This document discusses error handling in programs. It explains that exceptions are runtime errors that occur during program execution. When an exception occurs, it is thrown. Code can be written to catch exceptions using try-catch blocks. Different types of exceptions that may occur are discussed, along with how to define and throw custom exceptions. Finally, the document touches on exception propagation through method calls and the use of assertions to check conditions.
This document discusses exceptions in Java. It defines exceptions as error conditions that can occur during program execution. It describes Java's mechanism for exception handling using try, catch, and finally blocks. Exceptions are instances of the Throwable class or its subclasses. Checked exceptions must be handled, while unchecked exceptions are optional to handle. The document provides examples of catching, propagating, and throwing exceptions.
The document discusses try/catch blocks in Java and how they can be used to handle errors and exceptions. It covers:
1) Using try/catch blocks allows code to fix errors and prevent program termination by handling exceptions.
2) Multiple catch clauses can be specified to handle different exception types thrown from the same code block.
3) Try blocks can be nested, with inner exceptions caught by inner handlers or bubbled up to outer handlers if uncaught.
Exceptions in Java occur when unexpected or abnormal conditions arise during program execution. There are two main types of exceptions: Exceptions, which can be caught and handled by the program, and Errors, which usually indicate serious problems and cannot be caught. When an exception occurs, an object is thrown which can either be handled within the method or passed to the calling method. Exceptions are typically generated by the Java runtime system but can also be manually thrown in code. Finally blocks ensure code is executed whether or not an exception occurs, such as closing open files or network connections.
The document discusses different types of errors in Java including compile-time errors, run-time errors, and exceptions. It defines exceptions as events that disrupt normal program flow and describes Java's exception handling mechanism which includes throwing, catching, and handling exceptions using try, catch, throw, throws and finally keywords. The document also covers checked and unchecked exceptions, nested try blocks, and rethrowing and declaring exceptions using throws.
Exceptions provide a flexible error handling mechanism in Java. The try-catch block is used to catch and handle exceptions. Exceptions can be thrown using the throw keyword. Best practices include providing clear exception messages, only throwing exceptions for unexpected errors, and catching specific exceptions rather than all exceptions. Custom exceptions can also be created by inheriting from the Exception class.
The document discusses various aspects of exception handling in Java such as the different types of exceptions (checked, unchecked, errors), keywords used in exception handling (try, catch, finally, throw, throws), and common scenarios where exceptions may occur. It provides examples of using try-catch blocks to handle exceptions, throwing custom exceptions using throw, and declaring exceptions in method signatures using throws. Finally, it discusses some key differences between concepts like final, finally and finalize in Java.
Ch-1_5.pdf this is java tutorials for allHayomeTakele
The document discusses exception handling in Java. It defines exceptions as abnormal conditions that occur during runtime and disrupt normal program flow. It describes different types of exceptions like checked, unchecked, and errors. It explains concepts like exception handling syntax using try, catch, finally blocks to maintain program flow. It provides examples to demonstrate exception handling and resolving exceptions in catch blocks.
The document discusses exception handling in C++. It defines exceptions as conditions that occur during execution and prevent normal program continuation. Exception handling involves trying blocks of code that may throw exceptions, throwing exceptions when errors occur, and catching exceptions in handler blocks to deal with the errors. The key aspects of exception handling are try blocks for code that can throw, throw statements to indicate exceptions, and catch blocks that match exception types to handle them.
This document discusses exceptions in Java. It defines exceptions as error conditions that can occur during program execution. It describes Java's mechanism for exception handling using try, catch, and finally blocks. Exceptions are instances of the Throwable class or its subclasses. Checked exceptions must be handled, while unchecked exceptions are optional to handle. The document provides examples of catching, propagating, and throwing exceptions.
The document discusses try/catch blocks in Java and how they can be used to handle errors and exceptions. It covers:
1) Using try/catch blocks allows code to fix errors and prevent program termination by handling exceptions.
2) Multiple catch clauses can be specified to handle different exception types thrown from the same code block.
3) Try blocks can be nested, with inner exceptions caught by inner handlers or bubbled up to outer handlers if uncaught.
Exceptions in Java occur when unexpected or abnormal conditions arise during program execution. There are two main types of exceptions: Exceptions, which can be caught and handled by the program, and Errors, which usually indicate serious problems and cannot be caught. When an exception occurs, an object is thrown which can either be handled within the method or passed to the calling method. Exceptions are typically generated by the Java runtime system but can also be manually thrown in code. Finally blocks ensure code is executed whether or not an exception occurs, such as closing open files or network connections.
The document discusses different types of errors in Java including compile-time errors, run-time errors, and exceptions. It defines exceptions as events that disrupt normal program flow and describes Java's exception handling mechanism which includes throwing, catching, and handling exceptions using try, catch, throw, throws and finally keywords. The document also covers checked and unchecked exceptions, nested try blocks, and rethrowing and declaring exceptions using throws.
Exceptions provide a flexible error handling mechanism in Java. The try-catch block is used to catch and handle exceptions. Exceptions can be thrown using the throw keyword. Best practices include providing clear exception messages, only throwing exceptions for unexpected errors, and catching specific exceptions rather than all exceptions. Custom exceptions can also be created by inheriting from the Exception class.
The document discusses various aspects of exception handling in Java such as the different types of exceptions (checked, unchecked, errors), keywords used in exception handling (try, catch, finally, throw, throws), and common scenarios where exceptions may occur. It provides examples of using try-catch blocks to handle exceptions, throwing custom exceptions using throw, and declaring exceptions in method signatures using throws. Finally, it discusses some key differences between concepts like final, finally and finalize in Java.
Ch-1_5.pdf this is java tutorials for allHayomeTakele
The document discusses exception handling in Java. It defines exceptions as abnormal conditions that occur during runtime and disrupt normal program flow. It describes different types of exceptions like checked, unchecked, and errors. It explains concepts like exception handling syntax using try, catch, finally blocks to maintain program flow. It provides examples to demonstrate exception handling and resolving exceptions in catch blocks.
The document discusses exception handling in C++. It defines exceptions as conditions that occur during execution and prevent normal program continuation. Exception handling involves trying blocks of code that may throw exceptions, throwing exceptions when errors occur, and catching exceptions in handler blocks to deal with the errors. The key aspects of exception handling are try blocks for code that can throw, throw statements to indicate exceptions, and catch blocks that match exception types to handle them.
Exception handling in C# involves using try, catch, and finally blocks. The try block contains code that might throw exceptions, the catch block handles any exceptions, and finally contains cleanup code. There are different types of exceptions like OutOfMemoryException and DivideByZeroException. Exceptions can be handled by showing error messages, logging exceptions, or throwing custom exceptions for business rule violations.
This document provides an overview of exception handling in Java. It defines what exceptions are, which are errors that disrupt normal program flow. There are three main types of exceptions: checked exceptions that must be declared, unchecked exceptions that do not need to be declared, and errors. The try-catch block is used to handle exceptions, with catch blocks specifying the exception types to handle. Finally blocks will execute regardless of whether an exception occurred or not and are used for cleanup code. Custom exceptions can also be created by extending the Exception class.
Exception handling in Java allows programs to gracefully handle errors and unexpected conditions. The try block contains code that might throw exceptions, while catch blocks catch specific exception types. Finally blocks contain cleanup code that always executes whether an exception occurs or not. Programmers can throw exceptions themselves and catch or rethrow exceptions to defer handling to an outer scope. Finally blocks ensure resources are released properly.
This document discusses exception handling in .NET. It defines exceptions as objects that are thrown when errors or unexpected events occur during program execution. Exceptions allow errors to be handled at multiple levels through try-catch blocks. The core exception class is System.Exception, which other custom exceptions inherit from. Exceptions can be thrown manually with throw or occur automatically from errors. Finally blocks ensure code is always executed even if an exception is thrown.
An exception is an error condition or unexpected behavior encountered during program execution. Exceptions are handled using try, catch, and finally blocks. The try block contains code that might throw an exception, the catch block handles the exception if it occurs, and the finally block contains cleanup code that always executes. Common .NET exception classes include ArgumentException, NullReferenceException, and IndexOutOfRangeException. Exceptions provide a standard way to handle runtime errors in programs and allow the programmer to define specific behavior in error cases.
This document provides an overview of exception handling in Java. It defines what exceptions are, common causes of exceptions, and how exception handling works in Java using keywords like try, catch, throw, throws, and finally. It also discusses different exception types, creating custom exceptions, and key classes related to exceptions in the java.util package like Date, TimeZone, Calendar, and GregorianCalendar.
This document discusses exception handling in Java. It defines exceptions as errors that occur during runtime and explains how Java uses try, catch, throw, throws and finally keywords to handle exceptions. try blocks contain code that can throw exceptions. catch blocks catch specific exception types. throw manually throws exceptions. throws declares which exceptions a method can throw. finally ensures code is always executed after a try block. The document provides examples of handling different exception types, nested try blocks, and rethrowing exceptions.
Exceptions in Java allow programs to handle errors and unexpected conditions in a uniform way. Exceptions break normal program flow and can be caught and handled in catch blocks. Common exceptions include runtime exceptions for errors like null pointer exceptions and checked exceptions for errors like IOExceptions. Exceptions are organized in a hierarchy with Throwable at the top. The Java compiler enforces exception handling to improve correctness.
Exceptions in Java allow errors to be handled separately from main program logic. Exceptions break normal program flow and can be caught and handled in catch blocks. There are checked exceptions that must be caught or declared as thrown, and unchecked exceptions like RuntimeException that do not require handling. Finally blocks are always executed to cleanup resources whether an exception occurs or not.
Exception handling in Java allows programs to gracefully deal with errors and unexpected conditions. There are five keywords used for exception handling: try, catch, throw, throws, and finally. Code that could generate an exception is placed in a try block. If an exception occurs, it is thrown and can be caught in an accompanying catch block. Finally blocks contain cleanup code that always executes whether an exception occurred or not. Exceptions are classified as either checked, which must be caught, or unchecked, which do not require catching but are good to handle for robust programs.
There are three main ways to create and start a new thread in Java: 1) by extending the Thread class, 2) by implementing the Runnable interface, and 3) by using an anonymous class that implements Runnable. The Thread scheduler determines which thread will execute first based on priority and other factors. The main thread lifecycle states are new, runnable, running, and dead. Methods like yield(), join(), setPriority(), etc. allow controlling thread behavior.
In this chapter we will discuss exceptions in the object-oriented programming and in Java in particular. We will learn how to handle exceptions using the try-catch construct, how to pass them to the calling methods and how to throw standard or our own exceptions using the throw construct.
The document discusses exception handling in Java. It defines exceptions as abnormal conditions that arise during runtime and disrupt normal program flow. There are three types of exceptions: checked exceptions which must be declared, unchecked exceptions which do not need to be declared, and errors which are rare and cannot be recovered from. The try, catch, and finally blocks are used to handle exceptions, with catch blocks handling specific exception types and finally blocks containing cleanup code.
The document discusses exceptions in Java. It explains that try blocks are used to guard code that may throw exceptions, and catch blocks handle specific exception types. If an exception is thrown in a try block, the exception handling mechanism searches for the first matching catch block. Finally blocks allow executing cleanup code whether or not an exception occurs. Custom exceptions can be created by extending the Exception class. Runtime exceptions represent programming errors and do not require declaration.
The document discusses exception handling in Java. It defines exceptions as abnormal conditions that arise during runtime due to errors. It describes different types of exceptions like compile-time errors and runtime errors. It explains how to handle exceptions using try, catch, throw, throws and finally keywords. Try blocks contain code that may generate exceptions. Catch blocks catch specific exception types. Finally blocks contain cleanup code that always executes whether an exception occurs or not. The document provides examples to demonstrate exception handling concepts in Java.
Unit II Java & J2EE regarding Java application developmentrohitgudasi18
This document discusses exception handling and multithreaded programming in Java. It covers exception handling fundamentals including try, catch, throw, throws and finally blocks. It also discusses uncaught exceptions, displaying exception descriptions, and multiple catch clauses. It covers threading fundamentals such as thread priorities, synchronization, and messaging between threads. It discusses the Thread class, Runnable interface, and methods for creating and controlling threads such as start(), sleep(), setName(), and getName().
An exception occurs when the normal flow of a program is disrupted, such as dividing by zero or accessing an out-of-bounds array element. Exceptions are handled using try-catch blocks to catch specific exceptions or finally blocks to clean up resources. Methods can throw exceptions using the throw statement or specify thrown exceptions in the method declaration using throws. Programmers can also create custom exception classes by extending the Exception class.
This document discusses object placement and layout managers in GUI programming. It describes how to add objects like buttons and labels to a content pane and use different layout managers, including FlowLayout, BorderLayout, and GridLayout, to determine object positioning. It also introduces the concept of panels, which allow sectioning of a frame and the use of nested layouts.
The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts like passing objects to methods, returning objects from methods, using objects as attributes, and overloading methods. Specifically, it provides an example of creating an Equipment class with attributes like name and value, and methods to get those attributes, loan the equipment to a student, and check which student it is loaned to. It also shows adding a borrowed equipment attribute to the Student class to track equipment loans.
Exception handling in C# involves using try, catch, and finally blocks. The try block contains code that might throw exceptions, the catch block handles any exceptions, and finally contains cleanup code. There are different types of exceptions like OutOfMemoryException and DivideByZeroException. Exceptions can be handled by showing error messages, logging exceptions, or throwing custom exceptions for business rule violations.
This document provides an overview of exception handling in Java. It defines what exceptions are, which are errors that disrupt normal program flow. There are three main types of exceptions: checked exceptions that must be declared, unchecked exceptions that do not need to be declared, and errors. The try-catch block is used to handle exceptions, with catch blocks specifying the exception types to handle. Finally blocks will execute regardless of whether an exception occurred or not and are used for cleanup code. Custom exceptions can also be created by extending the Exception class.
Exception handling in Java allows programs to gracefully handle errors and unexpected conditions. The try block contains code that might throw exceptions, while catch blocks catch specific exception types. Finally blocks contain cleanup code that always executes whether an exception occurs or not. Programmers can throw exceptions themselves and catch or rethrow exceptions to defer handling to an outer scope. Finally blocks ensure resources are released properly.
This document discusses exception handling in .NET. It defines exceptions as objects that are thrown when errors or unexpected events occur during program execution. Exceptions allow errors to be handled at multiple levels through try-catch blocks. The core exception class is System.Exception, which other custom exceptions inherit from. Exceptions can be thrown manually with throw or occur automatically from errors. Finally blocks ensure code is always executed even if an exception is thrown.
An exception is an error condition or unexpected behavior encountered during program execution. Exceptions are handled using try, catch, and finally blocks. The try block contains code that might throw an exception, the catch block handles the exception if it occurs, and the finally block contains cleanup code that always executes. Common .NET exception classes include ArgumentException, NullReferenceException, and IndexOutOfRangeException. Exceptions provide a standard way to handle runtime errors in programs and allow the programmer to define specific behavior in error cases.
This document provides an overview of exception handling in Java. It defines what exceptions are, common causes of exceptions, and how exception handling works in Java using keywords like try, catch, throw, throws, and finally. It also discusses different exception types, creating custom exceptions, and key classes related to exceptions in the java.util package like Date, TimeZone, Calendar, and GregorianCalendar.
This document discusses exception handling in Java. It defines exceptions as errors that occur during runtime and explains how Java uses try, catch, throw, throws and finally keywords to handle exceptions. try blocks contain code that can throw exceptions. catch blocks catch specific exception types. throw manually throws exceptions. throws declares which exceptions a method can throw. finally ensures code is always executed after a try block. The document provides examples of handling different exception types, nested try blocks, and rethrowing exceptions.
Exceptions in Java allow programs to handle errors and unexpected conditions in a uniform way. Exceptions break normal program flow and can be caught and handled in catch blocks. Common exceptions include runtime exceptions for errors like null pointer exceptions and checked exceptions for errors like IOExceptions. Exceptions are organized in a hierarchy with Throwable at the top. The Java compiler enforces exception handling to improve correctness.
Exceptions in Java allow errors to be handled separately from main program logic. Exceptions break normal program flow and can be caught and handled in catch blocks. There are checked exceptions that must be caught or declared as thrown, and unchecked exceptions like RuntimeException that do not require handling. Finally blocks are always executed to cleanup resources whether an exception occurs or not.
Exception handling in Java allows programs to gracefully deal with errors and unexpected conditions. There are five keywords used for exception handling: try, catch, throw, throws, and finally. Code that could generate an exception is placed in a try block. If an exception occurs, it is thrown and can be caught in an accompanying catch block. Finally blocks contain cleanup code that always executes whether an exception occurred or not. Exceptions are classified as either checked, which must be caught, or unchecked, which do not require catching but are good to handle for robust programs.
There are three main ways to create and start a new thread in Java: 1) by extending the Thread class, 2) by implementing the Runnable interface, and 3) by using an anonymous class that implements Runnable. The Thread scheduler determines which thread will execute first based on priority and other factors. The main thread lifecycle states are new, runnable, running, and dead. Methods like yield(), join(), setPriority(), etc. allow controlling thread behavior.
In this chapter we will discuss exceptions in the object-oriented programming and in Java in particular. We will learn how to handle exceptions using the try-catch construct, how to pass them to the calling methods and how to throw standard or our own exceptions using the throw construct.
The document discusses exception handling in Java. It defines exceptions as abnormal conditions that arise during runtime and disrupt normal program flow. There are three types of exceptions: checked exceptions which must be declared, unchecked exceptions which do not need to be declared, and errors which are rare and cannot be recovered from. The try, catch, and finally blocks are used to handle exceptions, with catch blocks handling specific exception types and finally blocks containing cleanup code.
The document discusses exceptions in Java. It explains that try blocks are used to guard code that may throw exceptions, and catch blocks handle specific exception types. If an exception is thrown in a try block, the exception handling mechanism searches for the first matching catch block. Finally blocks allow executing cleanup code whether or not an exception occurs. Custom exceptions can be created by extending the Exception class. Runtime exceptions represent programming errors and do not require declaration.
The document discusses exception handling in Java. It defines exceptions as abnormal conditions that arise during runtime due to errors. It describes different types of exceptions like compile-time errors and runtime errors. It explains how to handle exceptions using try, catch, throw, throws and finally keywords. Try blocks contain code that may generate exceptions. Catch blocks catch specific exception types. Finally blocks contain cleanup code that always executes whether an exception occurs or not. The document provides examples to demonstrate exception handling concepts in Java.
Unit II Java & J2EE regarding Java application developmentrohitgudasi18
This document discusses exception handling and multithreaded programming in Java. It covers exception handling fundamentals including try, catch, throw, throws and finally blocks. It also discusses uncaught exceptions, displaying exception descriptions, and multiple catch clauses. It covers threading fundamentals such as thread priorities, synchronization, and messaging between threads. It discusses the Thread class, Runnable interface, and methods for creating and controlling threads such as start(), sleep(), setName(), and getName().
An exception occurs when the normal flow of a program is disrupted, such as dividing by zero or accessing an out-of-bounds array element. Exceptions are handled using try-catch blocks to catch specific exceptions or finally blocks to clean up resources. Methods can throw exceptions using the throw statement or specify thrown exceptions in the method declaration using throws. Programmers can also create custom exception classes by extending the Exception class.
This document discusses object placement and layout managers in GUI programming. It describes how to add objects like buttons and labels to a content pane and use different layout managers, including FlowLayout, BorderLayout, and GridLayout, to determine object positioning. It also introduces the concept of panels, which allow sectioning of a frame and the use of nested layouts.
The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts like passing objects to methods, returning objects from methods, using objects as attributes, and overloading methods. Specifically, it provides an example of creating an Equipment class with attributes like name and value, and methods to get those attributes, loan the equipment to a student, and check which student it is loaned to. It also shows adding a borrowed equipment attribute to the Student class to track equipment loans.
This document discusses file handling in Java. It covers creating File objects to represent files and directories, and using streams for low-level and high-level file input and output of primitive data types, text, and objects. Methods like exists(), list(), isFile() are used to check files. The FileChooser class provides a GUI to select files. Streams like FileOutputStream, FileInputStream, PrintWriter, Scanner facilitate reading and writing files. Object streams allow writing and reading objects to files.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts in Java including classes, objects, attributes, and methods. It discusses how classes define templates for objects and how objects are instances of classes. Examples are given of declaring a class for a car with attributes like make and speed, and methods like accelerate and turn. The document also covers creating objects from classes in code, and accessing object attributes and methods. Finally, it briefly introduces some standard Java classes like Math that are commonly used.
This document provides an overview of several Java standard classes including Date, SimpleDateFormat, Scanner, Math, and DecimalFormat. It discusses how to create objects from these classes, commonly used methods, and examples of how to incorporate them into programs. For Date, it demonstrates getting the current date, comparing dates, and formatting dates. For Scanner, it shows reading user input. For Math, it lists common mathematical methods. For DecimalFormat, it demonstrates formatting numbers to a specified number of decimal places.
This document discusses inheritance and GUI components in Java. It begins by reviewing how to create basic GUI frames and components using classes like JFrame and JOptionPane. It then explains the concepts of inheritance, where a subclass inherits attributes and methods from its superclass. Regarding GUIs, the document shows how custom GUI frames can be created by extending the JFrame class and overriding its methods. This allows creating specialized frame classes with customized functionality and properties.
Wrapper classes allow primitive data types like int and double to be used as objects. Each primitive type has a corresponding wrapper class like Integer and Double. Wrapper classes allow primitive values to be passed by reference rather than by value. GUIs can be created using Swing components like JFrame for windows and JOptionPane for simple input/output dialogs. Components are added to the content pane of the JFrame to build the GUI interface.
This document discusses event handling in Java GUI programming. It explains that GUI components like buttons and text boxes generate events like clicks and key presses. Event listeners need to be created to handle these events. The ActionListener interface is used to create classes that listen for action events. There are four ways to implement an action listener: 1) create a separate listener class, 2) make the GUI class itself the listener, 3) create a nested listener class, 4) use an anonymous inner class. The event source and event object can be used to determine which component generated the event. Multiple listeners can be used to handle different event sources.
The document discusses creating classes in Java. It covers:
1. Creating a class with attributes and methods, including get/set methods and constructors.
2. Using private and public access modifiers to control which parts of a class can be accessed from outside the class.
3. The principle of encapsulation, which separates the external interface of a class from its internal implementation through information hiding.
The document summarizes key concepts about strings and regular expressions in Java. It discusses that strings are immutable sequences of characters represented by the String class, and how to manipulate strings. It also covers that regular expressions provide a concise way to match patterns in strings using special characters. Finally, it notes that the StringBuffer and StringBuilder classes allow mutable string operations by modifying objects instead of creating new String objects.
This lecture covered the steps involved in solving a programming problem: problem identification, analysis, program design, implementation, testing, and documentation. It then discussed some key concepts for moving from C to Java, including variables, operators, control structures like if/else statements and loops, and arrays. The document provided examples and explanations of these concepts.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
3. Error handling
▪ If something goes wrong in our program, it is better to do
something with the error, rather than have the whole program
crash. This is to improve robustness.
▪ An exception is a runtime error that occurs during the normal
course of program execution.
▪ When an exception occurs, we say that the exception has been
thrown.
4. Error handling
▪ We can write code that catches a thrown exception i.e. runs
whenever the exception is thrown.
▪ If we don’t write code to handle the exceptions, there is a
default handler, but this will usually end the program or give
erroneous results.
▪ There is a lot more to this topic that we won’t cover.
5. Error handling
▪ InputMismatchException - Common exception you would
have seen already – mismatch between the data you
enter and what scanner input function you are using:
▪ Example: read two numbers in from console.
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter first number: ");
int num1 = scan.nextInt();
System.out.print("Enter second number: ");
int num2 = scan.nextInt();
System.out.print("Their sum: " + (num1 + num2));
6. Error handling
▪ What happens if the user enters a character? What will
nextInt() do?
▪ We get an error message – this particular exception is
InputMismatchException.
▪ We can handle exceptions using a try‐catch statement.
8. Error handling
▪ if-statements, switch‐statements, loops etc all
determine the program flow – i.e. which line is executed
next.
▪ try-catch statements are similar in this way
try {
. . .
}
catch (. . .) {
. . .
}
9. Error handling
▪ If there are any exceptions that occur inside the try
section, then it stops executing the try block, but
instead runs the catch block.
▪ The type of exception that is caught is inside the
brackets of the catch statement.
try {
. . .
}
catch (. . .) {
. . .
}
10. Error handling
▪ If the user does enter an integer, this causes a
InputMismatchException and the println message is shown.
▪ Then the code after the catch block is run.
▪ If there is no exception, then the catch block isn’t run at all.
System.out.print("Enter first number: ");
try {
num1 = scan.nextInt();
}
catch (InputMismatchException e) {
System.out.println("Please enter an integer.");
}
11. Error handling
▪ How can we exploit the fact that we leave the try block as
soon as there is an exception?
▪ We can put our try-catch block inside a loop and only change
the loop condition once we have finished the try-block.
12. Error handling
boolean done = false;
do {
System.out.print("Enter first number: ");
try {
num1 = scan.nextInt();
done = true;
}
catch (InputMismatchException e) {
System.out.println("Please enter an integer.");
scan.next();
}
}while(!done);
13. Error handling
▪ We loop as long as done == false. done is only set to true,
once we finish the try-block.
▪ Notice, we added the scan.next() to the catch – this is to clear
out the exception causing input the user has entered.
▪ If we don’t, then scan.nextInt() will keep reading the same
non-integer and we will be stuck in a loop.
17. Error handling
Exception classes:
▪ Exception objects are instances of the Throwable class or one
of its subclasses.
▪ e.g. InputMismatchException class is a subclass of Throwable
class.
▪ Throwable class has two subclasses, Error and Exception.
– Error is for more serious issues
– Exception is for errors that can be handled – our focus.
18. Error handling
Exception classes:
▪ Throwable objects have methods that help us get information
about the exception.
▪ With catch (InputMismatchException e) we can then access
the methods of e: getMessage() and printStackTrace().
19. Error handling
Exception classes:
▪ Not all Throwable objects set their error messages, so
getMessage() will return null. You can also print the object
itself to get the type of error.
▪ printStackTrace() – this will show the sequence of method
calls from main to the exception – later.
20. Error handling
Different Exceptions
▪ RuntimeException:
– Superclass of exceptions that are thrown during normal operation
– Unchecked exception – program will compile if a try-catch block isn’t used.
– Subclass of Exception
▪ ArithmeticException:
– e.g. division by zero
– Subclass of RuntimeException
▪ NullPointerException:
– e.g. treating a null as if it were
an object
– Subclass of RuntimeException
21. Error handling
Different Exceptions
▪ IllegalArgumentException:
– e.g. method has been passed incorrect argument
– Subclass of RuntimeException
▪ NumberFormatException:
– e.g. converting string to
number but string doesn’t
have correct format
– Subclass of
IllegalArgumentException
22. Error handling
Different Exceptions
▪ IOException:
– e.g. some issue with I/O
– Checked exception – will cause a compile time error if it is not
handled.
– Subclass of Exception
▪ FileNotFoundException:
– e.g. file handling with file that
doesn’t exist.
– Subclass of IOException
24. Error handling
Multiple catch blocks
▪ We might want to catch different types of exceptions and
handle each one differently.
▪ Each catch‐block is checked in sequence for a match (of the
type of the Throwable object)
26. Error handling
Multiple catch blocks
▪ If Exception is checked first,
then every exception will match
with this one first and skip the
rest.
▪ The more specific Exception
classes (subclasses) should be
checked before the more
general Exception classes
(superclasses) otherwise, all the
exceptions will be caught by the
general Exception class
28. Error handling
▪ So instead, we need to check the InputMismatchException
catch block first, and then Exception catch block
try {
...
}
catch (Exception e) {
...
}
catch(InputMismatchException e) {
...
}
InputMismatchException
happens here
try {
...
}
catch (InputMismatchException e) {
...
}
catch(Exception e) {
...
}
InputMismatchException
happens here
×
29. Error handling
▪ We can add a finally block as well – finally block is
always run.
▪ Even if there is a return statement – finally block
code is run first. try {
...
}
catch(Exception e) {
...
}
finally {
...
}
31. Error handling
Throwing exceptions
▪ So far, the exception is thrown automatically. We can define
and throw our own exceptions.
▪ Example: we want the user to enter only positive numbers
– We instantiate an Exception object (or any subclass of the Throwable
class)
– Argument to the constructor is the message that is returned by
getMessage()
– We throw this object – keyword throw
if (num1 <= 0) {
throw new Exception("Number needs to be positive.");
}
35. Error handling
Stack of method calls
▪ Recall that methods can call each other.
▪ Once a method has completed it returns to the method and
line that called it.
void A() {
//...
B();
//...
}
void B() {
//...
C();
//...
}
void C() {
//...
D();
//...
}
void D() {
//...
}
36. Error handling
▪ Instead of handling the exception ourselves – we can pass
it back down the stack of method calls, looking for a
matching catch-block.
▪ This is known as exception propagation
▪ Example from “Introduction to Object-Orientated
Programming with Java” (5th ed) by Wu
38. Error handling
▪ If a method wants to propagate an exception, then it
must include the keyword throws.
▪ If we throw our own exceptions, then we either need to
catch them ourselves, or propagate it back down the
stack.
public void myMethod() throws Exception{...}
40. Error handling
▪ Similar to throwing exceptions, we can assert that a
condition be true.
▪ If the condition is not true, it will throw an
AssertionError.
▪ Also need to enable assertions:
– Need to pass “–ea” as an argument to your program
– In Eclipse: Run Run Configurations <ProgramName>
Arguments VM Arguments add “–ea”
41. Error handling
▪ Example the logic of our program has meant that x > y
▪ We can ensure this is the case using assertions:
try {
assert (x > y);
}
catch(AssertionError e) {
System.out.println(“Warning: x is not greater than y!");
}
If this condition is false, then it
will throw an AssertionError,
which can then be handled or not.