Hong Kong's climate is changing, with rising temperatures, increasing rainfall amounts and intensity, and more extreme weather events. Over the past century, Hong Kong's average temperature has risen by 1.2°C. Annual rainfall has increased by 1% per decade despite decreasing rainy days. Extreme hourly and daily rainfall amounts are occurring more frequently. Urbanization has exacerbated temperature rises, with less cooling at night. While tropical cyclone frequency near Hong Kong has not significantly changed, the water cycle has intensified due to higher temperatures. These trends are consistent with global warming and pose challenges for Hong Kong.
A presentation on Weather and Climate made by Deepak Rajput. It was presented as a seminar requirement at the University of Tennessee Space Institute in Spring 2008.
A presentation on Weather and Climate made by Deepak Rajput. It was presented as a seminar requirement at the University of Tennessee Space Institute in Spring 2008.
The climate of a region is ultimately determined by the radiation energy of the sun, and its distribution and temporal fluctuations. The long-term state of the atmosphere is a function of a variety of interacting elements. They are: Solar radiation, Air masses, Pressure systems (and cyclone belts),Ocean Currents, and topography.
Precipitation is the natural process of conversion of atmospheric water vapour into water. The water falls(comes down) in the form of a rainfall or snow fall. The term precipitation is also used to refer rainfall. It is term and includes all forms of falling moisture viz., rainfall, snowfall, sleet, hail etc. Rainfall occurs in the form of a pattern.
Physical Geography Lecture 10 - Global Climates 110916angelaorr
Climate. How climate is determined. Climate is important because it provides resources for humans. Climate classification. The Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Scheme. The Major Climate Groups. Subclassifications of climate. Climate map. Climographs. Climates, climographs, examples, details: A Climates. B Climates. C Climates. D Climates. E Climates. H Climates.
The climate of a region is ultimately determined by the radiation energy of the sun, and its distribution and temporal fluctuations. The long-term state of the atmosphere is a function of a variety of interacting elements. They are: Solar radiation, Air masses, Pressure systems (and cyclone belts),Ocean Currents, and topography.
Precipitation is the natural process of conversion of atmospheric water vapour into water. The water falls(comes down) in the form of a rainfall or snow fall. The term precipitation is also used to refer rainfall. It is term and includes all forms of falling moisture viz., rainfall, snowfall, sleet, hail etc. Rainfall occurs in the form of a pattern.
Physical Geography Lecture 10 - Global Climates 110916angelaorr
Climate. How climate is determined. Climate is important because it provides resources for humans. Climate classification. The Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Scheme. The Major Climate Groups. Subclassifications of climate. Climate map. Climographs. Climates, climographs, examples, details: A Climates. B Climates. C Climates. D Climates. E Climates. H Climates.
"Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis", assesses the current
scientific knowledge of the natural and human drivers of climate change,
observed changes in climate, the ability of science to attribute changes
to different causes, and projections for future climate change.
The report was produced by some 600 authors from 40 countries. Over 620
expert reviewers and a large number of government reviewers also
participated. Representatives from 113 governments reviewed and revised
the Summary line-by-line during the course of this week before adopting
it and accepting the underlying report.
“Climate Change
2007: The Physical Science Basis”, assesses the current scientific knowledge of
the natural and human drivers of climate change, observed changes in climate,
the ability of science to attribute changes to different causes, and projections
for future climate change.
The report was
produced by some 600 authors from 40 countries. Over 620 expert reviewers and a
large number of government reviewers also participated. Representatives from 113
governments reviewed and revised the Summary line-by-line during the course of
this week before adopting it and accepting the underlying
report.
Extent of climate change over India & its projected impact on Indian agricult...India Water Portal
This special address by Dr Y E A Raj, Director General, Regional Meteorological Centre, Chennai made at the Kerala Enviroment Congress, Trivandrum organised by the Centre for Environment and Development discusses the impact of climate change on Indian agriculture
Lecture power point of Climate change Adaptation and Mitigation for Department of Natural Resource Management. This short lecture power point is prepared by Mengistu Tilahun
Thanks!!!
a change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels.
a change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels.
Presentation held by Jasper Batureine Mwesigwa from IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre (ICPAC), at the learning event The Community Based Adaptation and Resilience in East and Southern Africa’s Drylands, held in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia by Care International Adaptation Learning Program for Africa (ALP), The CGIAR research program on Climate change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and African Insect Science for Food and Health (ICIPE)
Chapter
Climate Change 2014
Synthesis Report
Summary for Policymakers
Summary for Policymakers
2
SPM
Introduction
This Synthesis Report is based on the reports of the three Working Groups of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC), including relevant Special Reports. It provides an integrated view of climate change as the final part of the IPCC’s
Fifth Assessment Report (AR5).
This summary follows the structure of the longer report which addresses the following topics: Observed changes and their
causes; Future climate change, risks and impacts; Future pathways for adaptation, mitigation and sustainable development;
Adaptation and mitigation.
In the Synthesis Report, the certainty in key assessment findings is communicated as in the Working Group Reports and
Special Reports. It is based on the author teams’ evaluations of underlying scientific understanding and is expressed as a
qualitative level of confidence (from very low to very high) and, when possible, probabilistically with a quantified likelihood
(from exceptionally unlikely to virtually certain)1. Where appropriate, findings are also formulated as statements of fact with-
out using uncertainty qualifiers.
This report includes information relevant to Article 2 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC).
SPM 1. Observed Changes and their Causes
Human influence on the climate system is clear, and recent anthropogenic emissions of green-
house gases are the highest in history. Recent climate changes have had widespread impacts
on human and natural systems. {1}
SPM 1.1 Observed changes in the climate system
Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed
changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The atmosphere and ocean have
warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen. {1.1}
Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth’s surface than any preceding decade since 1850. The
period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where
such assessment is possible (medium confidence). The globally averaged combined land and ocean surface temperature
data as calculated by a linear trend show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C 2 over the period 1880 to 2012, when multiple
independently produced datasets exist (Figure SPM.1a). {1.1.1, Figure 1.1}
In addition to robust multi-decadal warming, the globally averaged surface temperature exhibits substantial decadal and
interannual variability (Figure SPM.1a). Due to this natural variability, trends based on short records are very sensitive to the
beginning and end dates and do not in general reflect long-term climate trends. As one example, the rate of warming over
1 Each finding is grounded in an evaluation of underlying evidence and agreement. In many cases, a synthesis of evidence and agreement suppo.
Similar to Lecture 7 hk climate, its long term trend and variability (20)
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
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Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Lecture 7 hk climate, its long term trend and variability
1. Lecture 7 Hong Kong’s climate, it’s long term
trends and variability
LSGI1B02 Climate Change and Society
LEUNG Wing-mo
2. “Climate is what you expect; weather is what you get.”
-Robert A. Heinlein, science fiction writer
- John Wallace, atmospheric scientist
“Climate lasts all the time and weather only a few days.”
-Mark Twain
“By climate we mean the average weather as ascertained by
many years’ observations. Climate also takes into account the
extreme weather experienced during that period. Climate is what
on an average we may expect, weather is what we actually get.”
-Andrew John Herbertson, Geography Reader, Oxford University
Weather is the minute-to-minute, day-to-day state of the local atmosphere.
Climate is determined by the long-term (time) pattern of the averages of
temperature, precipitation etc and their extremes at a location (space).
Climate describes the long-term character (normally a 30-year period,
updated every 10 years) of all weather variations + extremes, and their
frequencies of occurrence.
3. Climate Variability and Climate Change
• Climate Variability: The range of fluctuations around long-term average
climate conditions. It refers to variations in the state of climate beyond
that of individual weather events.
Drivers of climate variability include El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
and other phenomena. They produce warm, cool, wet or dry periods
across different regions and are a natural part of climate variability.
• Climate Change: A significant and persistent change in the mean state of
the climate or its variability. Climate change occurs in response to changes
in some aspect of Earth’s environment.
It can include changes in temperature, precipitation, increase in
occurrence of extreme weather events, as well as increased/decreased
variability.
4. Climate Variability and Climate Change
Normals
Climate Change
Climate Oscillations
Climate Variability
Normals
Short term: (years to
decadal) rises and
falls about the trend
line (El Nino Southern
Oscillation, ENSO)
Long Term Trends or
major shifts in climate:
(centuries)
Multi-decadal oscillations
in regional climate: (e.g.
Pacific Decadal
Oscillation, PDO, North
Atlantic Oscillation, NAO)
5. One form of climate change
Distribution of a weather parameter (say, temperature)
cold hot
Probabilityofoccurrence
7. An illustration of our changing climate
Distribution of (a) daily minimum and (b) daily maximum
temperatures anomalies (relative to 1961-1990 climatology)
IPCC AR5
14. Climatological normals (1981-2010, 1971-2000…)
• Daily/monthly/annual mean rainfall;
• Daily/monthly/annual mean maximum, mean and
minimum temperature;
• Daily/monthly/annual mean cloud amount and
global solar radiation;
• Daily/monthly/annual mean no. of tropical cyclone
warning signals and strong monsoon signals;
• Daily/monthly/annual mean of days with lightning,
thunderstorms, fog, hail, tornadoes, frost,…
HKO climatological information webpage:
http://www.weather.gov.hk/cis/climat_e.htm
15. Weather extremes
• Temperature:
– 0 deg C (Jan 1893)
– 36.1 (Aug 1900, Aug 1990)
• Rainfall:
– 145.5 mm/h (Jun 2008) – Typhoon Fengshen (風神)
– 534.1 mm/day (Jul 1926)
– 1346.1 mm/month (Jun 2008)
– 3343.0 mm/year (1997)
– 901.1 mm (1963)
• Wind:
– Gust at HKO: 259 km/h (Wanda, Sep 1962)
– 60-min mean wind at HKO: 133 km/h (Wanda)
– Gust at Waglan: 234 km/h (York, Sep 1999)
– 60-min mean wind at Waglan (Ellen, Sep 1983)
20. Warming trend in Hong Kong (1885-2012)
Rise of 1.2 oC/100 years
(0.74 oC in 20th century
globally)
Annualmeantemperature,HKO,TST
Note the increasing rates of “change” and “variability”
21. Global temperature anomaly based on “1961 – 1990 normal”
(decadal – red, annual – dark blue, linear trend – grey).
Source: WMO, The Global Climate 2001-2010, A decade of climate extremes
C/decade
22. Decadal global temperature
(horizontal line indicates the 1961-1990 long-term average)
Source: WMO, The Global Climate 2001-2010, A decade of climate extremes
26. Increase in hot nights and very hot days
Decrease in cold days
No. of hot
nights > 28 C
No. of very hot
days > 33 C
No. of cold
days < 12 C)
27. Return period analysis
Extreme weather
events
Return period
in 1900
Return period
in 2000
Daily min. temp.
≤4o
C
6 years 163 years
Daily max. temp
≥35o
C
32 years 4.5 years
28. One reason for HK’s larger temperature rising
trend - Urbanization
Heat is
effectively
released in rural
areas at night.
Cooling at night is
ineffective in urban
areas due to high rises,
more heat sources and
less trees.
29. Other effects of urbanization
Wind flow
Higher wind speed
conducive to faster
heat dissipation and
evaporation.
Lower wind speeds
results in visibility
reduction and less
evaporation.
30. A snap shot of highly urbanized Hong Kong
Limited sky view
Air-conditioners
(heat source)
Street canyon, lack of
open space
Lack of greening
Busy traffic
(heat source)
High density
development
34. Diurnal variations of average Tu-r (urban – rural, in units of 0.10C, red
denotes +ve, blue denotes –ve, the thick black line denotes Tu-r = 0) of
Hong Kong in different months of the year (1989-2007)
35. 10-minute wind speed at King’s Park and Waglan
(1968-2012)
橫瀾島
京士柏
Waglan: no
significant trend
King’s Park:
decreasing
trendRelocation of anemometer
37. Annual rainfall at Hong Kong Observatory,
Tsimshatsui (1885-2012)
1997 (3343mm)
A rise of 1% per decade
1963 (901mm)
Again, note not just the rising trend, but variability as well
38. White background indicates increase, yellow background indicates decrease
Regional differences in rainfall trend
(1900 – 2005, over land, IPCC AR4)
39.
40. Hong Kong rain days (daily rainfall>=1mm)
(1885-2012)
Note: Total annual rainfall increases while rain days decrease
- 1.1 day/decade
41. Days of heavy rain (hourly rainfall >30mm)
(1885-2012)
+ 0.2 day/decade
42. Extreme event
Return period in
1900 (year)
Return period in
2000 (year)
Hourly rainfall
≥ 100mm
37 18
2-hourly rainfall
≥ 150mm
32 14
3-hourly rainfall
≥ 200mm
41 21
More frequent extreme rainfall events
42
44. Hours of reduced visibility at Hong Kong Observatory
1968 - 2012
(Visibility < 8km, RH<95%, excluding rain, mist or fog)
+53hour
/decade
+ 450 hours/decade
45. Mean sea level of Victoria Harbour (1954-2012)
Data is probably contaminated by land subsidence in pre-GPS era
46. No. of tropical cyclones within 500 km of Hong Kong
(1961-2012)
A decreasing trend, but not statistically significant at 5% level
5-year moving average
Linear trend
47. No. of tropical cyclones within 300 km of HK
(1961-2012)
5-year moving average
Linear trend
48. Hong Kong’s changing climate summary
Global warming + urbanization change in HK climate
Parameters Trend
temperature
rainfall
mean sea level
Time of reduced visibility
49. References
• “Climate change in Hong Kong” Hong Kong Observatory Technical Note 107:
http://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/tn/tn107.pdf
• “On climate change brought about by urban living” :
http://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/reprint/r700.pdf