This document summarizes key topics from a lecture on memory, garbage collection, Big O notation, and doubly linked lists:
- Memory is where computers store and access data quickly. Main memory is called RAM. Memory allows computers to run tasks, switch between tasks, and access programs and data.
- Garbage collection manages memory allocation and release. When objects are no longer used, garbage collection clears their memory to free it up for future use. This avoids manually freeing memory.
- Big O notation describes an algorithm's time and space complexity based on input size. It measures how operations scale with larger inputs. Common time complexities include O(1) for constant time and O(n) for linear
Introduction to programming by MUFIX Commnitymazenet
Introduction to programming by MUFIX Commnity
keywords:programming, java, c++, INTRODUCRTION, MUFIX Community
Disclaimer:All included resources are copyrighted to their owners
n this talk, Rsqrd welcomes Emad Elwany, CTO and Co-Founder of Lexion! He discusses his experiences with ML tooling and how it has evolved through the lifespan of Lexion, and shares his findings on important considerations, problems and solutions, and how decisions about ML tooling have changed over time through the stages of a startup.
**These slides are from a talk given at Rsqrd AI. Learn more at rsqrdai.org**
Introduction to programming by MUFIX Commnitymazenet
Introduction to programming by MUFIX Commnity
keywords:programming, java, c++, INTRODUCRTION, MUFIX Community
Disclaimer:All included resources are copyrighted to their owners
n this talk, Rsqrd welcomes Emad Elwany, CTO and Co-Founder of Lexion! He discusses his experiences with ML tooling and how it has evolved through the lifespan of Lexion, and shares his findings on important considerations, problems and solutions, and how decisions about ML tooling have changed over time through the stages of a startup.
**These slides are from a talk given at Rsqrd AI. Learn more at rsqrdai.org**
This presentation is a part of the COP2271C college level course taught at the Florida Polytechnic University located in Lakeland Florida. The purpose of this course is to introduce Freshmen students to both the process of software development and to the Python language.
The course is one semester in length and meets for 2 hours twice a week. The Instructor is Dr. Jim Anderson.
A video of Dr. Anderson using these slides is available on YouTube at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=ar8cV0ynWAw
Basic Structure of Computers: Functional Units, Basic Operational Concepts, B...Abhishekn84
An implementation for one bit of register Ri is shown in Figure. A two-input multiplexer is used to select the data applied to the input of an edge-triggered D flip-flop. When the control input Riin is equal to 1, the multiplexer selects the data on the bus. This data will be loaded into the flip-flop at the rising edge of the clock. When Riin is equal to 0, the multiplexer feeds back the value currently stored in the flip-flop To study these operations in detail, let us examine the internal organization of the processor. The main building blocks of a processor are interconnected in a variety of ways. A very simple organization is shown in above figure more complex structure that provides high performance will be presented at the end.
Figure shows an organization in which the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) and all the registers are interconnected through a single common bus, which is internal to the processor. The data and address lines of the external memory bus are shown in figure connected to the internal processor bus via the memory data register, MDR, and the memory address register, MAR, respectively. Register MDR has two inputs and two outputs.
Data may be loaded into MDR either from the memory bus or from the internal processor bus. The data stored in MDR may be placed on either bus. The input of MAR is connected to the internal bus, and its output is connected to the external bus. The control lines of the memory bus are connected to the instruction decoder and control logic block. This unit is responsible for issuing the signals that control the operation of all the units inside the processor and for interacting with the memory bus.
To study these operations in detail, let us examine the internal organization of the processor. The main building blocks of a processor are interconnected in a variety of ways. A very simple organization is shown in above figure more complex structure that provides high performance will be presented at the end.
Figure shows an organization in which the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) and all the registers are interconnected through a single common bus, which is internal to the processor. The data and address lines of the external memory bus are shown in figure connected to the internal processor bus via the memory data register, MDR, and the memory address register, MAR, respectively. Register MDR has two inputs and two outputs.
Data may be loaded into MDR either from the memory bus or from the internal processor bus. The data stored in MDR may be placed on either bus. The input of MAR is connected to the internal bus, and its output is connected to the external bus. The control lines of the memory bus are connected to the instruction decoder and control logic block. This unit is responsible for issuing the signals that control the operation of all the units inside the processor and for interacting with the memory bus.To study these operations in detail, let us examine the internal organization of the
Unit-1_Digital Computers, number systemCOA[1].pptxVanshJain322212
Data representation: Number System, Big Endian and Little Endian, r complement and r-1 complement arithmetic, Unsigned and Signed number representation, Signed Arithmetic- Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication (Booth Algorithm), Division, Barrel Shifter, Fixed and Floating point representation. Block Diagram for Digital Computers: CPU (Registers, ALU, Clock, Control unit), Memory, Memory hierarchy; Different types of memory in brief: Primary (RAM-Static and Dynamic, ROM, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4, NAND Flash, NOR Flash (Samsung memory datasheet) I/O subsystems, Common Bus System (External and Internal Bus: Address Bus, Data Bus and Control Bus); Computer Organization; Computer Architecture; Introduction to Vonn Neumann and Harvard Architecture, Micro operations (Arithmetic, Logical and Shift micro operations using online simulators), Arithmetic Logic and Shift unit (ALU).
Operating System
Topic Memory Management
for Btech/Bsc (C.S)/BCA...
Memory management is the functionality of an operating system which handles or manages primary memory. Memory management keeps track of each and every memory location either it is allocated to some process or it is free. It checks how much memory is to be allocated to processes. It decides which process will get memory at what time. It tracks whenever some memory gets freed or unallocated and correspondingly it updates the status.
Slides introduce hardware and software components of Computer System and it also discusses generations of Programming language and Programming language translators. It will be Useful for 1st Engineering students of all disciplines.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
5. WHAT IS MEMORY IN COMPUTER SCIENCE?
• Memory is the area where the computer stores or remembers data.
• Some types of computer memory are designed to be very fast, meaning that the
central processing unit (CPU) can access data stored there very quickly.
• Your computer's main memory is called RAM (Random Access Memory).
• You can think of it as a workspace the computer uses to get work done. When you double-
click on an app, or open a document, or, well, do much of anything, RAM gets used to store
that data while the computer is working on it.
• H
6. WHY IS MEMORY IMPORTANT?
• RAM allows your computer to perform many of its everyday tasks, such as
loading applications, browsing the internet, editing a spreadsheet, or
experiencing the latest game.
• Memory also allows you to switch quickly among these tasks, remembering
where you are in one task when you switch to another task.
• It holds the data and instructions that the Central Processing Unit (CPU) needs
• This allows the CPU direct access to the computer program.
• Memory is needed in all computers
9. WHAT IS GARBAGE COLLECTION?
• The garbage collector (GC) manages the allocation and release of memory
• When there isn't enough memory to allocate an object, the GC must collect and
dispose of garbage memory to make memory available for new allocations. This
process is known as garbage collection.
• Garbage Collection in C# has the following advantages −
• You don’t need to free memory manually while developing your application.
• It also allocates objects on the managed heap efficiently.
• When objects are no longer used then it will reclaim those objects by
clearing their memory and keeps the memory available for future
allocations.
• Managed objects automatically get clean content to start with, so their
constructors do not have to initialize every data field.
12. WHAT IS BIG O NOTATION?
• Big O notation is used in Computer Science to describe the performance or complexity of an
algorithm.
• Big O specifically describes the worst-case scenario, and can be used to describe the execution
time required or the space used (e.g. in memory or on disk) by an algorithm.
• Big O notation is a measure of the complexity of your program in terms of the size of the input.
• The size of the input is usually denote as ‘n’. There are usually 2 ways to measure the complexity:
• Time: The number of calculations your program must perform on the input data to get the output.
• For example finding the biggest number in a list of n numbers requires you to check every number
against against your current maximum and see if the new number is higher. Thus for n numbers you need
n checks, or calculations. This has linear time complexity because there is a 1 to 1 relationship between
input the number of calculations to obtain the output. Linear time complexity is denoted as O(n).
• Space: The amount of storage space needed by the program to run its calculations.
• We will use the above example of finding the biggest number in a list of n numbers. We need a variable
to store our current maximum number value. If we have 10 numbers, we need 1 variable, if we have a
million numbers, we still need 1 variable. The number of variables we need is constant compared to the
input size, so our program has constant space complexity, denoted as O(1).
13. LIVE WALKTHRU/EXPLANATION
• Write code for each of the runtimes discussed
• Share out – the class will guess what runtime your code is displaying
16. WHAT IS A DOUBLY LINKEDLIST?
• In computer science, a doubly linked list is a linked data structure that consists of a set
of sequentially linked records called nodes. Each node contains three fields: two link
fields and one data field.
17. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A LINKEDLIST AND
DOUBLY LINKEDLIST
• A Doubly LinkedLists has references that goes both ways compared to a Singly
LinkedList that has references pointing one way
21. DISCUSSION
• Why is this important?
• How can this be useful to me?
• How can I use this in my current
job?
• How can I use this in my future
career?
• What will I get out of this?
• How is this used in the real world
Regroup and discuss after…
