Advantages And Disadvantages Of Flow Assurance Management

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Flow Assurance Management
CHAPTER THREE
FLOW ASSURANCE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
As stated earlier in the introductory part of this work, Flow assurance challenges are indeed a great
concern to the oil and gas industry. Starting from the formation, through processing and sales, flow
assurance management strategies has to be carefully designed in order to prevent having problems
with fluid flow.
Remediation of hydrates or wax in flowlines and pipelines poses greater challenge and loss of
money to the oil industry. This is because, blockage point location is a difficult job itself at first, and
if blockage is far away from an access point, such as riser, it may be difficult to reach it with
chemicals or other remediation tools especially at subsea location (Kaczmarski and Lorimer 2001).
The selection of hydrate mitigation and remediation strategies is based on ... Show more content on
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The different technologies are evaluated based on the research description literatures. The issues are
as follows: technical evaluation, environmental, and economical evaluations, and advantages and
disadvantages of the different technologies.
3.2 PREVENTION WITH CHEMICAL INHIBITION TECHNIQUES
Thermodynamic inhibitors are chemical compounds added in high concentrations (10–60wt.%) to
alter the hydrate and wax formation and deposition conditions. This is still the widest method used
worldwide, but its associated costs, environmental concerns and operational complexity have made
researchers look for different approach to the problem (J.E Paez et al 2001). Injection of chemical is
used for pipelines with length ranging from 10 km to 200 km (Gudmundsson 2012 and Ilahi 2006).
Chemical hydrate inhibitors can be grouped into two main categories: The Thermodynamic Hydrate
Inhibitors (THIs) and Low Dosage Hydrate inhibitors (LDHIs) (S. Brustad, K.P. Løken and J.G
Waalmann; 2006).
3.2.1 Thermodynamic Hydrate Inhibition – Technical
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The Thermodynamics Of Solidification Process
THERMODYNAMICS
PROJECT
Prof: Srinivasan G. Srivilliputhur
Thermodynamics of Solidification.
– Finally Draft –
Chun–Yu Lin and Yiyang Wan
University of North Texas
Material Science and Engineering department
Denton, TX 76207
Oct 30 2014
Outline
1. Introduction of Solidification
2. Principle of Solidification Process
a. Nucleation
b. Growth of solid
c. Alloy's phase diagram
d. Alloy Solidification
3. Real Application of Solidification Process
a. Eutectic Solidification Process
b. Peritectic Solidification Process
4. Conclusion
Introduction
Solidification is process through which crystalline materials, such as metals and alloys, transform
from non–crystallized state into crystallized state. This process is a basic technique used in alloy
casting, growth of single–phase semiconductors, welding and etc. We need to understand what's
happening during solidification and how it affect the structure of final materials, which directly
determines the properties of products. Besides, a proper set of solidification parameters also helps to
improve energy efficiency.
Principle of solidification process
1. Nucleation

The whole process begins with the creation of a combination of atoms randomly, followed by
stabilization of these tiny cores (homogeneous nucleation). Thermodynamics plays an important role
because it determines if the liquid continues to solidify or remains in equilibrium.
When the environment temperature is below the melting

What Does Thermodynamics Affect The World?
Order Disorder You may not think that thermodynamics is that important to how we see and
understand the world we have around us, but the contrary is true. Thermodynamics can be thought
of as the most important aspect in our daily life no matter if we directly or indirectly use it everyday.
The understanding and knowledge the laws of Thermodynamics have given us have gone into the
manufactured world around us. This is very important because thermodynamics is understanding
heat, and without heat, humans would not be able to survive. Something more familiar to you, like
Newton Laws of Physics, takes a look at the big picture of physical motion and how it effects the
world around us. "Thermodynamics is a branch of physics which deals with the energy and work of
a system." Without the knowledge of thermodynamics, everyday life would be much different.
Thermodynamics were used to designed and manufactured the cup you drink your coffee out of in
the morning, or the car you drive to work, and even the air conditioning inside you car. Energy,
specifically heat energy is what thermodynamics is in a simple form, and it is laws that we observe
that we now understand. With the 4 main laws of thermodynamics; Zeroth Law, First Law, Second
Law, and Third Law we can understand what happens to our everyday world and are all important in
their own depart ways.
"The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two thermodynamic systems are each in thermal
equilibrium with a third, then

Essay on Explaination of Thermodynamics
A Layman's Explanation of Two Laws of Thermodynamics
Energy is encountered in many forms, such as mechanical, chemical (food and fuel), electrical,
nuclear, heat, and radiant (light). Energy has the ability to bring about change or to do work.
Thermodynamics is the study of energy. The field of thermodynamics studies the behavior of energy
flow in natural systems. These studies have rendered two laws of thermodynamics.
The first law of thermodynamics is also known as the law of conservation of energy. This law
suggests that energy can be transferred from one system to another in many forms. Also, it cannot be
created or destroyed, (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012).
Ultimately, the total amount of energy available is a constant. Einstein's ... Show more content on
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The laws of thermodynamics and how they are regarded in terms of energy are as such: the first law
pretty much indicates that you can't get something for nothing and the second law pretty much
indicates that you cannot break–even; energy will be lesser than it was before the transfer. The first
law governs the quality of energy available from an energy conversion process, whereas the second
law governs the quality of the energy available. According to the first law, we will never run out of
energy, but according to the second law, we can run out of high–quality (useful) energy. The second
law also tells us that high–quality energy can never be used again. In terms easily understood, not
only can we not get something for nothing (the first law), but we cannot ever break even in terms of
energy quality (the second law). In this we can realize that we can recycle matter, but we can never
recycle high–quality energy.
References
Boulle, P. (2012). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/75554/Pierre–Boulle
Conservation of energy. (2012). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/187240/conservation–of–energy
Second law of thermodynamics. (2012). In Encyclopedia Britannica.

Examples Of Scientific Controversy
Scientific controversy is a disagreement among scientists and involve issues such as interpretation
of data, ideas that are supported by evidence and which ideas are most pursuing. Controversies are
an ongoing every field of science. An example of scientific controversy is scientists are arguing
about the existence of mantle plumes, thin columns of hot rock that rise from the Earth's core to the
surface and cause volcanic activity (Kerr, 2010). The controversial topics in science are: first and
second laws of thermodynamics. The first thermodynamics of law deals with the total amount of
energy in the universe and it doesn't change. Basically, the 1st law of thermodynamics is saying that
energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy can

The Heat Death of the Universe
The hypothesis about heat death of the universe
Our knowledge of the universe is still negligible, and we can not confidently assert that the universe
is not under the influence of external forces, or may be considered as a thermodynamic system.
However, it is the concept of heat death was the first step to realize the possible finiteness of the
Universe, although we do not know when and on what scenario will happen of its destruction.
At the present stage of existence (13.72 billion years), the universe radiates as a black body with a
temperature of 2,725 K. Its maximum to the frequency 160.4 GHz (microwave radiation), which
corresponds to a wavelength of 1.9 mm. It is isotropic up to 0,001% – the standard deviation of
temperature is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, such a state is not in thermal equilibrium, and in fact there is no thermal equilibrium for such
a system, as it is thermodynamically unstable.[8][9] However, in the heat death scenario, the energy
density is so low that the system can be thought of as non–gravitational, such that a state in which
energy is uniformly distributed is a thermal equilibrium state, i.e., the state of maximal entropy.
The final state of the universe depends on the assumptions made about its ultimate fate, and these
assumptions have varied considerably over the late 20th century and early 21st century. In a
"closed" universe that undergoes recollapse, a heat death is expected to occur, with the universe
approaching arbitrarily high temperature and maximal entropy as the end of the collapse approaches.
[citation needed] In an "open" or "flat" universe that continues expanding indefinitely, a heat death
is also expected to occur[citation needed], with the universe cooling to approach absolute zero
temperature and approaching a state of maximal entropy over a very long time period. There is
dispute over whether or not an expanding universe can approach maximal entropy; it has been
proposed that in an expanding universe, the value of maximum entropy increases faster than the
universe gains entropy, causing the

Synthesis From The Law Of Conservation Of Energy
introduction
A thermodynamic cycle consists of a sequence of multiple thermodynamic processes that encompass
the transfer of heat and work into and out of the system. This process can have many variables
within the system including pressure, temperature. (saylor.org, n.d.)The cycle ends with the system
returning to its initial state. The first law of thermodynamics is simply an adaption from the law of
conservation of energy but is slightly changed to encompass the differences. (clarkson.edu, n.d.)
This law when put simply states that the change in energy within the system is directly proportional
to the difference of the heat input to the system and the workout put of the system. (ucdavis.edu,
n.d.)This gives the following equation:
∆U=Q–W
Where;
∆U is the change in internal energy of the sytem
Q is the amount of energy added to the system through heat
W is the amount of energy lost due to work done by the sytem
Power cycles
Thermodynamic power cycles are the origin of the operation of heat engines which supply a
majority of the world electric power and also run a majority of motor vehicles. These power cycles
can be put into one of two categories; real cycles and ideal cycles. (saylor.org, n.d.)
Real cycles are those found within the real world and as quite difficult to analyse due to the presence
of complicating factors such as friction. To allow ease of design and analysis, ideal cycles were
created; these ideal models allowed engineers to study the major limitations

Essay on Thermodynamic Investigation of the Joule-Thompson...
Thermodynamic Investigation of the Joule–Thompson Effect and Coefficient Determination for
Helium and Carbon Dioxide
Niki Spadaro, Megan Cheney, and Jake Lambeth
University of North Florida, CHM4410C Fall 2010
The Joule–Thomson coefficient explains the behavior of any real gas when changes in intensive
properties, such as temperature and pressure, occur. The coefficients for helium and carbon dioxide
were determined using a Joule–Thomson apparatus that created constant enthalpy within the system.
Using literature values for the coefficients at room temperature, the experimental results allow
examination of each gas's unique nature.
Introduction Enthalpy is a critical study in thermodynamics. It is a measurement of a system's ...
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A pressure versus temperature graph allows comparisons between the two, in which isenthalpic
curves are present. Figure 1 illustrates the comparison.
Figure 1. Isenthalpic curves on a temperature versus pressure diagram (Image provided by
http://www.chem.queensu.ca/courses/09/chem221/ )
[pic]
The tangent of the maximum point on an isenthalpic curve is a horizontal line, indicating that no
temperature change occurs and µJ–T= 0. This constant temperature is known as the inversion
temperature. It is apparent that this point coincides with the boundary of the shaded area in Figure 1.
For a certain pressure, temperatures below the inversion temperature, or within the shaded region,
signify cooling. The coefficient is a positive value due to a positive tangent line at any point along
the isenthalpic curve. At higher temperatures, a negative coefficient exists due to a negative slope.
(Gould & Tobochnik, pp.34).
Methods and Materials The Joule–Thomson apparatus (Leybold Didactic, Huerth, Germany)
consisted of a glass cylinder with five outlets and a glass filter subdivision. One side of the division
was connected to the helium or carbon dioxide gas pressure cylinder that was supplied in the
laboratory, a pressure sensor, and a NiCr–Ni thermocouple, which measures the temperature inside
that chamber. The other chamber contained outlets for another thermocouple and for the transferred
gas. A temperature controlled water bath was used to set the system to the

Understanding of Thermodynamics
Understanding Thermodynamics Through the Concepts of Absolute Zero and the Distribution of
Molecular Speeds
Thermodynamics is the study of work, heat, and the energy of a system (NASA, 2010). To help
explain in more detail the properties of thermodynamics are the laws of thermodynamics. The first
law explains that a system's internal energy can be increased by adding energy to the system or by
doing work on the system (Serway & Vuille, 2012). An internal energy system is the sum of both its
kinetic and potential energies. The first law more simply states that the change in internal energy of
a system is caused by an exchange of energy across the system, typically in the form of heat, or by
doing work on the system. This relationship ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To find <K>, one can add all the kinetic energies of the molecules, and then divide that sum by the
total number of molecules. More simply, another way to calculate this is <K> = (3/2)kT
(Department of Physics, 2010). The reason one might want to find the number of molecules with a
range of speed or the average kinetic energy of one molecule is to better understand how two
different molecules can have the same kinetic energy while moving at different speeds. A large
molecule will have slow speed compared to a smaller molecule, which will have a much faster
speed to have the same molecular kinetic energies. In relation to temperature, a molecule with a
lower temperature will experience fewer collisions between molecules while moving. A molecule
with a higher temperature will experience more collisions with other moving molecules due to its
faster speed.
Now that we understand how work, heat, and energy impact a system in physics, we need to
consider why this is important to appreciate as a human. As animals (or humans) do work and create
energy, they give off heat. Therefore, thermodynamics can be applied to animal bodies (Serway &
Vuille, 2012). As a body's internal energy changes due to different amounts of energy being lost, this
rate of change can also be measured with an equation just as before in the physics world. ΔU = Q +
W can still be used, but each value will be divided by the change in time,

Exothermic: Thermodynamics and Data Table
Heidi Duncan
11/24/13
Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions Lab
The purpose of this lab is to observe how heat is released or absorbed with different chemicals.
Data Table 1 – HCI and NaOH
Trial 1
Trial 2
Avg
Volume 1.0 M HCI(ml)
25
25
–
Volume1.0 M NaOH (ml)
25
25
–
Ti of HCI before mixing
20
20
–
Ti of NaOH before mixing(
20
20
–
Average Ti before mixing(
20
20
–
Tf of mixture )
26
26
–
T )
6

6
–
Specific Heat (J/g)
4.184
4.184
–
Heat, q (J)
1255.2
1255.2
1255.2
Data Table 2– NH4 NO3 and H20
Trial 1
Trial 2
Avg
Mass of NH4 NO3 (g)
12
11.93
–
Volume of H20 ( ml)
25
25
–
Ti of H2O )
20
20
–
Tf of mixture )
–3
–2
–
T )
–23
–22
–
Specific Heat(J/g)
4.184
4.184 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Record in data table 1. Calculate the average heat (q) by averaging trials 1 and 2. Record in data
table 1.
Q=?
M = 50g
S =4.184 J/g
T=26 – 20 = 6
Q=( 50g)(4.184J/g)(6=1255.2J

*Both Trials had the same results
5. Classify the reaction as either exothermic or endothermic. Give evidence for your answer.
–The reaction is exothermic because the temperature rose.
Reaction 2 – NH4 NO3 and H20
1. Calculate the change in temperature (T) for each trial. Record in Data Table 2.
Trial #
Tf
Ti
T
Trial 1
–3
20
–3 –20= –23
Trial 2
–2
20
–2– 20 –22
2. Did the temperature of the water rise or fall when the NH4NO3 was added. Explain this in terms
of heat transfer.
–The temperature of the water fell because the NH4NO3 absorbed the heat of the water.
3. Calculate the heat ( q in joules ) for the reaction. Record q for each trial in data table 2.
Trial 1
Trial 2
Avg
Q = ?
Q = ?
Q = ?
M=25g
M=25g
M=25g
S=4.184J/g
S=4.184J/g
S=4.184J/g
T= –3 – 20 =–23
T=–2 –20= –22
T=–22.5
Q= (25g)(4.184)(–23)=
–2405.8j
Q=(25g)(4.184)(–22) =
–2301.2J
Q=(25g)(4.184)(–22.5)=
–2353.5
4.Calculate the heat absorbed or released per gram of solute added to the water (in joules/g) record

in data table 2. Calculate the average heat per gram by averaging trials 1 and 2.
Trial 1
Trail 2
Avg
–2405.8J/12g
–2301.2 J / 11.93 g
–2353.5 J /11.965 g
–200 J/g
–193 J/g
–197 J/g
5.Classify the reaction as either exothermic or endothermic. Give evidence for

Thermodynamics Of Mixing Of Poly Essay
Thermodynamics Paper: Thermodynamics of mixing of poly(vinyl chloride) and poly(ethylene–co–
vinyl acetate)
Introduction
The mixing of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and poly(ethylene–co–vinyl acetate) (EVA) is
investigated for its thermodynamic properties such as enthalpy of mixing and glass transition
temperature. Both the two pure polymers and the mixtures are investigated in terms of specific heat
as well. The mixing of PVC and EVA are investigated because of the possible use of EVA as a
plasticizer for PVC. The benefit of an EVA plasticizer would not having the need to introduce low
molecular plasticizers [1]. This paper will explore the enthalpy of mixing found throughout the
various mixtures and the indications of these values as well as the excess specific heats. Some
applications of EVA as a plasticizer is also explored.
Theory and Background
The miscibility of PVC and EVA is an example of a miscible blend of homopolymer–copolymer.
This blend is made despite the immiscible behavior of the homopolymers. It as at certain ranges of
copolymer composition that PVC is able to mix with EVA, while being not doing so with
polyethylene and poly (vinyl acetate). It is possible that the two copolymer units' repulsion forces
influence the miscibility based on copolymer composition [1].
Studies show that EVA is able to mix with PVC with a vinyl acetate content range of 45 to 85 wt%.
Differences in results for the range are considered to be due to when the phase separation

Ice And Thermodynamics Lab
Madi King & Beth Braswell
December 16, 2015
ICE CREAM THERMODYNAMICS LAB
Introduction–
The purpose of this lab was to determine how to lower the freezing point of water in order to freeze
an ice cream mixture. In ice cream making removing 1000 calories of heat from a milk/sugar
mixture is removed and is then transferred to the salt/ice mixture. Energy is conserved and this
meets the requirements for the first law. Heat is always moving from the hotter object to the cooler
one. The second law determines the direction of heat transfer and also states that heat moves from
hot to cold objects. To freeze the ice cream mixture it is required to use "colder ice". The salt/ice
mixture has a lower freezing point than pure ice, therefore it can ... Show more content on
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of ice/salt–
38 degrees F + 21 degrees F
Discussion– (post lab questions)
1: How would you define the second law of thermodynamics?
–It determines the direction of heat transfer and states heat always moves from a hotter object to a
cooler one.
2: How does adding salt to the ice make the ice "colder"?
–The salt lowers the freezing point of the ice.
3: Why is the salt–ice mixture needed to freeze the ice cream mixture?
–The ice and salt takes heat from the milk mixture which is why the ice melts and the milk freezes.

4: Discuss the reason for the heat transfer that occurs as the ice melts and the ice cream mixture
freezes. Heat energy is needed to change the phase from a solid to a liquid. List the possible sources
of heat needed for this phase change. Which source do you think is the best possibility?
–The heat from the milk mixture is transferred into the ice and salt causing it to melt.
sources– ice or salt
–I think the ice and the salt both had to work together in order or the heat transfer. Therefore, I feel
that neither one source is better than the other.
5: Draw a diagram of the baggie–ice freezer. Use arrows to indicate the direction of the heat transfer.

Thermodynamic Approach
The behaviourism approach is good as there are lots of experiments to support the theory, it also
makes a lot of sense as it says you learn from behaviour and the response you get to that behaviour,
Tony learnt that if he fought with someone then his father would most likely be proud of him and so
grew up learning that fighting was something to be proud of. It's also a good approach as it explains
impulsive actions in people, it describes us as acting first before we think about the consequence.
Tony's case it very much explains how he acts on impulse. It's a good approach as it is easy to see
how someone is acting due to what they've learnt growing up, you can see this in simple things like
people having the same traits as their parents or people they spend a lot of time with, for example
Tony must have a lot of violent traits learnt from his father. The approach is weak when it comes to
biology though, as it doesn't look into the biological explanation of someone's actions, it doesn't
look at the thought processes or the hormones present in a person when they're reacting.
The biological approach is good as it's scientific and can be shown to make sense, as it looks at sets
of hormones and how they cause people to act, and how some of the hormones depending on how
much the person has of it can cause ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It can easily explain why someone would get angry very quickly, especially because it links the
childhood experiences with impulsive actions, for example Tony grew up with violence around him
and so when he acts impulsively it's always a violent impulsive action. Unfortunately the downfall
of the psychodynamic approach is it's very closely linked to the behaviourism approach and so
sometimes it's hard to see the difference between

IB Physics Thermodynamics Lab- "The purpose of this lab is...
Thermodynamics Lab
Purpose:
The purpose of this lab is to determine the identity of an unknown metal, and to prove whether the
laws of thermodynamics hold when determining this identity. Using the accepted specific heat of
water (4186 J/kg · oC), heat flow between two different sets of water though the conduction of an
unknown metal can provide useful data in determining the identity. The heat transfers can be
calculated to approximate the specific heat of the unknown metal.
When heat is transferred to an object, the temperature of the object increases. When heat is removed
from an object, the temperature of the object decreases. The relationship between the heat (q) that is
transferred and the change in temperature (DT) is: q = mCDT = ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
m1 = .3686 ± .0001 kg – .1696 ± .0001 kg = .1990 ± .0002 kg
m2 = .3878 ± .0001 kg – .1696 ± .0001 kg = .2182 ± .0002 kg
m3 = .2104 ± .0001 kg
The heat gained by the unknown metal and the cool water(2) equals the heat lost by the hot
water(1).
m2C2DT2 = m1C1DT1 + m3C3DT3
MetalSpecific Heat (J/kg · oC)
Aluminum900
Copper387
Gold129
Iron448

Lead128
Silver234
The specific heat found for the unknown metal is closest to the specific heat of aluminum, 900 J/kg ·
oC.
Conclusion:
The graph indicates that heat flow did undergo during the experimentation. The cold water increased
in temperature, while the hot water decreased. The two liquids underwent changes in temperature
until they both reached thermal equilibrium. This thermodynamics law is called the Zeroth Law of
Thermodynamics. This law basically states that two bodies will naturally reach thermal equilibrium
when in contact. The First Law of Thermodynamics was obeyed as well. Only heat from the warmer
body went to the colder body. Heat only travels in one direction, from the hot to the cold, as can be
seen from the graph.
My hypothesis of the unknown metal being aluminum was correct. The results of my lab showed
that the unknown metal was aluminum, and later it was said that the metal had in fact been
aluminum. The lab calculations went well. The values were somewhat disparate however. For
example, the specific heat was found to be 1200 ± 110 J/kg · oC, but the actual

Thermodynamics and Ideal Gas
First Law–Exercise:
Problem 1: A volume 10 m3 contains 8 kg of oxygen at a temperature of 300 K. Find the work
necessary to decrease the volume to 5 m3, (a) at a constant pressure and (b) at constant temperature.
(c) What is the temperature at the end of the process in (a)? (d) What is the pressure at the end of
process in (b)? (e) Show both processes in the p–V plane. Problem 2: The temperature of an ideal
gas at an initial pressure p1 and volume V1 is increased at constant volume until the pressure is
doubled. The gas is then expanded isothermally until the pressure drops to its original value, where
it is compressed at constant pressure until the volume returns to its initial value. (a) Sketch these
processes in the p–V plane and in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Neglecting friction between the piston and the cylinder wall, determine the heat transfer to the air, in
kJ.
First Law– Additional Exercises:
Problem 13: A system executes a quasi–static process from an initial state 1 to a final state 2,
absorbing 80 kJ of heat and expanding from 2.0 m3 to 2.25 m3 against a constant pressure of 1.5
bar. The system is brought back to its initial state by a non–quasi–static process, during which it
rejects 100 kJ of heat. What is the work done during the second process? Problem 14: Three kg of
air in a rigid container changes its state from 5.0 bar and 75oC to 12 bar while it is stirred. The heat
absorbed is 195 kJ. Assume air to be an ideal gas with cv = 0.714 kJ/kg K. Determine the final
temperature, change in thermal energy and work done. Problem 15: Two kg of air at 2.5 bar and
30oC forms a closed system. It undergoes a constant pressure process with heat addition of 450 kJ.
Compute final temperature, change in enthalpy, change in thermal energy, and work done. Assume
air to be an ideal gas, with a mol.wt of 29 kg/kmol and cv = 0.714 kJ/kg K. Problem 16: A perfectly
insulated system contains 0.1 m3 of hydrogen at 30oC, 5.0 bar. It is stirred at constant pressure till
the temperature reaches 60oC. Determine heat transferred, change in thermal energy, stirrer work,
and net work. Treat hydrogen as an ideal gas with mol.wt. = 2 kg/kmol, γ = 1.4.

Thermodynamic Therapy
Photodynamic Therapy is a treatment that uses drugs called Photosensitizing Agents and light to kill
cancerous cells and treat certain skin disorders. The photosensitizing agent is either put in the
bloodstream or applied to the skin of the patient, depending on where the treatment is to be used,
and is absorbed by the cancerous cells. Some examples of photosensitizing drugs are: porfimer
sodium, 5–aminolevulinic acid, and methyl aminolevulinate. The photosensitizing agent is then
activated by shining a light of a specific wavelength on the area where the treatment is needed. The
light causes the photosensitizing agent to react with oxygen in the cells and this kills the cells. It can
also be used to destroy the blood vessels that supply the

Thermodynamics Lab Essay
Thermodynamics– Enthalpy of Reaction and Hess's Law
Objectives:
1. To calculate the heat of reaction of a given reaction using the concepts derived from Hess's Law.
Pre–lab Questions:
1. Define Heat of Reaction.
The enthalpy change associated with the completion of a chemical reaction.
2. Define Specific Heat.
The energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by one degree Celsius.
3. Calculate the heat of reaction assuming no heat is lost to the calorimeter. Use correct significant
figures.
Q = c x m x t q = (4.18)(1.02 g/ml x 50ml )(3.9 oC) = –831 J
4. In problem 3 above, the calorimeter has a heat capacity of 8.20 J/goC. If a correction is made to
account for heat absorbed by the calorimeter, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is meant by calorimetry?
Calorimetry is the science of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes
2. How does graphical analysis improve the accuracy of the data?
By precisely graphing data points, one is able to improve the accuracy of the data due to being able
to accurately calculate, not predict, the initial temperatures that the solutions had at time 0 by
extending the graph backwards 20 seconds.
3. What is the meaning of the negative sign in front of the brackets in the heat of reaction equation?
The negative sign indicates that the given reaction is

Thermodynamics Lab Report
Thermodynamics Laboratory Report
Greenwich University
By Mussie Gebre
26/01/2011
Content Page
Objectives–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––page3
Introduction––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––page3
Operation (process) ––––––––––––––––––––––––page3
Result and discussion–––––––––––––––––––––––page4
Experimental data and plot–––––––––––––page4&5
Conclusion –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––page6
Mussie Gebre
ID 000517715
Thermodynamics laboratory report
Objective * Experiment on four different metals on their heat conductivity * To understand
thermodynamics * To illustrate the physical concept of thermodynamics and heat ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
However it shows some difference on the actual value of the measurement l = lo (1 + T)
Copper: l= 88(1+16.6x10–6x30.3) = 88.044mm lo=88mm | y=16.6x10–6 | ∆T=30.3◦C | l=? |
Aluminium lo=79mm | y=25 x 10–6/ºC | ∆T=36 ºC | l=? | l = lo (1 + ∆ T) l=79(1+25 x 10–6/ºC x 36
ºC =79.07mm

Brass lo=88mm | y=18.7 x 10–6/ºC | ∆T=47.9 ºC | l=? | l = lo (1 + ∆ T) l=88(1+18.7 x 10–6/ºC
x47.9 ºC) =88.07mm
Iron lo=88mm | y= 12x 10–6/ºC | ∆T=? | l=88.1 |
∆T=lloy)–1 = 88.1∕88x12x 10–6/ºC –1
Conclusion
Overall, the experiment succeeded that the metals show the theoretical properties. Differences
existed in the mathematical calculation of the actual length. These differences, however, it can be
accounted for by experimental error; more over there are uncertainty on purity of the

David Gibb Research Paper
Josiah willard gibbs spend his life studying thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. After gibbs's
discoveries albert einstein called him "The greatest mind in american history". Mr gibbs lived from
1839 till 1903, and he was an american mathematical physicist whose work helped the development
of physical chemistry as a science. Gibbs' discoveries helped pave the way for einstein's later
discoveries. One of the awards he received which he could not attend because he had died before
then, was a plaque at yale university from the yale physics department on april 20th, 2007. Josiah
william gibbs was born february 11, 1839 in new haven connecticut, in 1858 he graduated from yale
college and contributed his studies to yale. After he was appointed ... Show more content on
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His theory was that every state of matter was a phase and each substance a component. Then the the
system of ice and water would be a component in two phases, then solid dissolved sugar in water
would be two components in phases. Within his 3rd paper gibbs introduced the concept of free
energy, which is now universally called gibbs free energy, it was called that in his honor. This
principle related to the tendency of physical or chemical systems to allow researchers to calculate
changes in free energy, like as in a chemical reaction and the speed of which it will happen. There
was a lot on josiah willard gibbs, but on every website i looked at it was 50% or more on his
background, the accomplishments weren't the main focus, although one website did have it
categorized, but a lot was still family, background and what his job was. His accomplishment list
wasn't as big as i had expected to be, their were a few fun facts in there but not many. Hope i get a
good grade on this paper, it may be not as long as you'd like it but i'm just stressed, this is assay #3
that i had to do, i've finished one and the other is due

The Three Laws Of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics...
Thermodynamics is a branch in physics that deal with heat and temperature and how they are related
with energy and work. There are 3 laws of thermodynamics which are used almost every day and
some of them are present in our body.
Thermoregulation:
Thermoregulation is process by which our body keeps our internal body temperature constant. Our
optimum body temperature is 37°C to 40°C. Whenever our body temperature increases or decreases
our internal system brings our temperature back to normal.
As the second law of thermodynamics states, "the energy will spread from a high concentration to
low concentration or heat moves from high temperature to low temperature", similarly when our
body temperature increases our internal system tries to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Higher the entropy the more disordered is the system. As the second law of thermodynamics states,
"the entropy of a system will either increase or remain the same."
Entropy can be used in monitoring a patient's EEG. EEG is Electroencephalography which is a
method used to record a patient's electric activity of the brain. It measure the voltage fluctuation of
ionic current within the neurons of the brain.
Mainly there are two entropy parameters, the fast–reacting Response Entropy (RE) and the more
steady and robust State Entropy (ST). State entropy consists of the entropy of the EEG signals 32
Hz. Response Entropy includes high frequencies up to 47 Hz.
Advantages:
1. Depth of anesthesia used
2. Possibility for the reduction of anesthetic related side effects.
Disadvantages:
1. It is necessary to understand the theoretical foundations that are associated with the design–
which includes basic understanding the relation between GA and consciousness.
Heat:
Heat is the energy that is transferred to and from its surroundings. In medicine heat is used in
treating cancer in two ways hyperthermia and gold nanoparticles.

What Are The 4 Laws Of Thermodynamics
The four fundamental laws of thermodynamics are used to define how physical quantities behave
under various circumstances, these include energy, entropy, and temperature. The First Law of
Thermodynamics states that energy in the universe is always conserved, therefore it cannot be
created or destroyed, and it can only be transformed from one form to another. The second law of
thermodynamics states that entropy of isolated systems always increases, this means that in all
processes of energy exchange, if no energy is introduced to or leaves a system, the sum of potential
energy will be less than initial condition. The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of
a system is maintained as the temperature decreases to absolute zero. The fourth law of
thermodynamics defines temperature equilibrium between systems.
The first law of thermodynamics defines that energy can be transformed but not destroyed. It's used
to define the internal energy contained in a system. It's formulated by pointing out the change in
internal energy in system minus work and heat that add and subtract energy in the system.
Moreover, the second law helps to clarify different ways in which motors change heat into
mechanical work, for example in steam turbines and car engines. The third law, also referred to as
Nernst law, provides a basis for calculating absolute entropy value of substances and an analysis of
phase and chemical equilibrium.
Fossil fuels are the most widely used energy source in

The, The Irate Lord Is Thermodynamic Standard
In Rifkin 's cosmology, the irate Lord is thermodynamic standard. The principal law of
thermodynamics holds that all vitality is limited, always showing signs of change structure. The
second law holds that vitality dependably moves toward harmony.
As Rifkin focuses out, water streams toward a typical level, and soon thereafter it can no more fall
through a turbine. On the widespread scale, there apparently are no tides to keep the level oceans in
conceivably helpful movement, nor any vanishing to keep hot air rising and poo spouting
descending in interminability.
The universe is not keep running by the handyman 's proverb by any means. Each time vitality is
utilized, a specific sum is lost as warmth. Heat cools and is gone always, a ... Show more content on
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Entropy is somewhat clearly the primal reason for our vitality emergency: we are blazing fossil
powers we can 't supplant, while the supposed atomic arrangement will require more vitality to
develop and keep up than it can ever be relied upon to come back to us.
Entropy, Rifkin additionally contends, is for the most part in charge of not just social and monetary
issues clearly coming about because of the vitality emergency, additionally for issues felt much
sooner than fossil fills ran rare. Issues of scale, for occurrence: a wrongdoing rate duplicating
geometrically as urban areas increment in size. An educational system weakening subjectively, even
as it quantitatively develops.
Here entropy gets to be not a conspicuous, quickly obvious physical rule, but rather an illustration
for what happens when establishments develop so extensive that, as with some parts of the interstate
thruway framework, a bigger number of assets most be spent on upkeep than upon really doing
whatever they should do in any case. The weapons contest, the populace blast, and our present
malignancy scourge, Rifkin cases, are all entropy exemplified.
Maybe, to a degree, since some entropy is inescapable. Yet, the connection between the amount of
data our schools confer and the amount of vitality their physical upkeep exhausts is dubious, no
doubt. We may take the same assets and contract an individual coach for each tyke on low
maintenance

Lab Report Thermodynamics
The goal of this specific study is too attempted to get a constant temperature change throughout the
experiment. (insert ANY TERMS USED). This study would be related to the second law of
thermodynamics, across the board if planned and executed right each time we mixed the corn syrup
and the water together we should have got the same thing out of it.
1)Gather your supplies. The supplies being Corn syrup, Water, Graduated cylinder, Beaker, Gloves,
Hot plate, lab quest and a pair of goggles. 2)Set out a cylinder with 100 ml of water and set it to the
side for a moment. 3)Fill a cylinder up with 100 ml of corn syrup and place it onto the hot plate.
4)Turn on the hot plate to its max setting, that being 8. 5) gather 100 ml of corn syrup and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
7.) Let the beaker sit on the hot plate for 3 minutes. 8.) Turn on the lab quest 9.) After a few
moments put the temperature probe from the lab quest into the beaker. (make sure that the
temperature is set to Celsius) 10.) Record the data. 11.) Put the probe in the water. 12)Record the
temperature of the water. 13) Take both the water and the corn syrup and mix the two into a
container, then stir. 14)Put the probe into the mixture, record your data. We are using ml and Celsius
for the reason of not having to do conversions on a later day. They were used by measuring how
much of the liquid that we needed using a beaker. The Celsius was used by switching the LabQuest
to record Celsius instead of Fahrenheit. The graduated cylinder used so we can get an accurate or
precise measurement for the liquid that we were using. That being corn syrup, we were using corn
syrup because we had easy access to the liquid as well as our original idea going downhill very fast.
The gloves where used for the protection of our hands when we are handling with a hot material that
being if we needed to move the beaker off of the pot plate after the experiment to let that cool down
or in case of an emergency situation if need be. We also had

Tom Stappard's Arcadia
A Hot Mess at Sidley Park The second law of thermodynamics states that mechanical work can be
derived from a body only when that body interacts with another at a lower temperature, any
spontaneous process results in an increase of entropy. In the play Arcadia, the author Tom Stoppard
supports a literary explication of the second law of thermodynamics through his use of setting: times
and place, stage properties, characterization, and the relationships between characters through his
own unique use of time. "When you stir your rice pudding, Sepitmus, the spoonful of jam spreads
itself round making red trails like the picture of a meteor in my astronomical atlas. But if you stir
backward, the jam will not come together again. Indeed, the pudding ... Show more content on
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The characters obstinate and sometimes antagonistic nature causes them to clash with one another
and create a greater mess of things. "Valentine: Too much noise. There's just too much bloody noise!
(On which, Valentine leaves the room. Chloe, upset and in tears, jumps up and briefly pummels
Bernard ineffectually with her fists). Chloe: You bastard, Bernard! (She follows Valentine out and is
followed at a run by Gus. Pause.) Hannah: Well, I think that's everybody. You can leave now, give
Lightning a kick on your way out" (61). The characters Gus and August are played by the same
person and their actions are fluid. Augustus wants to keep the drawing Thomasina did of Septimus
and Plautus and Gus at the end of the play hands Hannah the drawing which gives her the proof she
needed of the hermit. "Augustus, evidently embarrassed about something, picks up the drawing of
Septimus. Augustus: No. Oh ... it is you? ... I would like to keep it" (87).The presence and actions of
Augustus/Gus suggest time travel which warps reality and affects the different times creating a great
jumbled mess of it all. Thomasina burns to death and Septimus goes mad trying to prove
Thomasina's work on heat that he failed to read and instead just gave a blind grade to. Thomasina
writes about the second law of thermodynamics and Septimus's life turns into a mess after her death.
Tom Stoppard's use of relationships and characterization supports the literary explication of the
second law of

The First Law Of Thermodynamics
Want to feel awkwardly conscious about your brain for the next couple of minutes? Too late, you're
already hooked, so you might as well keep reading. Right now your mind is churning along,
carrying out routine maintenance and suchlike, now–at least if my introduction here is successful–it
is thinking about itself. Pretty weird, huh? Thought is a basic capacity shared by all humans. At
least, we're pretty sure. I mean, it's not like your entire surroundings could be fabricated, and all
your interactions with the world mere hallucination, right? That wouldn't work...for...some...reason.
Heh. That's to say, the possibility that this essay was constructed solely in your head, or by some
external deity, that possibility is simply unrealistic. Right? It'd violate the...uh...second law of
thermodynamics...or relativity...or something. After all, reality couldn't be a computer simulation,
because we have irrational constants like pi! Ha, got you there, existence! Unless the computer is
just really, really powerful...damn. Such is the struggle of existence, as a mind trapped within a body
placed in a surrounding world which might–or might not–be real. Where was I going with this? Oh,
yeah. I think I wanted to impress upon the reader that thought is an inextricable aspect of human
existence, and as such, John Proctor, a character in Arthur Miller's The Crucible, is a man of good
standing in the town of Salem; he is universally respected and, to a degree,

Thermodynamics And The Science Of Energy
Every science has an idiosyncratic vocabulary associated with it, and thermodynamics is no
exception. In everyday life, everything uses energy, but does that mean the energy is lost? Of that
energy that is being used, what is the quality of that energy and is it increasing or decreasing?
Through thermodynamics, these types of question can be solved using the different laws.
Thermodynamics can be defined as the science of energy. The name thermodynamics is derived
from the Greek words therme, meaning heat and dynamis, meaning power. Thermodynamics is at
work in our everyday lives, yet most people have no idea it 's there. In order for a system to gain
energy the surroundings have to supply it, and when the system loses energy the surroundings must
gain it. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed
during a process, but energy can only be transformed from one form to another. Energy exists in two
forms: potential energy which is stored energy available to do work, and kinetic energy which is the
energy used to do work. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the total amount of energy in
the universe is constant. Several examples of the applications of the first law of thermodynamics
include: Energy from the sun, Metabolism of the human body, Burning wood, Steam Engines,
Refrigerators.
The sun is the main source of energy for living organisms. Some living organisms like plants require
direct sunlight while some other

Assignment On Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics Assignment 2
Task 1 (LO2, P2.1)
In thermodynamics, a heat engine is a system that converts the heat or the thermal energy into
mechanical energy to do work. The transfer of heat is done in a heat engine. This is done by varying
the temperatures of a substance so that the vast fluctuation in the temperatures generates the
mechanical energy for work.
Limitations of first law:
1) The first law of thermodynamics states the relationship between the heat transfer and the work
done in the system. However there is no restriction on the direction of flow of heat.
2) First law does not specify the feasibility of the reaction. That is in order to attain an equilibrium
situation there has to be some energy spent.
3) It is impossible to convert heat energy into equivalent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Energy lost to the environment by heat engines is a major waste of the resources put in this transfer.
Most of the energy is lost due to friction or absorption of energy within the heat engine itself to keep
the engine running etc.
The Carnot cycle is reversible and thus represents the upper limit on efficiency of an engine cycle.
Practical engine cycles are irreversible and thus have inherently lower efficiency than the Carnot
efficiency when operated between the same temperatures. One of the factors determining efficiency
is how heat is added to the working fluid in the cycle, and how it is removed. The Carnot cycle
achieves maximum efficiency because all the heat is added to the working fluid at the maximum
temperature TH, and removed at the minimum temperature TL. In contrast, in an internal
combustion engine, the temperature of the fuel–air mixture in the cylinder is nowhere near its peak
temperature as the fuel starts to burn, and only reaches the peak temperature as all the fuel is
consumed, so the average temperature at which heat is added is lower, reducing

Challenges Of Teaching Thermodynamics For Biotechnology...
Challenges in teaching thermodynamics for biotechnology engineering students
Praphulla Rao1,*, Prathibha N2
1,2 B M S College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka
* Corresponding author. Tel: +91 9036471963, E–mail: praphulla.rao@gmail.com
Abstract–The disciplines of physics, biology, and chemistry have adopted highly diverse approaches
and strategies on thermodynamics education. Many studies have addressed the problems in making
the students understand the fundamentals in thermodynamics. Students tend to memorize the
equations without the knowledge of their applications and therefore forget them soon after their
exams. This paper talks about the challenges of teaching thermodynamics course to biotechnology
students. It also highlights some of the teaching learning methods adopted in some universities in
order to make the students develop interest and understand the role of thermodynamics in
biotechnology. The course outcomes attainment for the thermodynamics in department of
biotechnology, BMS college of Engineering, has also been compared for the last two academic
years. A social learning platform called "Wiksate" has been introduced at the institution level, where
thermodynamics has been chosen as the course from department of biotechnology, to see if it helps
the students easily learn the basics of thermodynamics.
Keywords–thermodynamics; biotechnology engineering; challenges; teaching learning methods
I. INTRODUCTION
The science of thermodynamics deals with

The First Law Of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the study of heat and energy transfer, more specifically how heat transfer relates
to energy changes within a system. The laws of thermodynamics were developed to predict and
outline behaviors of thermodynamic processes (5). The First Law of Thermodynamics states that
"the change in a system 's internal energy is equal to the difference between heat added to the system
from its surroundings and work done by the system on its surroundings" (5). The idea behind this is
conservation of energy, meaning all energy in and out of a system must be accounted for. If energy
is added to a system in the form of heat, it must be used. If heat is added to a system, the system
either performs work (an exothermic process) or changes internal energy (an endothermic process)
(4). Enthalpy, a thermodynamic potential, is the measure of the energy within this system. The
change in enthalpy, H, must be measured in order to find out how energy is transferred throughout a
system. If H has a positive value, the system is endothermic and it will keep the added heat,
increasing its internal energy. If H has a negative value, it means the system lost heat or "did work"
when energy was put into the system, so the system is exothermic (3). Gibbs Free Energy, G, is the
maximum amount of energy or enthalpy available to do work. The decrease in Gibbs Free Energy is
equivalent to the work done by a system to its surroundings, excluding pressure work (5). A negative
G is required for a

First And Second Laws Of Thermodynamics For Living Systems
1. Explain the consequences of the first and second laws of thermodynamics for living systems. The
first law of thermodynamics states that all energy is constant, which as a consequence, or result,
means that energy can never be produced or destroyed but rather it is transformed. During the
process of energy being transformed some energy is typically lost as heat. Another result of energy
being transformed is the increase of entropy, or disorder. The increase of entropy and loss of energy
is referred to as the second law of thermodynamics.
2. Explain how life is able to adhere to the laws of thermodynamics and accomplish the following
life processes:
a. Growth Living organisms are able to grow as long as cells grow which survive by several inputs,
such as nutrients and oxygen. When cells grow it is typically referring to amount, not size. Cells
multiply by mitosis or meiosis, which require energy to occur. The first law of thermodynamic is
applied in which energy from macromolecules, such as enzymes, are transferred for the cellular
processes can take place, and thus the organism increases in growth.
b. Increase in Order An increase in order would occur when coupling a process that increases
entropy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Explain how environmental conditions can affect enzyme function. Provide examples.
Environmental factors that can affect enzyme function include enzyme and substrate concentration,
temperature, pH, salinity, activators, and inhibitors. For example, the ideal temperature for enzymes
to work properly is the normal body temperature of 37°C (98.6°F) and if the body temperature
increases or decreases at a high rate, the enzymes will change and they will no longer be of any use
to the body. Another example would be the salinity, which is the concentration of salt. Change in
salinity disrupts bonds and enzymes are intolerant of extreme

Essay On Thermodynamics
An Overview of Thermodynamics and Bioenergetics with respect to Biochemistry
What is Thermodynamics?
It is that field of physical science which describes the relationship between heat and other forms of
mechanical, chemical and electrical energy. It basically deals with the basics of heat to the kinetic
theories to the laws of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics is widely used by biochemists to
understand chemical reactions and processes taking place in an organism. Thermodynamics is based
to three laws, out of which the first two are of importance for the biochemists.
First Law Of Thermodynamics
The first law is also known as the the law of conservation of energy. The law states that the energy
can neither be created nor destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another. Meaning
energy in the universe remains constant but can be changed from one form to another. The transfer
of energy from one form to another is an inefficient process. Energy is lost in many ways when
work is done ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Entropy is basically the measure of energy which is not available in a closed system for mechanical
work or in easier words the degree of randomness in a system. An good biochemical example is that
of proteins. A polypeptide that is folded into a protein is more confined in orientation that that of
unfolded protein chain, which can be freely undergo into any conformation. The polypeptide chain
that is folded has a negative entropy change and the polypeptide that is unfolded, the entropy
increases and the change is positive. Entropy is can only be measured in a closed system. As the
organism is not a closed system, there are a number of difficulties in measuring entropy changes for
biological processes. The Gibbs Free Energy (G) is a better indicator of spontaneous change, as it
takes the enthalpy change into consideration as

Annotated Gas Equation Paper
Providing a proper equation of state for each phase has a crucial role in the numerical simulation of
compressible liquid–vapor two–phase flows. Furthermore, these equations of state are required to be
thermodynamically consistent, computationally cost effective and as accurate as possible, however,
determining the constant parameters in these equations for any fluid type should not be
cumbersome. In this paper, an equation of state is obtained for the liquid phase by Taylor expansion
of internal energy about a reference point. By employing thermodynamic relations, other
thermodynamic properties such as enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs function are obtained. Subsequently,
this equation of state for the liquid phase is associated with a stiffened gas equation of state for the
vapor phase which is proven to have a acceptable accuracy for the gases. ... Show more content on
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In order to evaluate these equations, the obtained values of thermodynamic properties are compared
with commonly used equations of state such as Peng–Robinson cubic equation of state, stiffened gas
equation, isothermal Tait's law, taking IAPWS–95 EOS for water and thermodynamic tables for
CO2 and propane as the reference cases. Demonstrating a maximum error of 5 percent in liquid
volume prediction, the present equation of state for liquid has a substantial superiority over the
stiffened gas equation for the liquid phase volume prediction and in contrast to the Tait's law, it can
be employed for other fluids quite

The Laws Of Thermodynamics Will Be Explained
In this paper the three laws of thermodynamics will be explained and how these laws apply to
energy use, energy conversions, and the need for energy efficiency. In addition, the advantages and
disadvantages of energy types including fossil fuels, nuclear energy, solar energy, wind power, water
(hydro) power, and biofuel will be described. In order to combat our growing energy problems the
Energy Policy Act of 2005 was signed into law to help create tax incentives and loans for
conservation and use of alternative fuels. Two provisions of the Act, promotion of US nuclear
construction and the addition of ocean energy sources will be described and how these provisions
can help the United States meet energy use goals.
Thermodynamics is a large scale study of energy and how heat and temperature behavior together.
Heat is quantity of thermal energy stored or transferred from a hot and cool system that come into
contact, whereas temperature is the measurement of kinetic energy of all the molecules within a
system (Khan Academy, n.d.). Energy exists in various forms such as electrical energy, light, heat
and chemical energy and cannot be created or destroyed; but can be changed from one form to
another and its energy remains a constant. This is the first law of thermodynamics (conservation). It
means that all energy has to go somewhere and this amount can determine the efficiency of a system
or what is lost as waste heat. The second law of thermodynamics states disorder in the

Thermodynamic Monitoring
Intensive Care Unit Describe the principles of hemodynamic monitoring and related nursing
management. The goal of hemodynamic monitoring in a critical care environment is to allow care
providers the immediate ability to assess a patient's cardiopulmonary and cardiovascular function
(i.e. tissue perfusion). In school we learn basic techniques to achieve this. Every student will say that
every teacher always asks the same question "What are you gonna' do first?" The answer is always
the same "ASSESS THE PATIENT!" Assesing blood pressure, finger clubbing, peripheral pulses,
capillary refill, LOC, I/O and presence of cyanosis are all non–invasive methods of hemodynamic
monitoring that any nursing student on our level can rapid–fire at a moment's notice. This semester
we are learning how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From there we can continue to monitor the patient's condition. Oddly enough, s/s of hemodynamic
instability are surefire ways to determine if the patient sustained any unintentional injuries during
the procedure. If we are unlucky enough to get a patient who sustained such an injury unbeknownst
to whoever placed the device, we will know because the patient will most likely have diverted from
his/her pre/post baseline. SOB, diminished lung sounds, and drop in SaO2 are all s/s of
pnuemothorax. If a vessel is punctured, pulses will be thready, heart rate will be rapid, pressure will
be lower, and breathing will most likely be heavy and labored. Effort required to breathe will
undoubtedly increase (due to increasing pressure) and a pale/dull complexion will also manifest if
blood continues to escape from the vascular system into the thoracic cavity. If we take too long to
notice these symptoms, and shame on us if we do, the patient will show s/s of hemorrhagic shock
including critically low blood pressure, loss of consciousness, and

The Between Heat And Energy
The term thermodynamics is known as the branch of physics that covers the relationship between
heat or temperature and all the forms of energy, including mechanical, electrical, or chemical.
Thermodynamics is a combination of four laws, which are known as zeroth law of thermodynamics,
first law of thermodynamics, second law of thermodynamics, and third law of thermodynamics.
According to Wolfram, "The relation between heat and energy was important for the development of
steam engines, and in 1824 Sadi Carnot had captured some of the ideas of thermodynamics in his
discussion of the efficiency of an idealized engine" (1019). After this statement was made, scientist
developed its laws. The term thermal equilibrium is when two bodies are at the same temperature.
Therefore, the zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium
with a third body, they are all in thermal equilibrium. In other words, they are all have the same
temperature. Joseph Black was one of the first scientist and physic known as founder of the zeroth
law of thermodynamics in the late 18th century.
The first law of thermodynamics states that heat energy can not be created or destroyed. It can be
just transformed into other forms or transferred into another location. Rudolf Clausius and William
Rankine were the first physics that made a full statement of the first law of thermodynamics in 1850.
It is also known as "another version of the law of conservation of energy."
The

BITS F111 2011 12
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, PILANI
INSTRUCTION DIVISION
FIRST SEMESTER 2011‐2012
Course Handout (Part – II)
Date: 02/08/2011
In addition to Part I (General handout for all course appended to timetable), this portion gives
further specific details regarding the course.
Course No. :
Course Title :
Instructor‐in‐Charge
:
Team of Instructors :
1.
2.
3.
4.
BITS F111
Thermodynamics
M S Soni
Sachin U Belgamwar, Dileep Kumar Gupta, Gudla
Prashanth, Priya C Sande, R J Bhargavi, Varinder
Kumar, Navin Singh, P Srinivasan, Rajeev Sharma,
Satish K Dubey, Utkarsh Maheshwari,
Course Description
Concepts and laws ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...

tances
8
Work and heat
Definition of work and its identification, work done at the moving boundary
9‐10
Work and heat
Concept of heat, comparison of heat and work,
Engineering Applications
11‐12
First law for control First law for a cycle as well as for a change of state; mass internal energy &
enthalpy
13‐14
First law for control Specific heats; internal energy, enthalpy & specific heat
Text book
Chap/Sec #
2
3.1‐3.3,3.6,
3.7
3.4
4.1, 4.2,
4.3,4.5
4.6, 4.8, 4.9
5.1‐5.5
5.6‐5.8, 5.10
mass
15‐17
18
19‐23
First law for control volume First law for control volume Second Law of
Thermodynamics
24‐29
Entropy
30‐31
Second law for control volume
Second law for control volume
32‐34

35‐39
Irreversibility and availability 40‐41
Thermodynamic relations of ideal gases; first law as a rate equation; problem analysis & solution
technique, Engineering Applications
Conservation of mass in control volume; first law for control volume; SS process; examples of SS
processes
Transient
processes; examples, Engineering
Applications
Limitations of first law & need for the second law;
Reversible process; heat engine, heat pump, refrigerator;
Carnot cycle; Two prepositions regarding efficiency of
Carnot cycle; energy‐conversion efficiency and COP,
Kelvin‐Planck & Clausius statements, The ideal gas
Carnot Cycle, Engineering Applications
Concept

Thermodynamics Lab Report
The Thermos and Thermodynamics
Physics around Campus
Phoebe Seaver
Physics 102
Spring 2017 In the photo, we see two coffee cups, one that is in an insulated thermos with a lid, and
one that is a regular mug open to the air, on a college student's desk at home during their finals
studying. It is well known that as coffee sits in any container, it cools down towards room
temperature, making it less tasty to drink once it gets lukewarm or even room temperature.
However, if it is too hot, it can burn the drinkers tongue and throat, which is incredibly painful,
speaking from experience. The rate at which coffee cools may not seem like a science, but in fact,
this plays into the laws of thermodynamics that are present in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Often, energy is lost to the surroundings, and not directly transferred from one object to the other.
However, a perfect thermos would prevent any heat from leaking out or in. Energy in the form of
heat can flow between materials inside the thermos to the extent that they have different
temperatures; for example, between ice cubes and warm coffee. The transfer of energy continues
until a common temperature is reached at thermal equilibrium (Cutnell 2014). Thermal equilibrium
occurs when there is no heat flow between two materials, making them essentially the same
temperature. This is why the coffee continues to cool down the longer it is exposed to the air,
because heat exchange is occurring, and the liquid is cooling down from its original warmth to be
more like the room that is it in, as the room has less heat. This is why a thermos causes the coffee to
cool down slower, because the thermos provides insulation against the exchange of heat from the
outside. The extra insulating layer is actually a vacuum, or absence of air, formed during the
construction of the thermos. The best insulator possible is a vacuum, because there 's no air. If there
's no air to transfer heat, then the heat is retained where it is (wonderopolis.org). The equation for
Specific Heat: . In order to cool down a standard 8oz cup of coffee to room

Thermodynamic Optimization of Flow Over an Isothermal...
Boundary layers are thin regions next to the wall in the flow where viscous forces are important.
The above–mentioned wall can be in various geometrical shapes. Blasius [1] studied the simplest
boundary layer over a flat plate. He employed a similarity transformation which reduces the partial
differential boundary layer equations to a nonlinear third–order ordinary differential one before
solving it analytically. The boundary layer flow over a moving plate in a viscous fluid has been
considered by Klemp and Acrivos [2], Hussaini et al. [3], Fang and Zhang [4] and recently Ishak et
al. [5] and Cortell[6] which is an extension of the flow over a static plate considered by Blasius. A
large amount of literatures on this problem has been cited ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
u=∂ψ/∂y and v=–∂ψ/∂x and ν is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid.
Substituting Eqs.(5) and (6) into Eq.(2) we obtained the following ordinary differential equation. f^'''
(η)+f(η)f''(η)=0 (7)
With these boundary conditions:
f(0)=0 ,f^' (0)=λ (8) lim┬(η→∞)⁡
〖f^' (η)〗 = 1
Where λ=u_w/u_∞ is the plate velocity ratio that represents the direction and magnitude of the
moving plate.
The skin friction coefficient C_f can be defined as:
C_f=τ_w/(ρ〖〖 u〗_∞〗^2 ) (9)
Where τ_w is the surface shear stress which is given by: τ_w=├ μ(∂u/∂y)┤| y=0 (10)
Substituting Eqs.(5),(6) into Eqs. (9) and (10) we obtain:
√(2〖Re〗_x ) C_f=f^'' (0) (11)
Where 〖Re〗_x is the local Reynolds number.
Looking for Similarity solution for energy equation, Eq.3, we obtained: θ^'' (η)+Pr f(η) θ^' (η)=0
(12)
Where θ=(T–T_∞)/(T_w–T_∞ ) (13)
Is dimensionless temperature and Pr=ν/α .
The boundary conditions are:

At η=0: θ(0)=1 (14) lim┬(η→∞)⁡
θ(η) = θ(∞)=0
The local Nusselt number〖 Nu〗_x, is defined as:
〖Nu〗_x=(x q_w)/(k (T_w–T_∞)) (15)
Where q_w is the surface heat flux which is: q_w=–k├ ∂T/∂y┤|_(y=0 ) (16)
Using Eq.(5), (6),(15) and (16) we obtain:
〖[〖Re〗_x/2]〗^( –1/2) 〖 Nu〗_x=–θ^' (0) (17)
Works Cited
[1] H. Blasius, Grenzschichten in FlüssigkeitenmitkleinerReibung. Z. Math. Phys. 56 (1908) 1–37.
[2] J.B. Klemp, A. Acrivos, A method for integrating the

Research Paper On Thermodynamics
Chemical thermodynamics is the investigation of the exchange of heat and work with chemical
reactions or with physical changes of state inside the bounds of the laws of thermodynamics. It
involves not only laboratory measurements of different thermodynamic properties, but also the
utilization of mathematical strategies to the investigation of chemical questions and the spontaneity
of processes. The structure of chemical thermodynamics depends on the initial two laws of
thermodynamics.
Beginning from the first and second laws of thermodynamics major conditions of Gibbs can be
determined which thus can be used to anticipate the thermodynamic properties of the systems using
relatively simple mathematics. In the beginning of 20th century, two noteworthy publications, (i)
"Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical substances" by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle
Randall and (ii) "Modern Thermodynamics by the methods of Willard Gibbs" written by E. A.
Guggenheim effectively applied the principles developed by Gibbs to chemical processes, and thus
established the exploration of the science of chemical thermodynamics. The essential goal of
chemical thermodynamics is the establishment of a paradigm for the assurance of the feasibility or
spontaneity of a given transformation. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is appropriate to recall that the considerable honor of thermodynamics is its expansive scope of
applicability. As biotechnology extent the world, researchers are reporting data and explaining how
chemical thermodynamics can be utilized to processes for new biochemical

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