Lecture 23
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The document discusses several genetics concepts: a dihybrid cross example with seed shape and color, test crosses to determine genotypes, genetic pedigrees using symbols to represent relatives and traits, incomplete dominance in snapdragons where heterozygotes express both alleles, and probability rules including multiplication and addition.
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Epistasis
Mendel's experiments with pea plants showed that traits are passed from parents to offspring through invisible "factors" now called genes. Epistasis occurs when the effect of one gene is dependent on or masked by another gene. There are several types of epistatic interactions that result in fewer than four phenotypes in the F2 generation, including dominant epistasis (12:3:1 ratio), recessive epistasis (9:3:4 ratio), duplicate recessive genes (9:7 ratio), duplicate dominant genes (15:1 ratio), dominant-recessive interaction (13:3 ratio), and duplicate genes with cumulative effect (9:6:1 ratio). Epistasis plays a role in determining
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This document discusses complementary and supplementary inheritance in genetics. It provides two examples of complementary inheritance - flower color in sweet peas, which is determined by two genes whose products interact, and pericarp color in barley. Both examples show a 9:7 ratio in F2 generations. Two examples of supplementary inheritance are also provided - comb type in chickens, which follows a 9:3:3:1 ratio, and coat color in mice, which follows a 9:3:4 ratio. Supplementary genes each produce an effect independently but combine to produce new traits.
Gene interaction
This document discusses gene interaction and epistasis. It defines gene interaction as when the expression of one gene depends on the presence or absence of another gene. Epistasis occurs when one gene masks or interferes with the expression of another. There are several types of epistatic interactions including dominant epistasis, recessive epistasis, dominant inhibitory epistasis, duplicate dominant epistasis, and duplicate recessive epistasis. Examples are provided for each type.
Dihybrid cross
This Power Point Presentation is designed to explain Mendel's experiment on hybridization and dihybrid cross which considers inheritance of two traits at a time and to know whether they are inherited independently or are influenced by each other and also about Law of Independent assortment
Lecture 25
Thomas Morgan discovered that crossing two garden pea plants with different phenotypes for flower color and pollen length (purple/long vs red/short) resulted in a offspring ratio of 7:1:1:7, demonstrating independent assortment and challenging traditional ideas about heredity. Morgan's work established the field of genetics and the chromosome theory of heredity. His discovery of linkage showed that genes are arranged linearly on chromosomes and the distance between genes can influence inheritance patterns.
Ch 14 and 15 Genetics notes powerpoint.ppt
This document discusses basic concepts in genetics and inheritance patterns. It defines key terms like genotype, phenotype, generations, alleles, dominant, recessive, homozygous, and heterozygous. It describes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants and his discovery of the laws of segregation and independent assortment. It explains how to use Punnett squares and test crosses to predict inheritance. It also discusses exceptions to Mendelian genetics like incomplete dominance, codominance, pleiotropy, epistasis, polygenic traits, and sex-linked inheritance.
Mendel punett squares2traitcrosses
Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome. Females need two X chromosomes because one of the two X chromosomes in each cell of a female is randomly inactivated very early in development. This process, called X-inactivation or lyonization, ensures that females, like males, have only one active X chromosome per cell. It balances gene expression between males and females.
Genetics 2
The document discusses heredity and genetics, including Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that laid the foundations for modern genetics. It explains basic genetics concepts such as alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. The document also covers inheritance patterns such as incomplete dominance, codominance, and sex-linked traits.
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Epistasis
Mendel's experiments with pea plants showed that traits are passed from parents to offspring through invisible "factors" now called genes. Epistasis occurs when the effect of one gene is dependent on or masked by another gene. There are several types of epistatic interactions that result in fewer than four phenotypes in the F2 generation, including dominant epistasis (12:3:1 ratio), recessive epistasis (9:3:4 ratio), duplicate recessive genes (9:7 ratio), duplicate dominant genes (15:1 ratio), dominant-recessive interaction (13:3 ratio), and duplicate genes with cumulative effect (9:6:1 ratio). Epistasis plays a role in determining
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This document discusses complementary and supplementary inheritance in genetics. It provides two examples of complementary inheritance - flower color in sweet peas, which is determined by two genes whose products interact, and pericarp color in barley. Both examples show a 9:7 ratio in F2 generations. Two examples of supplementary inheritance are also provided - comb type in chickens, which follows a 9:3:3:1 ratio, and coat color in mice, which follows a 9:3:4 ratio. Supplementary genes each produce an effect independently but combine to produce new traits.
Gene interaction
This document discusses gene interaction and epistasis. It defines gene interaction as when the expression of one gene depends on the presence or absence of another gene. Epistasis occurs when one gene masks or interferes with the expression of another. There are several types of epistatic interactions including dominant epistasis, recessive epistasis, dominant inhibitory epistasis, duplicate dominant epistasis, and duplicate recessive epistasis. Examples are provided for each type.
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Lecture 25
Thomas Morgan discovered that crossing two garden pea plants with different phenotypes for flower color and pollen length (purple/long vs red/short) resulted in a offspring ratio of 7:1:1:7, demonstrating independent assortment and challenging traditional ideas about heredity. Morgan's work established the field of genetics and the chromosome theory of heredity. His discovery of linkage showed that genes are arranged linearly on chromosomes and the distance between genes can influence inheritance patterns.
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Mendel punett squares2traitcrosses
Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome. Females need two X chromosomes because one of the two X chromosomes in each cell of a female is randomly inactivated very early in development. This process, called X-inactivation or lyonization, ensures that females, like males, have only one active X chromosome per cell. It balances gene expression between males and females.
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The document discusses heredity and genetics, including Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that laid the foundations for modern genetics. It explains basic genetics concepts such as alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. The document also covers inheritance patterns such as incomplete dominance, codominance, and sex-linked traits.
Xii chapter 5
This document provides information about genetics and heredity. It discusses key topics like Mendel's experiments with pea plants which laid the foundations of modern genetics. Some of Mendel's important findings included developing the laws of inheritance and proposing the concept of genes. The document also explains other genetic concepts like incomplete dominance, codominance, linkage and recombination which were later established through the work of scientists like Morgan using the fruit fly Drosophila. Sex determination mechanisms in different organisms are also summarized. Overall, the document gives an overview of the history and basic principles of genetics.
Bft1033 3 mendelian_genetics_2012
This document provides information on Mendelian genetics and Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants. It discusses how Mendel studied seven traits in pea plants including plant height, seed color, seed shape, flower color, pod shape, pod color, and flower position. He performed monohybrid and dihybrid crosses to determine the inheritance patterns of these traits. His work established the principles of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment. The document defines genetic terms and explains Mendel's experimental setup, results, and conclusions that laid the foundation for modern genetics.
132017 Genetics Problems 1. Round shape is dominant to wrinkl.pdf
1/3/2017 Genetics Problems 1. Round shape is dominant to wrinkled. Yellow pea color is
dominant to green. Purple flowers are dominant to white. If Mendel crossed a round green pea
plant with purple flowers to a wrinkled yellow pea plant with white flowers and got at least some
of each possible genotype, what were the genotypes of each parent and if he counted 1000
progeny, how many round yellow peas should he expect? How many wrinkled green peas with
purple flowers? 2. In an individual with Aa BB Cc dd Ee alleles, assuming independent
assortment, how many different gametes are possible?
Solution
Dominant: Round (R) shape, yellow (Y) color, purple (P) flower
Recessive: wrinkled (r), green (y) pea color, white(p) flower
Cross between
Round green purple RryyPp x rrYypp wrinkled yellow white
Gametes
rYp
ryp
RyP
RrYyPp Round Yellow Purple
RryyPp Round Green Purple
Ryp
RrYypp Round Yellow White
Rryypp Round Green White
ryP
rrYyPp Wrinkled Yellow Purple
rryyPp Wrinkled Green Purple
ryp
rrYypp Wrinkled Yellow White
rryypp Wrinkled Green White
Round yellow genotypes are = 2 in 8 genotypes so percentage of having the trait is =
2/8 x 100 =25%; so the number of progenies are 1000 x 25% = 250
Wrinkled Green Purple genotypes are = 1 in 8 so percentage of having the trait is =
1/8 x 100 = 12.5%; so the number of progenies are 1000 x 12.5%; = 125
Number of gametes depends upon heterozygous alleles. This is calculated by the formula
(number of heterozygote)2
For AaBBCcddEe ; total number of heterozygote alleles= 3
so the Number of gametes are = 32 = 9
Gametes
rYp
ryp
RyP
RrYyPp Round Yellow Purple
RryyPp Round Green Purple
Ryp
RrYypp Round Yellow White
Rryypp Round Green White
ryP
rrYyPp Wrinkled Yellow Purple
rryyPp Wrinkled Green Purple
ryp
rrYypp Wrinkled Yellow White
rryypp Wrinkled Green White.
Genetics 2
- Gregor Mendel studied inheritance through experiments with pea plants and discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes.
- Mendel observed that traits can be dominant or recessive, and used mathematical probabilities to predict inheritance patterns in subsequent generations.
- The concept of codominance was later introduced, where both alleles of a gene are expressed equally in heterozygotes rather than one being dominant. Blood type inheritance in humans follows codominance.
51 Mendelian Gene cs Lab 5 52 La.docx
51
Mendelian Gene cs
Lab 5
52
Lab 5: Mendelian Gene cs
53
Introduc on
In 1866, Gregor Mendel, an Austrian Monk, published a paper en tled “Experiments in plant hybridiza-
on”. It went largely unno ced un l 1900 when it was rediscovered and subsequently became the
basis for what we now refer to as Mendelian Gene cs.
Mendel was the Þrst to recognize:
Inherited characters are determined by speciÞc factors (now recognized these as genes).
These factors occur in pairs (genes).
When both alleles of a gene are the same they are said to be homozygous, while if they are di erent
they are said to be heterozygous. When gametes form, these factors segregate so that each gamete
contains only one allele for each gene. Remember, alleles reside on the chromosomes that are divid-
ing. These original observa ons lead to what we now refer to as The law of segrega on and the law of
independent assortment.
Figure 1: Law of Segrega on
Concepts to explore:
Gregor Mendel
Law of segrega on
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Independent assortment
Dominant vs. recessive
Incomplete dominance
Co-dominance
Genotype
Phenotype
Monohybrid cross
Dihybrid cross
Punne square
Lab 5: Mendelian Gene cs
54
The law of segrega on states that during
meiosis, homologous (paired) chromo-
somes split (Figure 1). The law of inde-
pendent assortment states that during
meiosis, each homologous chromosome
has an equal chance of ending up in ei-
ther gamete, and alleles for individual
genes segregate with the chromosomes
on which they are located (Figure 2).
Using corn as an example (Figure 2):
The large chromosome has the gene for kernel color (Y = yellow, y = blue).
The small chromosome has the gene for kernel texture (S = smooth (green); s = wrinkled (red)).
When a dominant allele is present, that characteris c is expressed, regardless of the second allele. In
this case both the Yy and YY o spring will be yellow.
A recessive allele is only expressed when both alleles are recessive. In this case only the yy combina-
on is blue. The dominant allele is always represented by capital le ers, while the recessive is repre-
sented by lower case le ers.
Genotype refers to the combina on of alleles for a par cular trait. Phenotype refers to the appear-
ance of that combina on of alleles. In our example, the genotype of the diploid cell is Yy, Ss, while the
phenotype is Yellow and Smooth.
Figure 2: Law of Independent Assortment
Figure 3: Monohybrid Cross
Punne Square F1
Lab 5: Mendelian Gene cs
55
Alleles can exhibit incomplete dominance and co-dominance. An example of incomplete dominance is
the cross of two plants, one with red ßowers and one with white, whose o spring have pink ßowers.
In the case of codominance, the same cross would result in red and white striped ßowers.
If we know the genotype of two parents we can.
Biology: All about Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes.
Inheritance is how traits, or characteristics, are passed on from generation to generation.
Chromosomes are made up of genes, which are made up of DNA.
Genetic material (genes,chromosomes, DNA) is found inside the nucleus of a cell.
Gregor Mendel is considered “The Father of Genetics"
Mendelian genetics
This document discusses key concepts in genetics including loci, alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, Mendelian inheritance patterns, blood types, sex determination, and examples of inherited illnesses. It provides examples of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses in peas and explains the expected inheritance ratios. It also discusses karyotype, environmental and genetic factors that can determine sex.
Nonmendelian Genetics Part1
This document provides examples of Mendelian genetics concepts through punnett squares and genetic crosses. It addresses:
- A cross between homozygous round and wrinkled seeds that results in 100% heterozygous dominant round seeds.
- A cross between a heterozygous brown-eyed man and blue-eyed woman that results in a 50-50 phenotypic ratio of brown and blue eyes and genotypic ratios of 50% heterozygous dominant brown and 50% recessive blue.
- Examples of incomplete dominance in flowers (pink) and animal coats (roan) where the heterozygote phenotype is blended between the homozygous parents.
- X-linked colorblindness where it is recess
Please answer all questionsDefine1. Wild type –2. Epistasis –.pdf
Please answer all questions
Define
1. Wild type –
2. Epistasis –
Fill in the Blank
3. Two genes may interact effecting one trait and resulting in novel phenotypes with an F2
phenotypic ________________ ratio.
4. Under ________________ conditions, conditionally lethal mutants will die.
True or False
5. Penetrance is the degree or intensity with which a particular genotype is expressed in a
phenotype.
6. Continuous traits are usually controlled by multiple genes and may be influenced by the
environment.
Short Answer
7. Describe the inheritance pattern(s) of blood types.
8. When studying a newly discovered flowering plant in Costa Rica, you collect data on its petal
color in an effort to determine how this trait may be inherited. You find that 852 flowers are red,
331 are white and 389 are yellow. What are the possible inheritance patterns, and how could you
definitely conclude which of these possibilities is the true mode of inheritance?
Solution
Wild type- wild type phenotype refers to characteristics that occurs naturally in a breeding
population.
Epistasis - it refers to a phenomena when one gene’s expression is dependent on the presence of
another gene(s), called the modifier gene.
9:16
Let\'s take an example of comb varieties in chicken
We have two pure breeds : wyandotte whose phenotype is a rose comb and brahmas having the
phenotype of a pea comb, when crossed with each other, they create a completely new phenotype
of a walnut comb. Let\'s look at the ratio:
Parental cross: rose comb x pea comb
F1 : all walnut combs
F2 : 9 walnut : 3 rose: 3peas : 1 single
Hence the ratio is 9:16
Under the restrictive or nonpermissive condition conditions, conditionally lethal mutants will
die.
Conditionally lethal mutants are those which have an allele that will make the survival of the
species difficult only in a specific condition.
True. for example if a mutation in a gene gives the species a particular characterisitc which has
97%penetrance, only 97% of those with the mutation will develop that characteristic and 3 %
will not.
True. multiple genes affect continuous traits. For such complex gene interactions, the traits are
influenced by environmental factors too. For example, height and skin color.
There are four basic blood types which are A, B, AB and O and together with the Rh factor,
these can be +ve or -ve.
A and B are dominant, while O is recessive.
Blood type
A
B
O
A
A
AB
A
B
AB
B
B
O
A
B
O
For Rh factor, Rh (+)ve is dominant.
So if the any one or both parents have Rh (+)ve factor, the progeny will be Rh(+)ve.
If both parents are Rh(-)ve, the progeny will be Rh (-)ve
Father
Mother
D
D
d
Dd
Dd
d
Dd
Dd
100% Rh (+)ve children
Father
Mother
D
d
d
Dd
dd
d
Dd
dd
50% Rh(+)ve children
Red: 852
White: 331
Yellow:389
According to the given data, red is dominant and white is recessive and yellow is a result of
incomplete dominance of both white and red phenotype.
It can\'t be codominance, because codominance involves both phenotypes being expressed in
di.
MIC150 - Chap 1 Mendelian Genetics
1) Mendel studied inheritance of traits in pea plants and developed the laws of genetics through extensive experimentation.
2) The Law of Segregation states that organisms pass one of two alleles to their offspring and these alleles segregate during gamete formation such that a cross between heterozygotes results in a 3:1 phenotypic ratio.
3) The Law of Independent Assortment demonstrated that two traits assort independently during gamete formation, resulting in a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross. Mendel's work laid the foundation for modern genetics.
Module 10 patterns of inheritance
The document discusses basic genetics concepts including:
- Gregor Mendel studied heredity through pea plant experiments in the 1800s.
- Mendel observed that traits separated and recombined when parent plants differing in one trait were crossed.
- Terms like dominant, recessive, genotype and phenotype were introduced to explain his findings.
- The Punnett square was developed as a tool to predict potential offspring of crosses.
Module 10 patterns of inheritance
- Genetics is the study of heredity and traits being passed from parents to offspring through genes.
- Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to study inheritance, observing that traits can be dominant or recessive.
- Through his experiments, Mendel determined that individuals have two alleles for each trait, and that for recessive traits to be expressed, an individual must be homozygous for the recessive allele.
Biology Form 5 Chapter 5 : 5.1 Inheritance
- Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1860s and is considered the founder of genetics. Through his experiments, he discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance.
- Mendel determined that traits are passed from parents to offspring through "factors" that we now know as genes. His laws of inheritance include dominance, segregation, and independent assortment.
- Mendel's work formed the basis for understanding how traits are inherited and laid the foundation for modern genetics.
Class 10 mendel's experiment - khushali thacker
Heredity is the process by which traits and characteristics are passed from parents to offspring through genes. Genetics is the study of DNA, genes, genetic variation, and heredity. Mendel's experiments involved crossing pea plants with contrasting traits like round/wrinkled seeds and green/yellow seeds. His observations of the offspring over multiple generations showed that genes are inherited independently and some traits, like round seeds, are dominant over others, like wrinkled seeds. The ratios he observed provide insight into inheritance patterns and genetics.
mendelian genetics.ppt
Mendel observed patterns of inheritance in pea plants through experimentation with traits such as flower color, seed shape, and pod color. His work provided evidence that heritable traits are specified by discrete units (later identified as genes) that are transmitted from parents to offspring in predictable patterns. Through experiments involving one trait (monohybrid crosses) and two traits (dihybrid crosses), Mendel deduced that genes assort and transmit independently during gamete formation and fertilization. Later work showed that traits are influenced not only by genes but also environmental factors and that variations exist in patterns of gene expression and dominance.
ROLE OF INHERITANCE IN CROP IMPROVEMENT
1. Two studies examined the inheritance of flower color in chickpea. Crosses between plants with pink and white flowers in the parental generation resulted in pink flowers in the F1 progeny.
2. Analysis of the F2 generations found ratios of pink to white flowers that mostly fit the expected 3:1 Mendelian ratio, suggesting flower color is governed by a single gene.
3. However, one cross showed a significant deviation from the expected ratio, indicating multiple genetic factors may influence flower color in some cases.
Biology 103 Laboratory Exercise – Genetic Problems .docx
Biology 103 Laboratory Exercise – Genetic Problems
Introduction
Although the science of genetics has become a highly sophisticated discipline dealing
with the interactions of hereditary factors at the molecular level, it has its roots in the
basic laws of heredity initially discovered and presented by Gregor Mendel more than
one hundred years ago. Mendel's success in discovering these laws was due largely to his
application of the simple rules of mathematical probability - the laws of chance - to his
observations concerning the inheritance of certain characteristics in the garden pea plant.
Reginald Punnett and the Punnett Square
The Punnett square is a diagram used by biologists to determine genotypic probability
within the offspring from a particular genetic cross. The Punnett square shows every
possible genotypic combination of maternal alleles with the paternal alleles for a genetic
cross. Punnett squares only give probabilities for genotypes, not phenotypes. The square
diagram was designed by the British geneticist, Reginald Punnett (1865-1967) and first
presented to the science community in 1905. Punnett’s Mendelism (1905) is considered
the first popular science book to introduce genetics to the public.
Solving Genetic Problems
R
R'
R
RR RR'
R'
RR' R'R'
Maternal alleles
A
A
a
Aa
Aa
Paternal
Alleles
a
Aa
Aa
The first step in solving a genetic problem is to establish the genetic symbols you will use
in your problem solution. Stay consistent by using these same symbols throughout the
problem solving process.
Represent dominant and recessive alleles (different forms of a gene) using traditional
genetic symbols. Dominant alleles should be represented with the capital version of an
alphabetic letter while using the lower case version to show recessiveness. For example:
B = black color, b = white color.
Each individual gene or trait is diploid (2n) in nature and therefore, must be represented
with two alleles. Continuing with the alleles mentioned previously, an individual may
have the genetic makeup BB, Bb, or bb when using those alleles.
Remember that gametes (sperm and egg) are haploid (n) and can only provide one allele
per trait. For example: B or b
An individual’s genotype contains the possible gametes that can be expected to be
produced by that individual. Much of genetics revolves around the probability of the
makeup of gametes. If the individual is homozygous, all of the gametes produced will
possess the same kind of allele. For example, an individual with the genotype BB would
be expected to produce only B gametes and individuals with genotype bb would produce
only b gametes.
If the individual is heterozygous, that is the individual’s genotype contains one dominant
allele and one recessive allele (Bb), the gametes produced will possess one or the other of
the two forms of the gene – B or b. ...
Heredity
The document discusses Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants to study heredity and traits. Some key findings were that traits are passed from parents to offspring, but don't always show up in each generation. Mendel discovered that traits seem to be determined by discrete units (now called genes and alleles) that are inherited based on predictable patterns. His work helped establish the foundations of classical genetics.
Mendel and punnett squares
Mendel studied inherited traits in pea plants through controlled breeding experiments in the mid-1800s. He discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete factors that he called genes. His experiments demonstrated that genes come in different versions called alleles that are separated during gamete formation and transmitted independently of one another based on simple mathematical probabilities seen in his Punnett square diagrams. Mendel was thus able to deduce the basic principles of heredity and inheritance that became the foundation of modern genetics.
4.5 Theoretical Genetics
This document provides an overview of theoretical genetics concepts including:
1) It defines key genetics terms and concepts discovered by Gregor Mendel through his pea plant experiments, including genes, alleles, dominance, segregation, and Punnett squares.
2) It explains Mendel's principles of inheritance including segregation and independent assortment of alleles and how this determines genotype and phenotype probabilities.
3) It discusses extensions of Mendelian genetics including co-dominance, multiple alleles, genetic linkage, sex-linkage, and examples like blood types and hemophilia.
Lecture 28
The document summarizes key concepts in molecular genetics including DNA repair mechanisms using nucleases and DNA polymerase, telomeres and their role, transcription which involves copying DNA into mRNA with RNA, differences between RNA and DNA like the sugar and nucleotide uracil, codons and their role in specifying amino acids, and Marshall Nirenberg's experiments concluding that DNA is a universal genetic code and mRNA acts as a template from its 5' to 3' end.
Lecture 26
Fredrick Meischer first isolated DNA in 1869. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, scientists searched for the hereditary material and determined key features of DNA including its ability to replicate, store large amounts of information, and be read. Frederick Griffith discovered in 1928 that a non-virulent strain of bacteria could be transformed into a virulent strain, suggesting a transforming factor, later identified by Avery, McLeod and McCarty in 1944 to be DNA. Erwin Chargaff discovered in 1950 that the amounts of adenine and thymine and guanine and cytosine were always equal in DNA. James Watson and Crick then published the double helix model of DNA in 1953.
More Related Content
Similar to Lecture 23
Xii chapter 5
This document provides information about genetics and heredity. It discusses key topics like Mendel's experiments with pea plants which laid the foundations of modern genetics. Some of Mendel's important findings included developing the laws of inheritance and proposing the concept of genes. The document also explains other genetic concepts like incomplete dominance, codominance, linkage and recombination which were later established through the work of scientists like Morgan using the fruit fly Drosophila. Sex determination mechanisms in different organisms are also summarized. Overall, the document gives an overview of the history and basic principles of genetics.
Bft1033 3 mendelian_genetics_2012
This document provides information on Mendelian genetics and Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants. It discusses how Mendel studied seven traits in pea plants including plant height, seed color, seed shape, flower color, pod shape, pod color, and flower position. He performed monohybrid and dihybrid crosses to determine the inheritance patterns of these traits. His work established the principles of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment. The document defines genetic terms and explains Mendel's experimental setup, results, and conclusions that laid the foundation for modern genetics.
132017 Genetics Problems 1. Round shape is dominant to wrinkl.pdf
1/3/2017 Genetics Problems 1. Round shape is dominant to wrinkled. Yellow pea color is
dominant to green. Purple flowers are dominant to white. If Mendel crossed a round green pea
plant with purple flowers to a wrinkled yellow pea plant with white flowers and got at least some
of each possible genotype, what were the genotypes of each parent and if he counted 1000
progeny, how many round yellow peas should he expect? How many wrinkled green peas with
purple flowers? 2. In an individual with Aa BB Cc dd Ee alleles, assuming independent
assortment, how many different gametes are possible?
Solution
Dominant: Round (R) shape, yellow (Y) color, purple (P) flower
Recessive: wrinkled (r), green (y) pea color, white(p) flower
Cross between
Round green purple RryyPp x rrYypp wrinkled yellow white
Gametes
rYp
ryp
RyP
RrYyPp Round Yellow Purple
RryyPp Round Green Purple
Ryp
RrYypp Round Yellow White
Rryypp Round Green White
ryP
rrYyPp Wrinkled Yellow Purple
rryyPp Wrinkled Green Purple
ryp
rrYypp Wrinkled Yellow White
rryypp Wrinkled Green White
Round yellow genotypes are = 2 in 8 genotypes so percentage of having the trait is =
2/8 x 100 =25%; so the number of progenies are 1000 x 25% = 250
Wrinkled Green Purple genotypes are = 1 in 8 so percentage of having the trait is =
1/8 x 100 = 12.5%; so the number of progenies are 1000 x 12.5%; = 125
Number of gametes depends upon heterozygous alleles. This is calculated by the formula
(number of heterozygote)2
For AaBBCcddEe ; total number of heterozygote alleles= 3
so the Number of gametes are = 32 = 9
Gametes
rYp
ryp
RyP
RrYyPp Round Yellow Purple
RryyPp Round Green Purple
Ryp
RrYypp Round Yellow White
Rryypp Round Green White
ryP
rrYyPp Wrinkled Yellow Purple
rryyPp Wrinkled Green Purple
ryp
rrYypp Wrinkled Yellow White
rryypp Wrinkled Green White.
Genetics 2
- Gregor Mendel studied inheritance through experiments with pea plants and discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes.
- Mendel observed that traits can be dominant or recessive, and used mathematical probabilities to predict inheritance patterns in subsequent generations.
- The concept of codominance was later introduced, where both alleles of a gene are expressed equally in heterozygotes rather than one being dominant. Blood type inheritance in humans follows codominance.
51 Mendelian Gene cs Lab 5 52 La.docx
51
Mendelian Gene cs
Lab 5
52
Lab 5: Mendelian Gene cs
53
Introduc on
In 1866, Gregor Mendel, an Austrian Monk, published a paper en tled “Experiments in plant hybridiza-
on”. It went largely unno ced un l 1900 when it was rediscovered and subsequently became the
basis for what we now refer to as Mendelian Gene cs.
Mendel was the Þrst to recognize:
Inherited characters are determined by speciÞc factors (now recognized these as genes).
These factors occur in pairs (genes).
When both alleles of a gene are the same they are said to be homozygous, while if they are di erent
they are said to be heterozygous. When gametes form, these factors segregate so that each gamete
contains only one allele for each gene. Remember, alleles reside on the chromosomes that are divid-
ing. These original observa ons lead to what we now refer to as The law of segrega on and the law of
independent assortment.
Figure 1: Law of Segrega on
Concepts to explore:
Gregor Mendel
Law of segrega on
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Independent assortment
Dominant vs. recessive
Incomplete dominance
Co-dominance
Genotype
Phenotype
Monohybrid cross
Dihybrid cross
Punne square
Lab 5: Mendelian Gene cs
54
The law of segrega on states that during
meiosis, homologous (paired) chromo-
somes split (Figure 1). The law of inde-
pendent assortment states that during
meiosis, each homologous chromosome
has an equal chance of ending up in ei-
ther gamete, and alleles for individual
genes segregate with the chromosomes
on which they are located (Figure 2).
Using corn as an example (Figure 2):
The large chromosome has the gene for kernel color (Y = yellow, y = blue).
The small chromosome has the gene for kernel texture (S = smooth (green); s = wrinkled (red)).
When a dominant allele is present, that characteris c is expressed, regardless of the second allele. In
this case both the Yy and YY o spring will be yellow.
A recessive allele is only expressed when both alleles are recessive. In this case only the yy combina-
on is blue. The dominant allele is always represented by capital le ers, while the recessive is repre-
sented by lower case le ers.
Genotype refers to the combina on of alleles for a par cular trait. Phenotype refers to the appear-
ance of that combina on of alleles. In our example, the genotype of the diploid cell is Yy, Ss, while the
phenotype is Yellow and Smooth.
Figure 2: Law of Independent Assortment
Figure 3: Monohybrid Cross
Punne Square F1
Lab 5: Mendelian Gene cs
55
Alleles can exhibit incomplete dominance and co-dominance. An example of incomplete dominance is
the cross of two plants, one with red ßowers and one with white, whose o spring have pink ßowers.
In the case of codominance, the same cross would result in red and white striped ßowers.
If we know the genotype of two parents we can.
Biology: All about Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes.
Inheritance is how traits, or characteristics, are passed on from generation to generation.
Chromosomes are made up of genes, which are made up of DNA.
Genetic material (genes,chromosomes, DNA) is found inside the nucleus of a cell.
Gregor Mendel is considered “The Father of Genetics"
Mendelian genetics
This document discusses key concepts in genetics including loci, alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, Mendelian inheritance patterns, blood types, sex determination, and examples of inherited illnesses. It provides examples of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses in peas and explains the expected inheritance ratios. It also discusses karyotype, environmental and genetic factors that can determine sex.
Nonmendelian Genetics Part1
This document provides examples of Mendelian genetics concepts through punnett squares and genetic crosses. It addresses:
- A cross between homozygous round and wrinkled seeds that results in 100% heterozygous dominant round seeds.
- A cross between a heterozygous brown-eyed man and blue-eyed woman that results in a 50-50 phenotypic ratio of brown and blue eyes and genotypic ratios of 50% heterozygous dominant brown and 50% recessive blue.
- Examples of incomplete dominance in flowers (pink) and animal coats (roan) where the heterozygote phenotype is blended between the homozygous parents.
- X-linked colorblindness where it is recess
Please answer all questionsDefine1. Wild type –2. Epistasis –.pdf
Please answer all questions
Define
1. Wild type –
2. Epistasis –
Fill in the Blank
3. Two genes may interact effecting one trait and resulting in novel phenotypes with an F2
phenotypic ________________ ratio.
4. Under ________________ conditions, conditionally lethal mutants will die.
True or False
5. Penetrance is the degree or intensity with which a particular genotype is expressed in a
phenotype.
6. Continuous traits are usually controlled by multiple genes and may be influenced by the
environment.
Short Answer
7. Describe the inheritance pattern(s) of blood types.
8. When studying a newly discovered flowering plant in Costa Rica, you collect data on its petal
color in an effort to determine how this trait may be inherited. You find that 852 flowers are red,
331 are white and 389 are yellow. What are the possible inheritance patterns, and how could you
definitely conclude which of these possibilities is the true mode of inheritance?
Solution
Wild type- wild type phenotype refers to characteristics that occurs naturally in a breeding
population.
Epistasis - it refers to a phenomena when one gene’s expression is dependent on the presence of
another gene(s), called the modifier gene.
9:16
Let\'s take an example of comb varieties in chicken
We have two pure breeds : wyandotte whose phenotype is a rose comb and brahmas having the
phenotype of a pea comb, when crossed with each other, they create a completely new phenotype
of a walnut comb. Let\'s look at the ratio:
Parental cross: rose comb x pea comb
F1 : all walnut combs
F2 : 9 walnut : 3 rose: 3peas : 1 single
Hence the ratio is 9:16
Under the restrictive or nonpermissive condition conditions, conditionally lethal mutants will
die.
Conditionally lethal mutants are those which have an allele that will make the survival of the
species difficult only in a specific condition.
True. for example if a mutation in a gene gives the species a particular characterisitc which has
97%penetrance, only 97% of those with the mutation will develop that characteristic and 3 %
will not.
True. multiple genes affect continuous traits. For such complex gene interactions, the traits are
influenced by environmental factors too. For example, height and skin color.
There are four basic blood types which are A, B, AB and O and together with the Rh factor,
these can be +ve or -ve.
A and B are dominant, while O is recessive.
Blood type
A
B
O
A
A
AB
A
B
AB
B
B
O
A
B
O
For Rh factor, Rh (+)ve is dominant.
So if the any one or both parents have Rh (+)ve factor, the progeny will be Rh(+)ve.
If both parents are Rh(-)ve, the progeny will be Rh (-)ve
Father
Mother
D
D
d
Dd
Dd
d
Dd
Dd
100% Rh (+)ve children
Father
Mother
D
d
d
Dd
dd
d
Dd
dd
50% Rh(+)ve children
Red: 852
White: 331
Yellow:389
According to the given data, red is dominant and white is recessive and yellow is a result of
incomplete dominance of both white and red phenotype.
It can\'t be codominance, because codominance involves both phenotypes being expressed in
di.
MIC150 - Chap 1 Mendelian Genetics
1) Mendel studied inheritance of traits in pea plants and developed the laws of genetics through extensive experimentation.
2) The Law of Segregation states that organisms pass one of two alleles to their offspring and these alleles segregate during gamete formation such that a cross between heterozygotes results in a 3:1 phenotypic ratio.
3) The Law of Independent Assortment demonstrated that two traits assort independently during gamete formation, resulting in a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross. Mendel's work laid the foundation for modern genetics.
Module 10 patterns of inheritance
The document discusses basic genetics concepts including:
- Gregor Mendel studied heredity through pea plant experiments in the 1800s.
- Mendel observed that traits separated and recombined when parent plants differing in one trait were crossed.
- Terms like dominant, recessive, genotype and phenotype were introduced to explain his findings.
- The Punnett square was developed as a tool to predict potential offspring of crosses.
Module 10 patterns of inheritance
- Genetics is the study of heredity and traits being passed from parents to offspring through genes.
- Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to study inheritance, observing that traits can be dominant or recessive.
- Through his experiments, Mendel determined that individuals have two alleles for each trait, and that for recessive traits to be expressed, an individual must be homozygous for the recessive allele.
Biology Form 5 Chapter 5 : 5.1 Inheritance
- Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1860s and is considered the founder of genetics. Through his experiments, he discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance.
- Mendel determined that traits are passed from parents to offspring through "factors" that we now know as genes. His laws of inheritance include dominance, segregation, and independent assortment.
- Mendel's work formed the basis for understanding how traits are inherited and laid the foundation for modern genetics.
Class 10 mendel's experiment - khushali thacker
Heredity is the process by which traits and characteristics are passed from parents to offspring through genes. Genetics is the study of DNA, genes, genetic variation, and heredity. Mendel's experiments involved crossing pea plants with contrasting traits like round/wrinkled seeds and green/yellow seeds. His observations of the offspring over multiple generations showed that genes are inherited independently and some traits, like round seeds, are dominant over others, like wrinkled seeds. The ratios he observed provide insight into inheritance patterns and genetics.
mendelian genetics.ppt
Mendel observed patterns of inheritance in pea plants through experimentation with traits such as flower color, seed shape, and pod color. His work provided evidence that heritable traits are specified by discrete units (later identified as genes) that are transmitted from parents to offspring in predictable patterns. Through experiments involving one trait (monohybrid crosses) and two traits (dihybrid crosses), Mendel deduced that genes assort and transmit independently during gamete formation and fertilization. Later work showed that traits are influenced not only by genes but also environmental factors and that variations exist in patterns of gene expression and dominance.
ROLE OF INHERITANCE IN CROP IMPROVEMENT
1. Two studies examined the inheritance of flower color in chickpea. Crosses between plants with pink and white flowers in the parental generation resulted in pink flowers in the F1 progeny.
2. Analysis of the F2 generations found ratios of pink to white flowers that mostly fit the expected 3:1 Mendelian ratio, suggesting flower color is governed by a single gene.
3. However, one cross showed a significant deviation from the expected ratio, indicating multiple genetic factors may influence flower color in some cases.
Biology 103 Laboratory Exercise – Genetic Problems .docx
Biology 103 Laboratory Exercise – Genetic Problems
Introduction
Although the science of genetics has become a highly sophisticated discipline dealing
with the interactions of hereditary factors at the molecular level, it has its roots in the
basic laws of heredity initially discovered and presented by Gregor Mendel more than
one hundred years ago. Mendel's success in discovering these laws was due largely to his
application of the simple rules of mathematical probability - the laws of chance - to his
observations concerning the inheritance of certain characteristics in the garden pea plant.
Reginald Punnett and the Punnett Square
The Punnett square is a diagram used by biologists to determine genotypic probability
within the offspring from a particular genetic cross. The Punnett square shows every
possible genotypic combination of maternal alleles with the paternal alleles for a genetic
cross. Punnett squares only give probabilities for genotypes, not phenotypes. The square
diagram was designed by the British geneticist, Reginald Punnett (1865-1967) and first
presented to the science community in 1905. Punnett’s Mendelism (1905) is considered
the first popular science book to introduce genetics to the public.
Solving Genetic Problems
R
R'
R
RR RR'
R'
RR' R'R'
Maternal alleles
A
A
a
Aa
Aa
Paternal
Alleles
a
Aa
Aa
The first step in solving a genetic problem is to establish the genetic symbols you will use
in your problem solution. Stay consistent by using these same symbols throughout the
problem solving process.
Represent dominant and recessive alleles (different forms of a gene) using traditional
genetic symbols. Dominant alleles should be represented with the capital version of an
alphabetic letter while using the lower case version to show recessiveness. For example:
B = black color, b = white color.
Each individual gene or trait is diploid (2n) in nature and therefore, must be represented
with two alleles. Continuing with the alleles mentioned previously, an individual may
have the genetic makeup BB, Bb, or bb when using those alleles.
Remember that gametes (sperm and egg) are haploid (n) and can only provide one allele
per trait. For example: B or b
An individual’s genotype contains the possible gametes that can be expected to be
produced by that individual. Much of genetics revolves around the probability of the
makeup of gametes. If the individual is homozygous, all of the gametes produced will
possess the same kind of allele. For example, an individual with the genotype BB would
be expected to produce only B gametes and individuals with genotype bb would produce
only b gametes.
If the individual is heterozygous, that is the individual’s genotype contains one dominant
allele and one recessive allele (Bb), the gametes produced will possess one or the other of
the two forms of the gene – B or b. ...
Heredity
The document discusses Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants to study heredity and traits. Some key findings were that traits are passed from parents to offspring, but don't always show up in each generation. Mendel discovered that traits seem to be determined by discrete units (now called genes and alleles) that are inherited based on predictable patterns. His work helped establish the foundations of classical genetics.
Mendel and punnett squares
Mendel studied inherited traits in pea plants through controlled breeding experiments in the mid-1800s. He discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete factors that he called genes. His experiments demonstrated that genes come in different versions called alleles that are separated during gamete formation and transmitted independently of one another based on simple mathematical probabilities seen in his Punnett square diagrams. Mendel was thus able to deduce the basic principles of heredity and inheritance that became the foundation of modern genetics.
4.5 Theoretical Genetics
This document provides an overview of theoretical genetics concepts including:
1) It defines key genetics terms and concepts discovered by Gregor Mendel through his pea plant experiments, including genes, alleles, dominance, segregation, and Punnett squares.
2) It explains Mendel's principles of inheritance including segregation and independent assortment of alleles and how this determines genotype and phenotype probabilities.
3) It discusses extensions of Mendelian genetics including co-dominance, multiple alleles, genetic linkage, sex-linkage, and examples like blood types and hemophilia.
Similar to Lecture 23 (20)
132017 Genetics Problems 1. Round shape is dominant to wrinkl.pdf
132017 Genetics Problems 1. Round shape is dominant to wrinkl.pdf
Please answer all questionsDefine1. Wild type –2. Epistasis –.pdf
Please answer all questionsDefine1. Wild type –2. Epistasis –.pdf
Biology 103 Laboratory Exercise – Genetic Problems .docx
Biology 103 Laboratory Exercise – Genetic Problems .docx
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Lecture 26
Fredrick Meischer first isolated DNA in 1869. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, scientists searched for the hereditary material and determined key features of DNA including its ability to replicate, store large amounts of information, and be read. Frederick Griffith discovered in 1928 that a non-virulent strain of bacteria could be transformed into a virulent strain, suggesting a transforming factor, later identified by Avery, McLeod and McCarty in 1944 to be DNA. Erwin Chargaff discovered in 1950 that the amounts of adenine and thymine and guanine and cytosine were always equal in DNA. James Watson and Crick then published the double helix model of DNA in 1953.
Lecture 20
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Lecture 33
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Lecture 31
This document discusses several topics related to molecular genetics including:
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Lecture 22
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1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微6496090
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微6496090】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微6496090】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(McGill毕业证书)麦吉尔大学毕业证【微信：6496090 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(McGill毕业证书)麦吉尔大学毕业证【微信：6496090 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(McGill毕业证书)麦吉尔大学毕业证【微信：6496090 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(McGill毕业证书)麦吉尔大学毕业证【微信：6496090 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版塔夫斯大学毕业证Tufts成绩单一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：6496090】【塔夫斯大学毕业证Tufts学位证成绩单】【微信：6496090】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：6496090】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：6496090】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份【微信：6496090】
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
办理塔夫斯大学毕业证Tufts学位证【微信：6496090 】外观非常精致，由特殊纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理塔夫斯大学毕业证Tufts学位证【微信：6496090 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理塔夫斯大学毕业证Tufts学位证【微信：6496090 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理塔夫斯大学毕业证Tufts学位证【微信：6496090 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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2024欧洲杯比分投注堪称近年最强的在线博彩独角马公司，他创立于2012年，总部位于美国波士顿，是美国每日梦幻体育比赛和体育博彩的运营商。去年4月挂牌上市后股价一飞冲天，市值轻松超越凯萨娱乐，成为美国博彩业的亮点。2024欧洲杯比分投注也擅长与体坛或是电视媒体合作。2024欧洲杯比分投注宣布与ESPN建立合作伙伴关系，2024欧洲杯比分投注成为每日梦幻体育博彩的独家内容供应商，并成为从在线体彩链接的独家合作伙伴。
MISS RAIPUR 2024 - WINNER POONAM BHARTI.
Poonam Bharti, a guide of ability and diligence, has been chosen as the champ from Raipur for Mrs. India 2024, Pride of India, from the DK Show. Her journey to this prestigious title is a confirmation of her commitment, difficult work, and multifaceted gifts. At fair 23 a long time ago, Poonam has as of now made noteworthy strides in both her proficient and individual lives, encapsulating the soul of present-day Indian ladies who adjust different parts with beauty and competence. This article dives into Poonam Bharti’s foundation, achievements, and qualities that separated her as a meriting champion of this award.
MISS TEEN LUCKNOW 2024 - WINNER ASIYA 2024
In the dynamic city of Lucknow, known for its wealthy social legacy and authentic importance, a youthful star has developed, capturing the hearts of numerous with her elegance, insights, and eagerness. Asiya, as of late delegated as the champ from Lucknow for Miss Youngster India 2024 by the DK Pageant, stands as a confirmation of the monstrous ability and potential dwelling inside the youth of India. This exceptional young lady is a signal of excellence and a paragon of devotion and aspiration.
Self-Discipline: The Secret Weapon for Certain Victory
Amid the constant barrage of distractions and dwindling motivation, self-discipline emerges as the unwavering beacon that guides individuals toward triumph. This vital quality serves as the key to unlocking one’s true potential, whether the aspiration is to attain personal goals, ascend the career ladder, or refine everyday habits.
Understanding Self-Discipline
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Self-Discipline: The Secret Weapon for Certain Victory
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Lecture 23
- 1. 10/31/08 Lecture 23 – Genetics 2 Dihybrid Cross (example) We will be examine seed shape and seed color. Color: Yellow(dominant), green (recessive) Shape: Round (dominant), wrinkled (recessive) Parents: True Breeding Round yellow X Wrinkled green F1 generation: All round yellow F2 generation: Ratio: 9 round yellow, 3 round green, 3 wrinkled yellow, and 1 wrinkled green Conclusions Each pair of alleles assort independently during meiosis. The results of meiosis are four distinct phenotypes. Test cross Phenotype: Purple flower Genotype: PP, Pp P? X pp Two possible outcomes 1. If ? is P, then all offspring will have purple flowers. 2. If ? is p, then half of the offspring will be purple, the rest are white. Genetic pedigree Square – male Circle – female Circle linked with square – mated Two-pone fork – offspring Shaded circle or square – individual has specific trait Incomplete dominance: A form of intermediate inheritance in which heterozygous alleles are both expressed, resulting in a combined phenotype. For example, examine the snapdragon. Phenotype: Red, pink, white r r r r w w w w Genotype: C C or C c, C C (pink), C c or C C (white) Ratio: 1 red, 2 pink, 1 white Probability The scale is from 0-1. O, event will not occur 1, even will undoubtedly occur
- 2. 0.5, 50% occurrence rate All probabilities must add up to one. Multiplication rule 1st probability: 0.5 2nd probability: 0.5 * 0.5 = 0.25 Addition rule Add the two probabilities