This document discusses sexual reproduction through meiosis. It explains that meiosis involves two divisions (Meiosis I and Meiosis II) that result in four haploid cells being produced from one original diploid cell. Meiosis I involves homologous chromosome pairs separating and moving to opposite poles, resulting in two haploid cells. Meiosis II then follows without an S phase, and involves the separation of sister chromatids to produce four genetically distinct haploid cells.
Nach rekordverdächtigen drei Monaten konnte das Automatisierungsunternehmen
Ematik GmbH eine komplexe Anlage zur Feuerverzinkung von Bandstahl mit Übernahme aller vorhandenen Datenbestände erfolgreich bei der Salzgitter AG in Betrieb nehmen. Die schnelle Umstellung des Leitsystems ermöglichte nicht zuletzt die Offenheit des Automatisierungssystems FactorySuite.
Nach rekordverdächtigen drei Monaten konnte das Automatisierungsunternehmen
Ematik GmbH eine komplexe Anlage zur Feuerverzinkung von Bandstahl mit Übernahme aller vorhandenen Datenbestände erfolgreich bei der Salzgitter AG in Betrieb nehmen. Die schnelle Umstellung des Leitsystems ermöglichte nicht zuletzt die Offenheit des Automatisierungssystems FactorySuite.
1. Describe how variation in meiosis happens and why it is beneficia.pdffashioncollection2
1. Describe how variation in meiosis happens and why it is beneficial? Steps and functions of
mitosis and meiosis? ( I am having a hard time with defining each step in mitosis and meiosis.
There is meiosis I and II and I get confused on the steps with functions. Any ideas how I can
remember?)
TIA :)
Solution
Explanation:-
Variation in meiosis:-
During meiosis in humans, 1 diploid cell (with 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs) undergoes 2 cycles
of cell division but only 1 round of DNA replication. The result is 4 haploidHaving one copy of
each chromosome, or having a single set of chromosomes. Gametes (egg and sperm cells) are
haploid. daughter cells known as gametes or egg and sperm cells (each with 23 chromosomes – 1
from each pair in the diploid cell).
At conception, an egg cell and a sperm cell combine to form a zygote (46 chromosomes or 23
pairs). This is the 1st cell of a new individual. The halving of the number of chromosomes in
gametes ensures that zygotes have the same number of chromosomes from one generation to the
next. This is critical for stable sexual reproduction through successive generations.
Benefits of Meiosis:-
1. New Cell Generation-
The chromosomes created during meiosis are composed of 50% copies of the parent cell and
50% new cells. ‘Â These new cells are produced during the cross-over stages of the cell division
process. ‘Â During this stage half of the genetic material from the parent cell is copied into the
new cells, with the other half having distinct properties and characteristics.
2. DNA Replication
The process of meiosis involves copying or replication of genetic material from the parent cell
into the new cells. ‘Â As much as half of the genetic properties of the parent cell are copied into
the newly-created cells. ‘Â When applied to humans for example, DNA from both parents will
partly be copied onto the cells of their offspring. ‘Â When DNA is copied or replicated, the
offspring will also have similar qualities with either or both of his/her parents.
3. Genetic Variation
With meiosis, only half of the genetic material is replicated into the new cells. ‘Â This simply
means that the remaining half will be composed of unique genetic properties making each cell
different from the other. ‘Â Through this process, humans for example will all have different
genetic material and structure.
With the process involved in meiosis, humans are able to reproduce similar yet distinct offspring.
‘Â The whole process basically explains the fact that babies may share some genetic traits from
their parents but they will also have unique sets of personalities because of their unique genetic
composition.
Meiosis Stages:-
Prophase I
Chromosomes condense, Crossing over occurs
Metaphase I
Homologous chromosomes pair up and align in middle of cell
Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes pulled apart
Telophase I
Nuclear Envelope reforms
Cytokinesis I
Cell splits into two
Prophase II
Centrioles divide and move to opposite poles
Metaphase II
Chromoso.
Meiosis is a double division which occurs in the diploid cells and give rise to four haploid cells ,each having half the number of chromosomes as compared to the parent cell.
Meiosis is the process in which a single cell divides twice to form four haploid daughter cells.
These cells are the gametes – sperms in males and egg in females.
For more details, visit @biOlOgy BINGE-insight learning
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Lecture 20
1. 10/24/08
Lecture 20 – Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis 1
There are two main forms of reproduction.
1. Asexual reproduction
Mitosis
Cloning.
2. Sexual reproduction
Meiosis
When you have a diploid number, chromosomes are in homologous pairs.
In humans, there are 22 pairs of autosomes and on pair of sex chromosomes.
Females have XX.
Males have XY.
Meiosis
Meiosis I
Interphase
S phase: DNA replications itself → single-stranded to double-stranded.
Prophase I
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus breaks down.
Spindle starts to form.
Homologous pairs line up adjacent to each other.
Chiasmata: the points where chromosomes interact with another.
Tetrad: The structure that results when two replicated homologous chromosomes pair
during prophase I of meiosis.
Crossing over may occur.
Metaphase I
Tetrads line up at the equator of the cell.
Anaphase
One member of each homologous pair moves to opposite poles.
No serparation at the centromere.
Telophase I
Cytokinesis.
Resulting in two haploid cells (only one member of each homologous pair).
Meiosis II (No S phrase – no replication between Meiosis I and II)
Prophase II
New spindle forms
Haploid member of double-stranded chromosomes begin to organize themselves for secondary
2. division.
Metaphase II
Hapliods line up at the equator.
Anaphase II
Separation at the centromere and the single-stranded chromosomes move to the poles.
Telophase II
A new nuclei forms.
Cytokinesis.
At the end, 4 haploid cells (each being genetically distinct) are created.
