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Lecture 1_History of Architecture 3-Dr. Mai Mokhtar.pdf
- 1. History of Architecture 3 AR233 Asst. Prof. Mai Mokhtar Summer 2021/2022
- 2. Lecture 1:Introduction ° Islamic Architecture?
- 4. ➢ Kaaba الكعبة المشرفة Location: Mecca, Saudi Arabia (Elharam Mosque) Date : Adam period - (Ibrahim and Ismael rebuilt) • It is the main Qibla for Muslims around the world and Muslims Pilgrimage (Hajj) place.
- 6. وتطورت بدأت كيف ؟ اإلسالمية العمارة How did the Islamic Architecture begin and develop ?
- 7. How did it begin? By following the tradition of the Prophet Mohamed ( وسلم عليه هللا صلى ) Building a mosque when they start to establish new community.
- 9. The Spread Of Islam Map 622-900 AD
- 10. The countries which Islam first expanded were already rich in: ▪ Building traditions and techniques. ▪ Exploitation of natural resources for building. ▪ Building materials like: Brick - Marble - Ceramic production – Gypsum plaster - Glass manufacture. ▪ Various forms of Metal works for building.
- 11. The principal Islamic architectural types are: • Mosques المساجد • Tombs االضرحة • Palaces القصور • Forts القالع From these four types, the vocabulary of Islamic Architecture is derived and used for buildings of less importance such as: • Public Baths الحمامات العامة • Fountains النوافير / سبيل • Residential Architecture المنازل
- 12. الظاهر الملك حمام - دمشق الرحمن عبد وكتاب سبيل كتخدا - القاهرة السحيمي بيت - القاهرة
- 13. What are the Islamic architectural eras? اإلسالمية؟ العمارة عصور هي ما
- 14. Ottoman Caliphate (1517 – 1922 AD) العثمانية الخالفة Mamluk Period 2 (Suljuq) (1382 – 1517 AD) المملوكية السلطنة 2 ( الشركسية مماليك ) Mamluk Period 1 (Bahrid) (1250 – 1382 AD) المملوكية السلطنة ( بحرية مماليك ) Ayyupid Caliphate (1171 – 1250 AD) الدولة االيوبية Fatimid Caliphate (909 – 1171 AD) الفاطمية الدولة Abbasid Caliphate (750 – 1258) & Tulunid in Egypt بمصر والطولونية العباسية الدولة Umayyad Caliphate (661 – 750 AD) االموية الدولة Rashidun Caliphate (632-661AD) الراشدين الخلفاء Prophet Mohammed Era (570-632 AD) وسلم علية هللا صلي محمد هللا رسول Islamic Architectural Eras:
- 16. Terminologies Masjid المسجد - Small prayer mosque Jami/Jama الجامع - Mosque, principal place of worship, use for Friday prayers Madrassah المدرسة - Muslim educational institution (Egypt) Saray,sarai السراية - Palace Pemarstan بيمارستان - Hospital Building components Mihrab محراب - Niche oriented towards Mecca Minber منبر - Raised platform for ceremonial announcements Iwan, Ivan ايوان - Open-fronted vault facing on to a court Bab باب - Gateway Sahn صحن - Courtyard of a mosque Minaret مئذنة - Tower from which call to prayer is made Kibla قبلة - Axis orientated towards Mecca Haremlik حرملك - Women’s private quarters of a house or palace Selamlik سالملك - Men’s quarters Mashrabiya مشربية - Window enclosed with carved wood (privacy feature)
- 21. Mosque Styles/Types 1. Hypostyle Mosque Prayer hall is formed of rows of vertical supports (columns). Early and Umayyad. 2. Iwan Mosque Prayer hall is an iwan, or more up to four iwans, surrounding a courtyard. Medieval period. 3. The Central Dome Mosque Prayer hall’s space is dominated by a central dome surrounded by smaller and lower semi domes. Ottoman in the 15th century. Central Dome Sultan Ahmed Mosque-Turkey Iwan Sultan Hassan Mosque-Egypt Hypostyle Kairouan Mosque Tunsia
- 22. Mosque of the Prophet Mohamed at Medina - Courtyard صحن - Prayer Hall مصلى - Portico ظلة / الصفة made of palm trunks and branches was built on the north side of the courtyard; also served as a place for deliberations (social activities, political debate, community affairs) - The prophet’s house (two rooms increased to 9) 1- Prophet Mohammed Era 570-632 - The Islamic prototype of both religious and residential architecture, built in 622 AD (1 A.H. or After Hegira, the emigration of the Prophet to Medina), and enlarged several times in the first century of Islam by Omar (638 AD), then by Othman (644 AD) . The original Area was 1050 m2 (35m * 30 m)
- 23. 1- Prophet Mohammed Era 570-632 After re-oriented the Qibla towards the Kabaa Mosque of the Prophet Mohamed at Medina
- 24. Mosque of the Prophet Mohamed at Medina 1- Prophet Mohammed Era 570-632
- 25. 1- Prophet Mohammed Era 570-632 The First expansion of the Prophet mosque (7AH) - Mud brick simple structure consisted of Nine rooms and a square courtyard – at the south east corner Mosque of the Prophet Mohamed at Medina
- 26. 2- Omar & Othman Eras 638-644 Second and Third expansion of the Prophet mosque (17AH) –(29-30 AH) by Omar Ibn Elkhatab and Othman Ibn Affan - Expansion of the Prophet mosque from (North, West, South) Sides Mosque of the Prophet Mohamed at Medina
- 27. Mosque of the Prophet Mohamed at Medina 3- Caliph al Walid I (705-715) • In the years 707-709 the Caliph al Walid I ordered the expansion of the Prophet mosque • The walls were built of cut stone and timber roof • later the mosque was given four corner minarets
- 28. The prophet’s Mosque ( from 1 AH till present) Mosque of the Prophet Mohamed at Medina