This document discusses El Niño/La Niña climate patterns and their connection to Hong Kong's climate. It explains that El Niño/La Niña are naturally occurring phenomena linked to changes in Pacific Ocean sea surface temperatures and winds that affect weather worldwide. During El Niño, sea surface temperatures are warmer than average in the eastern Pacific while during La Niña they are colder. This impacts weather patterns and can cause droughts, floods, or changes in storm tracks in many regions including Hong Kong. The document provides details on the mechanisms and impacts of El Niño/La Niña events.
El Nino, La Nina, Ocean Circulation, Weather and Climate Unit, Earth Science ...www.sciencepowerpoint.com
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Weather and Climate unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 2500+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 14 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 19 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow are meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and review questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation.
Areas of Focus within The Weather and Climate Unit: -What is weather?, Climate, Importance of the Atmosphere, Components of the Atmosphere, Layers of the Atmosphere, Air Quality and Pollution, Carbon Monoxide, Ozone Layer, Ways to Avoid Skin Cancer, Air Pressure, Barometer, Air Pressure and Wind, Fronts, Wind, Global Wind, Coriolis Force, Jet Stream, Sea Breeze / Land Breeze, Mountain Winds, Mountain Rain Shadow, Wind Chill, Flight, Dangerous Weather Systems, Light, Albedo, Temperature, Thermometers, Seasons, Humidity / Condensation / Evaporation, Dew Points, Clouds, Types of Clouds, Meteorology, Weather Tools, Isotherms, Ocean Currents, Enhanced Global Warming, Greenhouse Effect, The Effects of Global Warming, Biomes, Types of Biomes. Difficulty rating 8/10.
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is an atmosphere-ocean coupled phenomenon in the Indian Ocean, characterised by a difference in sea-surface temperatures. IOD is the difference between the temperature of eastern (Bay of Bengal) and the western Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea). Indian monsoon depends upon not only El Nino La Nina but also IOD and other such ocean phenomena.
ENSO is a single climate phenomenon, it has three states, or phases, it can be in. The two opposite phases, “El Niño” and “La Niña,” require certain changes in both the ocean and the atmosphere because ENSO is a coupled climate phenomenon. “Neutral” is in the middle of the continuum.
Examining The Impacts of Hurricane Sandy on Rhode Island: A serious wake up ...riseagrant
Examining The Impacts of Hurricane Sandy on Rhode Island: A serious wake-up call!
This presentation was given by David R. Vallee (Hydrologist-in-Charge, NOAA/NWS/Northeast River Forecast Center) at the Shoreline Change SAMP Stakeholder Meeting on April 4th, 2013.
El Nino, La Nina, Ocean Circulation, Weather and Climate Unit, Earth Science ...www.sciencepowerpoint.com
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Weather and Climate unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 2500+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 14 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 19 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow are meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and review questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation.
Areas of Focus within The Weather and Climate Unit: -What is weather?, Climate, Importance of the Atmosphere, Components of the Atmosphere, Layers of the Atmosphere, Air Quality and Pollution, Carbon Monoxide, Ozone Layer, Ways to Avoid Skin Cancer, Air Pressure, Barometer, Air Pressure and Wind, Fronts, Wind, Global Wind, Coriolis Force, Jet Stream, Sea Breeze / Land Breeze, Mountain Winds, Mountain Rain Shadow, Wind Chill, Flight, Dangerous Weather Systems, Light, Albedo, Temperature, Thermometers, Seasons, Humidity / Condensation / Evaporation, Dew Points, Clouds, Types of Clouds, Meteorology, Weather Tools, Isotherms, Ocean Currents, Enhanced Global Warming, Greenhouse Effect, The Effects of Global Warming, Biomes, Types of Biomes. Difficulty rating 8/10.
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is an atmosphere-ocean coupled phenomenon in the Indian Ocean, characterised by a difference in sea-surface temperatures. IOD is the difference between the temperature of eastern (Bay of Bengal) and the western Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea). Indian monsoon depends upon not only El Nino La Nina but also IOD and other such ocean phenomena.
ENSO is a single climate phenomenon, it has three states, or phases, it can be in. The two opposite phases, “El Niño” and “La Niña,” require certain changes in both the ocean and the atmosphere because ENSO is a coupled climate phenomenon. “Neutral” is in the middle of the continuum.
Examining The Impacts of Hurricane Sandy on Rhode Island: A serious wake up ...riseagrant
Examining The Impacts of Hurricane Sandy on Rhode Island: A serious wake-up call!
This presentation was given by David R. Vallee (Hydrologist-in-Charge, NOAA/NWS/Northeast River Forecast Center) at the Shoreline Change SAMP Stakeholder Meeting on April 4th, 2013.
Climatic Controls- Latitude, Altitude, Pressure and wind system, Continentality, Ocean Currents, Relief
Importance of Himalayas
Indian Monsoon
La Nina
El NIno
Water Divide
An informative and connective presentation to class 9 Geography chapter climate. Covers all topics and gives adequate information about it. Easy to understand.
Hurricane Threat and Risk Analysis in Rhode Islandriseagrant
Hurricane Threat and Risk Analysis in Rhode Island presented at the July 24, 2014 Beach Special Area Management Plan Stakeholder meeting.
Dr. Isaac Ginis, URI Graduate School of Oceanography
View the video here: http://new.livestream.com/universityofrhodeisland/StormRecoveryRI
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: WEATHER MEASUREMENTS. It contains: difference between weather and climate, measuring the weather, what do we measure, temperature, precipitation, wind direction, Beaufort scale, cloud cover, air pressure, glossary.
Climatic Controls- Latitude, Altitude, Pressure and wind system, Continentality, Ocean Currents, Relief
Importance of Himalayas
Indian Monsoon
La Nina
El NIno
Water Divide
An informative and connective presentation to class 9 Geography chapter climate. Covers all topics and gives adequate information about it. Easy to understand.
Hurricane Threat and Risk Analysis in Rhode Islandriseagrant
Hurricane Threat and Risk Analysis in Rhode Island presented at the July 24, 2014 Beach Special Area Management Plan Stakeholder meeting.
Dr. Isaac Ginis, URI Graduate School of Oceanography
View the video here: http://new.livestream.com/universityofrhodeisland/StormRecoveryRI
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: WEATHER MEASUREMENTS. It contains: difference between weather and climate, measuring the weather, what do we measure, temperature, precipitation, wind direction, Beaufort scale, cloud cover, air pressure, glossary.
El nino and la nina impact on monsoon rainfall of India- Jitendra Kumar MeherJitendra Meher
Includes
1. Preliminary to detail Idea about El Nino and La Nina
2. Impact of El Nino and La Nina at global scale
3. Impact of El Nino and La Nina on Indian summer monsoon
4. A must check literature review
if you're grade 9, probably you tackled this in your science subject and your teacher tasked you to make a presentation, here is the ppt. It's about the conditions of el niño and la niña and history of el niño and la niña
(3) References for el nino cause and effects essayBelow are 3 fu.docxkatherncarlyle
(3) References for el nino cause and effects essay
Below are 3 full text sources from Proquest data base to be used for this essay. Please use in text citations in the body of the essay and create a works cited section at the end of the essay. I have already cited each source for you at the beginning of each source above the title (see below).
Perera, J. (1997, Dec 26). EL NINO - THE GLOBAL WEATHER PHENOMENON. Inter Press Service Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/446072605?accountid=8289
EL NINO - THE GLOBAL WEATHER PHENOMENON
LONDON, Dec. 26 (IPS) -- In March 1997, sea-surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean began increasing -- the beginning of the "El Nino" weather system that, linked with the so-called "Southern Oscillation," has become notorious its global effects.
The El Nino of 1982-83 caused severe flooding and weather damage in Latin America as well as drought in parts of Asia. The last event, in 1991-92 brought severe drought to Southern Africa.
This year's El Nino is regarded by various experts as one of the most severe this century with record Pacific surface temperatures.
It is expected to continue well into 1998.
El Nino was the name given by the fishermen of northern Peru during the 19th century to describe the flow ofwarm equatorial waters southward around Christmas time. Normally the waters were cold and flowed from south to north.
But periodically the waters would reverse their flow and become warm. This caused the fish food chain to collapse as the warm current blocked the nutrient-rich cold water that rises from the bottom of the ocean. The fish died or moved away and catches would fall. This usually reached its peak around Christmas holiday, and the sailors named it "El Nino" (the Christ Child).
However, Peruvian scientists later linked more intense changes that took place every few years with catastrophic seasonal flooding along the normally arid coast.
At the beginning of the 20th century, British climatologist Gilbert Walker, head of the Indian Meteorological Service, began to investigate connections between the Asian monsoon and other climatic changes. He had been asked in 1904 to find a way to predict the pattern of India's monsoons after an 1899 famine caused by monsoon failure.
Unaware of El Nino, he discovered a periodic fluctuation of atmospheric pressure over the tropical Indo-Pacific region, which he called the Southern Oscillation (SO). When rainfall was sparse over northern Australia and Indonesia, pressure in that region was unusually high and wind patterns were changed.
At the same time, pressures were unusually low in the eastern South Pacific. Walker devised a "Southern Oscillation Index" (SOI), based on pressure differences between the two regions (east minus west) and in papers published during the 1920s and 1930s, he presented evidence for worldwide climatic changes associated with the SOI pressure "seesaw."
In the 1950s, the low-phase years of the SOI were found to corresponded ...
Understanding Cyclones. Cyclone Freddy being of interestPeter Maphalla
These was an assignment that we were required to complete with the topic being the understanding of tropical cyclones. But the main focus of these research was on cyclone freddy which was the longest living cyclone in history. I hope you enjoy my work
*You may also download this ppt for better viewing experience :)
This ppt contains a summary of El Niño and La Niña.
It also includes the following:
> ENSO
> Southern Oscillation
> Southern Oscillation Index (SOI)
> Effects of El Niño
> Response to El Niño
> Effects of La Niña
> Response to La Niña
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Lecture 8 el nino, la nina, and their connection with hong kong climate
1. Lecture 8
El Nino/La Nina, and their connection with
Hong Kong’s climate
LSGI1B02 Climate Change and Society
LEUNG Wing-mo
2. Climate variability
Variability ranges over many time and space scales such as localized
thunderstorms and tornadoes, to larger-scale storms, to droughts,
to multi-year, multi-decade and even multi-century time scales.
Some examples of this longer time-scale variability might include a
series of abnormally mild or exceptionally severe winters, and even
a mild winter followed by a severe winter.
Such year-to-year variations in the weather patterns are often
associated with changes in the wind, air pressure, storm tracks, and
jet streams that encompass areas far larger than that of your
particular region.
At times, the year-to-year changes in weather patterns are linked
to specific weather, temperature and rainfall patterns occurring
throughout the world due to the naturally occurring phenomena
known as El Niño and La Niña – a teleconnection phenomenon –
changes occurring in places far away affect the weather/climate in
other parts of the world.
3. Climate Variability and Climate Change
Normals
Climate Change
Climate Oscillations
Climate Variability
Normals
Short term: (years to
decadal) rises and
falls about the trend
line (El Nino Southern
Oscillation, ENSO)
Long Term Trends or
major shifts in climate:
(centuries, significant
and persistent change
from mean state)
Multi-decadal oscillations
in regional climate: (e.g.
Pacific Decadal
Oscillation, PDO, North
Atlantic Oscillation, NAO)
4. Drought in Queensland,
Australia, 2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzat1
6LMtQk
Understanding El Nino, Bureau of
Meteorology, Australia
5. El Nino
(Boy Child):
Sea Surface
temperature
(SST) changes
in the Pacific
Jan
Dec
Equatorial “cold
tongue”
6. Major ocean currents -
result of winds, continental land masses, and Coriolis effect
Gulf
stream
Calif.
current
Kuroshio
current
8. Walker Circulation & Southern Oscillation
Tahiti
Darwin
Southern Oscillation: fluctuations in the surface air pressure
between Tahiti (east) and Darwin (west) – an indication of
the strength of Walker Circulation
Walker
Circulation
9. Relationship between El Nino (SST) and Southern
Oscillation (pressure)
El Nino,
SST
changes
Southern
Oscillation,
surface
pressure
changes
10. Discovery of the “El Niño- Southern Oscillation (ENSO)”
• In 1960’s ,
Bjerknes found a
link between the
two phenomena,
and that the
anomalous
warming of the
waters during El
Niño extended
over a large
portion of the
equatorial Pacific.
• SOI (Southern
Oscillation index)
= Tahiti pressure
anomaly –
Darwin pressure
anomaly
• Mean cycle of 4
years (2 – 7)
11. ONI - 3-month running means of SST anomalies in the Niño 3.4 region [5N-5S, 120-170W]. The
anomalies are derived from the 1971-2000 SST climatology.
12. Equatorial
cold
tongue is
weaker
than
average or
absent
during El
Niño,
resulting
in positive
SST
anomalies
Equatorial
cold
tongue is
stronger
than
average
during La
Niña,
resulting
in negative
SST
anomalies
Equatorial
cold tongue is
weaker than
average or
absent during
El Niño,
resulting in
positive SST
anomalies
Equatorial
cold tongue
is stronger
than average
during La
Niña,
resulting in
negative SST
anomalies
13. Effects on fishery (upwelling affects phytoplankton
concentration)
(Weak
upwelling)
14. “El Niño”
Warm
Cold
Warm
Cold
Warm
Convection shifts eastward
over the central and/or
eastern Pacific Ocean.
Convection becomes
suppressed over the far
western Pacific/Indonesia.
Easterly trade winds
weaken.
Thermocline deepens and
the cold water upwelling
decreases in the eastern
Pacific.
24. Specific Impacts
Historical:
• Disease outbreaks (1918-1919 influenza
pandemic /Spanish flu)?
• Loss of civilizations, civil wars?
Current:
• Damages from floods and landslides in Peru
and southern California;
• Forest fires in Indonesia - serious air pollution
problems
• Crop failures - famine from droughts in
southern Africa
• Collapse of the Peruvian anchoveta fisheries
because of warmer coastal waters.
• Low and high agricultural yields - price
fluctuations;
• Water resources;
• Energy demand - disruption to hydropower;
1997 southeast Asian haze
Nazca civilization: 100BC-800AD
32. Relationship
between the mean
Nino-3.4 SSTA and
the mean no. of
landfalling TCs
during the late
season for
(a) area 2 – China;
(b) area 3 –
Indochina and
(c) area 4 - The
Philippines
La Nina
years
El Nino years
37. What Next?
Forecast of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies in Nino 3.4
International Research Institute for Climate and Society:
http://iri.columbia.edu/our-expertise/climate/forecasts/enso/current/
38. Climate Change and ENSO
• IPCC-AR4: “No consistent indication at this time of discernible
changes in projected ENSO amplitude or frequency in the 21st
century.”
• A weak shift towards average background conditions which
may be described as ‘El Niño-like’, with sea surface
temperatures in the central and east equatorial Pacific warming
more than those in the west.
• Weakened tropical circulations, shifting rainfall eastward.
• ENSO projections differ from model to model.
• The sign of the sensitivity of ENSO amplitude and frequency to
increased greenhouse gases remains highly uncertain.
• Continued ENSO variability in the future even with changes to
the background state
