, and provides formulas for finding angles between lines based on their direction cosines or direction ratios.
MS Report, When we talked about the conic section it involves a double-napped cone and a plane. If a plane intersects a double right circular cone, we get two-dimensional curves of different types. These curves are what we called the conic section.
This document provides information and instructions for performing coordinate geometry computations for surveying traverse loops. It defines key terms like azimuths, bearings, angles, and directions. It explains how to compute interior angles, azimuths, latitudes, and departures for traverse legs. It also describes how to balance a traverse loop by adjusting angles and applying corrections to latitudes and departures to minimize positional errors.
This document provides an overview of surveying instruments and techniques. It discusses the basic principles and uses of levels and total stations for routine surveying tasks. Levels are used to determine height differences between points and stake out elevations, while total stations can measure angles and distances to determine point coordinates. The document also covers common surveying methods, instrument errors, and applications software for total stations.
This document provides an overview of surveying instruments and techniques. It discusses the basic principles and uses of levels and total stations for routine surveying tasks. Levels are used to determine height differences between points, while total stations can measure both angles and distances to calculate coordinates. The document also covers how to set up and use these instruments, take measurements, account for errors, and perform common surveying jobs and calculations. Applications software is also described for automating survey tasks.
Use of Specularities and Motion in the Extraction of Surface ShapeDamian T. Gordon
This document discusses using specular reflections or "highlights" and motion to determine surface shape. It describes structured highlight inspection which uses a spherical array of point light sources and images of highlights to calculate surface orientation at each point. A structured highlight inspection system extracts highlights from images and uses lookup tables from calibration to reconstruct the 3D surface shape. Stereo highlight techniques can improve on approximations by using two camera views to uniquely determine illumination angles.
- Regression analysis is used to study the relationship between variables and predict how the value of one variable changes with the other. It is one of the most commonly used tools for business analysis.
- Simple linear regression analyzes the relationship between one independent variable and one dependent variable. The regression equation estimates the dependent variable as a linear function of the independent variable.
- Least squares regression fits a line to the data by minimizing the sum of the squared residuals, providing estimates of the slope and y-intercept coefficients in the regression equation.
Solid state chemistry- laws of crystallography- Miller indices- X ray diffraction- Bragg equation- Spectrophotometer- Determination of interplanar distance- Types of crystal
This document discusses 3D computer graphics concepts including:
- Hierarchical transformations that allow representing 3D objects as a tree of parts related by transformations.
- Perspective projection which projects 3D points onto a 2D image plane based on a pinhole camera model.
- The viewing transformation which orients the camera in the 3D world.
- The graphics pipeline which transforms 3D models through multiple coordinate systems until rasterization on the 2D screen.
- Limitations of perspective projection like the maximum field of view and loss of depth information after projection.
- A homework exercise to manually project a translated and rotated 3D cube.
Similar to Lecture_4_Vertical Photography_in_to.pdf (20)
AI for Legal Research with applications, toolsmahaffeycheryld
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
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The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
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Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
3. Photographic
Coordinate
System
Rectangular coordinates are the most common
type of measurement.
Measurements can be done directly on
negatives or positives printed on paper, glass,
film, etc.
Axes are formed by joining opposite fiducial
marks.
X axis is parallel to the direction of flight.
Y axis is perpendicular to the x axis.
Origin of system is the intersection of the
fiducial marks.
Point is called centre of collimation is very close
to the principal point.
5. Photographic
Coordinate
System
Position of point a is given by its coordinates 𝑥𝑎
and 𝑦𝑎 and b is given by 𝑥𝑏and 𝑦𝑏
For corner fiducial marks, one of the fiducial
marks is the origin of the 𝑥’, 𝑦’ system
Coordinates are then reduced to the
conventional system with origin at the principal
point as follows:
𝑥𝑎 = 𝑥𝑎
′
− 𝑥𝑜
𝑦𝑎 = 𝑦𝑎
′ – 𝑦𝑜
Where: 𝑥𝑜 =
𝑥𝐵
′
+ 𝑥𝐶
′
4
and 𝑦𝑜 =
𝑦𝐷
′
+ 𝑦𝐶
′
4
6. Faulty Fiducial
Marks
The amount by which x axis misses the fiducial
marks are 𝑦𝑎 and 𝑦𝑐
The amount by which y axis misses the fiducial
marks are 𝑥𝑏 and 𝑥𝑑
Measured x and y fiducial distances are 𝑥𝑚 and
𝑦𝑚
General expressions for calculating corrected
coordinates 𝑥𝑒
′ and 𝑦𝑒
′ of point e are as follows:
𝑥𝑒
′
= 𝑥𝑒 + 𝑥𝑑 + (𝑥𝑏 + 𝑥𝑑)
𝑦𝑚
2
− 𝑦𝑒
𝑦𝑚
𝑦𝑒
′ = 𝑦𝑒 + 𝑦𝑎 + (𝑦𝑐 − 𝑦𝑎)
𝑥𝑚
2
− 𝑥𝑒
𝑥𝑚
8. Reduction of
coordinates to
an origin at the
principal point
Principal point does not occur at the
intersection of the fiducial lines.
𝑥𝑜 and𝑦𝑜 actual coordinates of principal point
w.r.t. fiducial axes
Obtained through calibration
Coordinates are reduced to the principal axis
system
For point a, the coordinates are corrected as
follows:
𝑥𝑎
′
= 𝑥𝑎 − 𝑥𝑜
𝑦𝑎
′ = 𝑦𝑎 − 𝑦𝑜