This document provides information about a statistical physics course taught by Dr. Sabrina Maniscalco including an overview of topics covered such as quantum physics, quantum information processing, and quantum technologies. It lists expectations for students such as attending all classes, studying hard from the provided textbook, doing tutorial problems, and taking an exam involving 3 statistical physics problems. The goal of statistical physics is to use microscopic laws of physics to deduce properties of a system as a whole.
stellar fusion:A star is a hot ball of mostly hydrogen gas; the Sun is an example of a typical, ordinary star.
In the core of the star, the temperature and densities are high enough to sustain nuclear fusion reactions, and the energy produced by these reactions works its way to the surface and radiates into space as heat and light.
The process of building up heavier elements from lighter ones by nuclear reactions, is called stellar evolution.The stars' fuel for energy generation is the stuff they are made of -- hydrogen, helium, carbon, etc. -- which they burn by converting these elements into heavier elements.
"Burning" in this context does not refer to the kind of burning we are familiar with, such as the burning of wood or coal, which is chemical burning.
It refers to nuclear burning, in which the nuclei of atoms fuse into nuclei of heavier atoms.
When stars start their lives, they consist mostly of hydrogen, some helium, and small amounts of heavier elements, such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen.
In 1938, Hans Albrecht and Weizsacker analyzed two process in stars, p-p chain and CNO cycle and believed to be the source of energy in Stars. They showed the possibility to converting hydrogen into helium through nuclear reaction. These reactions take place at high temperature and high densities.
The energy of sun comes from nuclear fusion reaction. P-P cycle is dominant.
This starts with fusion of hydrogen nuclei, to produce deuterium :
The deuterium then fuses with more hydrogen to produce 3He via electromagnetic interaction :
And finally, two 3He nuclei fuse to form 4He via the nuclear strong interaction:
A very large amount of energy is released in this reaction
because 4He Doubly magic nucleus and so is very tightly bound.
Combing these equations we have ,
Because the temperature of the Sun is 107K, matter in this state
is referred to as a plasma.
The positrons produced above will annihilate with electrons in
the plasma to release a further 1.02 MeV and so the total energy
released is 26.72 Mev.
Another interesting cycle is the carbon, or CNO chain.
The CNO cycle (for carbon–nitrogen–oxygen) is one of the two known sets of fusion reactions by which stars convert hydrogen to helium hydrogen, using carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen , the other being the proton–proton chain reaction (pp-chain reaction).
Fusion processes continue to produce heavier elements until the core of the stellar object is composed mainly of nuclei with A 56, i.e.( the peak of the
binding energy per nucleon curve).
Heavier nuclei are produced in supernova explosions, but this is properly the subject of astrophysics and
we will not pursue it further.
stellar fusion:A star is a hot ball of mostly hydrogen gas; the Sun is an example of a typical, ordinary star.
In the core of the star, the temperature and densities are high enough to sustain nuclear fusion reactions, and the energy produced by these reactions works its way to the surface and radiates into space as heat and light.
The process of building up heavier elements from lighter ones by nuclear reactions, is called stellar evolution.The stars' fuel for energy generation is the stuff they are made of -- hydrogen, helium, carbon, etc. -- which they burn by converting these elements into heavier elements.
"Burning" in this context does not refer to the kind of burning we are familiar with, such as the burning of wood or coal, which is chemical burning.
It refers to nuclear burning, in which the nuclei of atoms fuse into nuclei of heavier atoms.
When stars start their lives, they consist mostly of hydrogen, some helium, and small amounts of heavier elements, such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen.
In 1938, Hans Albrecht and Weizsacker analyzed two process in stars, p-p chain and CNO cycle and believed to be the source of energy in Stars. They showed the possibility to converting hydrogen into helium through nuclear reaction. These reactions take place at high temperature and high densities.
The energy of sun comes from nuclear fusion reaction. P-P cycle is dominant.
This starts with fusion of hydrogen nuclei, to produce deuterium :
The deuterium then fuses with more hydrogen to produce 3He via electromagnetic interaction :
And finally, two 3He nuclei fuse to form 4He via the nuclear strong interaction:
A very large amount of energy is released in this reaction
because 4He Doubly magic nucleus and so is very tightly bound.
Combing these equations we have ,
Because the temperature of the Sun is 107K, matter in this state
is referred to as a plasma.
The positrons produced above will annihilate with electrons in
the plasma to release a further 1.02 MeV and so the total energy
released is 26.72 Mev.
Another interesting cycle is the carbon, or CNO chain.
The CNO cycle (for carbon–nitrogen–oxygen) is one of the two known sets of fusion reactions by which stars convert hydrogen to helium hydrogen, using carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen , the other being the proton–proton chain reaction (pp-chain reaction).
Fusion processes continue to produce heavier elements until the core of the stellar object is composed mainly of nuclei with A 56, i.e.( the peak of the
binding energy per nucleon curve).
Heavier nuclei are produced in supernova explosions, but this is properly the subject of astrophysics and
we will not pursue it further.
Introduction to physics--Branches of Physics--Importance of physicsKhanSaif2
This presentation covers about physics, branches of physics and importance of physics in a very interactive manner. I hope this presentation will be helpful for teachers as well as students.
A slideshow report from a 5th-grader
Slide 1: Title
Slide 2: What is energy
Slide 3: Electrical energy
Slide 4: Heat energy
Slide 5: Light energy
Slide 6: Chemical energy
Slide 7: Sound energy
Slide 8: Nuclear energy
Slide 9: Mechanical energy
Slide 10: Kinetic energy
Slide 11: Potential energy
Slide 12: End
NLP Secrets Seminar 2012 - Quantum Energy - 21062012Grant Hamel
NLP is about understanding the way that we think and ultimately produce results. Quantum is about inter-connectivity, especially through Time, Energy, Space & Matter.
This presentation is about leading our thinking towards manifesting abundance in a rapid, practical, sustainable way.
Research done by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi - Effect of Superconsciousness Extern...Abby Keif
Research on Trivedi Effect - The present paper is the first scientific report that deals with the effect of consciousness energy which Mahendra Trivedi uniquely communicates through thought intervention by sending an information signal that transforms carbon allotropes. Visit http://works.bepress.com/mahendra_trivedi/6/ to read paper.
Research done by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi - Effect of Superconsciousness Extern...john henrry
Research on Trivedi Effect - The present paper is the first scientific report that deals with the effect of consciousness energy which Mahendra Trivedi uniquely communicates through thought intervention by sending an information signal that transforms carbon allotropes to read more visit http://www.academicroom.com/article/effect-superconsciousness-external-energy-atomic-crystalline-and-powder-characterisitics-%E2%80%9Ccarbon-allotrope-powders%E2%80%9D
Introduction to physics--Branches of Physics--Importance of physicsKhanSaif2
This presentation covers about physics, branches of physics and importance of physics in a very interactive manner. I hope this presentation will be helpful for teachers as well as students.
A slideshow report from a 5th-grader
Slide 1: Title
Slide 2: What is energy
Slide 3: Electrical energy
Slide 4: Heat energy
Slide 5: Light energy
Slide 6: Chemical energy
Slide 7: Sound energy
Slide 8: Nuclear energy
Slide 9: Mechanical energy
Slide 10: Kinetic energy
Slide 11: Potential energy
Slide 12: End
NLP Secrets Seminar 2012 - Quantum Energy - 21062012Grant Hamel
NLP is about understanding the way that we think and ultimately produce results. Quantum is about inter-connectivity, especially through Time, Energy, Space & Matter.
This presentation is about leading our thinking towards manifesting abundance in a rapid, practical, sustainable way.
Research done by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi - Effect of Superconsciousness Extern...Abby Keif
Research on Trivedi Effect - The present paper is the first scientific report that deals with the effect of consciousness energy which Mahendra Trivedi uniquely communicates through thought intervention by sending an information signal that transforms carbon allotropes. Visit http://works.bepress.com/mahendra_trivedi/6/ to read paper.
Research done by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi - Effect of Superconsciousness Extern...john henrry
Research on Trivedi Effect - The present paper is the first scientific report that deals with the effect of consciousness energy which Mahendra Trivedi uniquely communicates through thought intervention by sending an information signal that transforms carbon allotropes to read more visit http://www.academicroom.com/article/effect-superconsciousness-external-energy-atomic-crystalline-and-powder-characterisitics-%E2%80%9Ccarbon-allotrope-powders%E2%80%9D
Thermostatics vs. electrodynamics preprints 10.20944.v1Bob Eisenberg
Thermodynamics has been the foundation of many models of biological and technological systems. But thermodynamics is static and is misnamed. A more suitable name is thermostatics.
Thermostatics does not include time as a variable and so has no velocity, flow or friction. Indeed, as usually formulated, thermostatics does not include boundary conditions. Devices require boundary conditions to define their input and output. They usually involve flow and friction. Thermostatics is an unsuitable foundation for understanding technological and biological devices. A time dependent generalization of thermostatics that might be called thermal dynamics is being
developed by Chun Liu and collaborators to avoid these limitations. Electrodynamics is not restricted like thermostatics, but in its classical formulation involves drastic assumptions about polarization and an over-approximated dielectric constant. Once the Maxwell equations are rewritten without a dielectric constant, they are universal and exact. Conservation of total current,including displacement current, is a restatement of the Maxwell equations that leads to dramatic simplifications in the understanding of one dimensional systems, particularly those without branches, like the ion channel proteins of biological membranes and the two terminal devices of electronic systems. The Brownian fluctuations of concentrations and fluxes of ions become the spatially independent total current, because the displacement current acts as an unavoidable low pass filter, a consequence of the Maxwell equations for any material polarization. Electrodynamics and thermal dynamics together form a suitable foundation for models of technological and biological systems.
In the fascinating realm of physics, units and measurements serve as the bedrock upon which the entire edifice of scientific understanding is constructed. As Class 11 students embark on their journey into the intricacies of this subject, the significance of grasping the fundamentals of units and measurements cannot be overstated. This article delves into the core concepts, applications, and real-world implications of this foundational chapter.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2. Office: DB G.04
Dr. Sabrina Maniscalco Tel: 0131 451 3053
Reader in Physics email: S.Maniscalco@hw.ac.uk
Research fields:
Quantum Physics
Quantum Information Processing & Quantum Computers
Quantum Technologies
Open Quantum Systems
3. Book
Statistical and Thermal Physics
Harvey Gould & Jan Tobochnik
http://stp.clarku.edu/notes/
Questions: Mondays 3 pm - 4 pm
DB G.04
(Send an email before)
4. What is expected from you
THIS IS NOT AN EASY COURSE!
0) Attend all the classes
1) Study (hard) from the book
2) Use the slides as guidelines to remember the
contents of the lectures and NOT as study
material
3) Ask questions and interrupt me if you don’t
understand something
4) Do all the problems of the tutorials
5) Give feedback on the lectures
6) Exam: Three Problems on the Statistical Physics
part. Math is not simple.
7. Macroscopic
Superconductors
Neutron star
Stock Market
8. Different types of questions
MACROSCOPIC - THERMODYNAMICS
1. How does the pressure of a gas depend on the temperature and the volume of its
container?
2. How does a refrigerator work? How can we make it more efficient?
3. How much energy do we need to add to a kettle of water to change it to steam?
4. Why are the properties of water different from those of steam, even though water
STATISTICAL MECHANICS
and steam
consist of the same type of molecules?
5. How and why does a liquid freeze into a particular crystalline structure?
6. Why does helium have a superfluid phase at very low temperatures? Why do some
materials exhibit zero resistance to electrical current at sufficiently low
temperatures?
7. In general, how do the properties of a system emerge from its constituents?
8. How fast does the current in a river have to be before its flow changes from
laminar to turbulent?
9. What will the weather be tomorrow?
NON-EQUILIBRIUM PHENOMENA
9. The goal of statistical mechanics
The goal of statistical physics is to begin
with the microscopic laws of physics
that govern the behavior of the
constituents of the system and deduce
the properties of the system as a whole
10. The goal of statistical mechanics
Microscopic
Macroscopic
13. What other phenomena exhibit a
direction of time?
Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall
Humpty Dumpty had a great fall
All the king’s horses and all the
king’s men
Couldn’t put Humpty Dumpty
back together again.
14. Is there a direction of time for a single particle?
Newton’s second law is time reversal invariant
dp
F=
dt
There is no direction of time at the
microscopic level
15. The behaviors of macroscopic bodies and
single particles are very different
16. Why the reverse process does not occur?
Conservation of Energy?
NO!
17. Energy is transferred from one degree of freedom
to many degrees of freedom while the total energy
is conserved
Increase in entropy
18. Conversion of stored energy into heating
No limit to the
efficiency of conversion
21. Can we convert stored energy into useful
work with 100% efficiency?
NO, we must necessarily
“waste” some of the energy
22. It is plausible that it is inefficient to transfer
energy from many degrees of freedom to only
a few. In contrast, the transfer of energy from a
few degrees of freedom (the firewood) to
many degrees of freedom (the air in your
room) is relatively easy
23. The second law of thermodynamics
(historically conceived before the first law)
The importance of entropy
The direction of time
The inefficiency of converting stored energy into work
24. An increase of entropy is associated to a decrease in
the ability to do work
25. Richard Feynman (Nobel Prize
in Physics, 1965) talks about
“jiggling atoms”
http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/feynman/10700.shtml
26. Statistical and Thermal Physics
Harvey Gould & Jan Tobochnik
http://stp.clarku.edu/notes/
Lecture 1: Chapter 1 pages 1-5
