This document provides an overview of nucleic acid chemistry, including the structure and types of DNA and RNA. It discusses:
1) The structure of DNA as a double helix composed of nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds, with base pairing between A-T and G-C.
2) Different types of DNA including B-form, A-form, Z-form, and circular DNA found in prokaryotes and mitochondria.
3) The structure of RNA as a single-stranded polymer and different types including mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, hnRNA, and small RNAs.
RNA- A polymer of ribonucleotides, is a single stranded structure. There are three major types of RNA- m RNA,t RNA and r RNA. Besides that there are small nuclear,micro RNAs, small interfering and heterogeneous RNAs. Each of them has a specific structure and performs a specific function.
RNA is a ribonucleic acid that helps in the synthesis of proteins in our body. This nucleic acid is responsible for the production of new cells in the human body. It is usually obtained from the DNA molecule.
RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a vital molecule in the field of molecular biology. It plays a crucial role in the flow of genetic information within cells, serving as a messenger that carries instructions from DNA to guide the synthesis of proteins. Unlike DNA, RNA is typically single-stranded and contains the nucleotide uracil instead of thymine.
There are several types of RNA, each with specific functions. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from the DNA in the cell nucleus to the ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs. Transfer RNA (tRNA) delivers amino acids to the ribosomes, ensuring that the correct sequence of amino acids is assembled during protein synthesis. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a structural component of ribosomes, which are the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis.
RNA is involved in various cellular processes beyond protein synthesis, such as gene regulation and the catalysis of biochemical reactions. Additionally, emerging research continues to unveil the diverse roles of RNA in cellular functions and disease mechanisms. The study of RNA has significant implications in understanding the fundamental processes of life and in the development of therapeutic interventions.
Nucleic acid and its chemistry, dna as genetic materialdeepa sundari
The nucleic acids are vital biopolymers found in all living organisms, where they function to encode, transfer, and express genes. The nucleic acids are of two types, namely deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid(RNA).
EVER WONDERED WHY DNA IS GENETIC MATERIAL INSTEAD OF RNA OR PROTEIN?
Nucleic acid and its chemistry - DNA, RNA, DNA as genetic materialDhanuja Kumar
The nucleic acids are vital biopolymers found in all living organisms, where they function to encode, transfer, and express genes. The nucleic acids are of two types, namely deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid(RNA)
RNA- A polymer of ribonucleotides, is a single stranded structure. There are three major types of RNA- m RNA,t RNA and r RNA. Besides that there are small nuclear,micro RNAs, small interfering and heterogeneous RNAs. Each of them has a specific structure and performs a specific function.
RNA is a ribonucleic acid that helps in the synthesis of proteins in our body. This nucleic acid is responsible for the production of new cells in the human body. It is usually obtained from the DNA molecule.
RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a vital molecule in the field of molecular biology. It plays a crucial role in the flow of genetic information within cells, serving as a messenger that carries instructions from DNA to guide the synthesis of proteins. Unlike DNA, RNA is typically single-stranded and contains the nucleotide uracil instead of thymine.
There are several types of RNA, each with specific functions. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from the DNA in the cell nucleus to the ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs. Transfer RNA (tRNA) delivers amino acids to the ribosomes, ensuring that the correct sequence of amino acids is assembled during protein synthesis. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a structural component of ribosomes, which are the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis.
RNA is involved in various cellular processes beyond protein synthesis, such as gene regulation and the catalysis of biochemical reactions. Additionally, emerging research continues to unveil the diverse roles of RNA in cellular functions and disease mechanisms. The study of RNA has significant implications in understanding the fundamental processes of life and in the development of therapeutic interventions.
Nucleic acid and its chemistry, dna as genetic materialdeepa sundari
The nucleic acids are vital biopolymers found in all living organisms, where they function to encode, transfer, and express genes. The nucleic acids are of two types, namely deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid(RNA).
EVER WONDERED WHY DNA IS GENETIC MATERIAL INSTEAD OF RNA OR PROTEIN?
Nucleic acid and its chemistry - DNA, RNA, DNA as genetic materialDhanuja Kumar
The nucleic acids are vital biopolymers found in all living organisms, where they function to encode, transfer, and express genes. The nucleic acids are of two types, namely deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid(RNA)
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
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mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
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(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
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- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
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- GENE THERAPY
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Lecture 2. Chemistry of NA Purines & Pyrimidines.ppt
1. Dr. Vishnu Kumar
Professor & Head, Department of
Biochemistry, MPTMC, SIDDHARTH NAGAR
vkawasthi@hotmail.com
madhwapur1976@gmail.com
Nucleic Acid Chemistry
Competency Number BI: 7.1
CORE COMPETENCY
2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completion of this lecture learner
should be able to define/ describe
Structure of DNA
Types of DNA
Structure of RNA
Types of RNA
Primary transcript
3. Structure of DNA
Consists of 2 helical chains wound round
the same axis to form a right handed
double helix.
Monomeric units are dAMP, dGMP , dCMP,
and TMP linked by 3’ 5’ phospho diester
bonds
Base pairing—A &T with 2 hydrogen
bonds and G & C with 3 hydrogen bonds.
4. DNA Structure
Two strands are anti parallel.
In the double helix d ribose &
phosphate groups are on the outside
facing the water, and bases are present
inside.
The structure resembles a twisted
ladder, producing Major & Minor
grooves.
5.
6.
7. Physical properties of DNA
Denaturation– separation of two strands by
increasing temperature--Hydrogen bonds are
broken, loss of viscosity.
Hyperchronicity of denaturation– increase of
optical absorbance of bases.
Melting temperature (Tm)– temperature at
which half the d/s structure is lost.
Hybridization.– Pairing between DNA& RNA--
formation of DNA-RNA hybrid.
DNA super coiling.
8. Types of DNA
A, B, C, D, E &Z.
B form--, 10 bp/ turn. 3.4 nm/ turn, 2 nm in
width, Rt. Handed double helix. Vast majority
of DNA in living cells exist in B – form.
A form– 11 bp/ turn. Rt. Handed double
helix.
Z form– Zigzag structure, 12 bp/ turn. Left
handed double helix.
9.
10. Circular DNA
Prokaryotic organisms contain d/s
circular chromosomal DNA.
Eukaryotic organisms have circular DNA
in mitochondria.
Extra chromosomal circular DNA
present in bacteria.
11. Mitochondrial DNA
Human Mitochondria contains 2-10
copies of small circular DNA.
Constitutes 1% of cellular DNA.
Codes for mitochondrial rRNA,
mitochondrial tRNA and 13 proteins of
respiratory chain.
Maternal inheritance.
12.
13.
14. RNA
Definition– polymer of purine and pyrimidine
ribonucleotides ( A,G,C,U,) linked by phospho
diester linkage.
Single stranded. RNA strand is
complementary to one strand of DNA called
the template strand. It is identical with the
other strand called the coding strand except it
has U for T.
15. Difference between RNA &
DNA
RNA DNA
Ribose Deoxy ribose.
A,G,C,U. A,G,C,T.
Single strand. Double strand.
G is not equal to C G=C.
A is not equal to T A=T.
Alkali hydrolysis + negative.
Protein synthesis. Transmits genetic
information.
16. Types of RNA.
Messenger RNA- mRNA.
Heterogeneous nuclear RNA- hn RNA.
Transfer RNA- tRNA.
Ribosomal RNA- rRNA.
Small nuclear RNA- snRNA
17. Types of RNA.
RNA as enzyme- Ribozyme.
RNA as genetic material- RNA virus.
Micro- RNA- mi RNA.
Small interfering RNA- si RNA.
18. m RNA
Heterogeneous in size, abundance and
stability.
All members of this class function as
messengers conveying the information in a
gene to the protein synthesizing machinery,
where each mRNA serves as a template on
which a specific sequence of amino acids is
polymerized to form specific protein molecule.
19. Structure of mRNA
5’ end is ‘capped’ by 7 methyl
guanosine tri phosphate which stabilizes
the mRNA. Also involved in recognition
of mRNA by the protein synthesizing
machinery.
3’ end has a polymer of 20-250
nucleotides called ‘poly A’ tail. It
stabilizes the mRNA.
20.
21. Primary transcript.
In mammalian cells the mRNA
molecules are not synthesized directly
from DNA.
From DNA pre-RNA is formed which is
processed to form the mRNA.
This primary transcript or pre-RNA is
called heterogeneous nuclear RNA.
22. Transfer RNA.
74-95 nucleotide in length.
Generated by nuclear processing of a
precursor molecule.
Function– Translation of information
present in the nucleotide sequence of
mRNA into amino acid sequence of
protein.
20 species in each cell.
23. Structure of t RNA
It has five arms.
Accepter arm.
Anticodon arm.
D-arm.
T C arm.
Extra arm.
Clover leaf appearance.
24.
25. Ribosome
Cytoplasmic nucleoprotein, that acts as
machinery for protein synthesis. On the
ribosome mRNA &tRNA molecule
interact to translate the information in a
gene into a specific protein molecule.
Mammalian ribosome has sedimentation
velocity coefficient of 80 S. It contains 2
subunits 60 S & 40 S.
26.
27. Ribosomal RNA
Contributes to the formation of
ribosome.
60 S ribosomal subunit contains 5S,
5.8S& 28S ribosomal RNA and 50
polypeptides.
40S ribosomal subunit contains 18S
rRNA and 30 distinct polypeptides.
28. Small RNA
A large number of small RNA species
are found in eukaryotic cells.
Most of them are complexed with
protein, and distributed in the nucleus,
the cytoplasm ,or both.
20- 300 nucleotides in length.
29. Small nuclear RNA
Sn RNA– A subset of small RNAs,
involved in mRNA , rRNA processing
and gene regulation.
U1, U2, U4, U5 & U6 are involved in
intron removal.
Uracil rich .
30. Other RNAs
Ribozymes – SnRNA, peptidyl transferase,
RNAse P are example.
RNA acting as genetic material- - RNA
virus.
Micro RNAs– 21-25 nucleotide in length.
They cause inhibition of gene expression.
Si RNAs– also cause inhibition of gene
expression.
Both mi RNAs & si RNAs are potential
targets for therapeutic drug development.
31. Nucleases
Enzymes capable of degrading nucleic
acids.
Two classes– deoxy- ribonucleases &
ribonucleases.
Both classes have endonucleases &
exonucleases.