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Introduction: Software
Software is a set of instructions to acquire inputs and
to manipulate them to produce the desired output in
terms of functions and performance as determined by
the user of the software.
It also includes a set of documents, such as the
software manual, meant for users to understand the
software system.
Classes of software
                           Two Classes:
                         Generic and Customised
Generic software is designed for a broad customer market whose
requirements are very common, fairly stable and well understood by the
software engineer.
Customised products are those that are developed for a customer where
domain, environment and requirements being unique to that customer
cannot be satisfied by generic products.
What is Good Software

            Attributes of Good Software:-
> Maintainability
> Dependability
> Efficiency
> Usability
Software Characteristics

Software does not wear out
Software is developed or engineered, it is not
manufactured in the classical Sense
Reusability of components
Types of software

 System Software
 Business software
 Design/Engineering/ Scientific Software
 Embedded Software
 Artificial Intelligence Software
SOFTWARE: A CRISIS ON THE
            HORIZON
The word crisis is defined in Webster's Dictionary as “a
turning point in the course of anything; decisive or crucial
time, stage or event.”
Reasons of software Crisis:
Lack of communication between software developers and
users.
 Project management problem.
 High optimistic estimates regarding software
development time and cost.
Software Engineering

Software engineering is defined as a discipline that addresses the
following aspects of the software and its development.
Achieve customer satisfaction
 ensure on-time delivery
Be developed within the budgeted cost,
 provide ease of maintenance to meet changing requirements.
The Prototyping model
1. The project has access to a customer who can give
   inputs and feedback
2. A prototype is built to quickly demonstrate to the
   customer what the product would look like.
3. Only minimal functionality of the actual product is
   provided during the prototyping phase.
4. The prototype is built with the clear intent of throwing
   it away after the requirements are signed off by the
   user.
5. A customer and a software developer virtually sit
   together side-by-side.
6. Once the requirements are obtained they are
   documented. These requirements become the basis for
   the development of the actual system.
Advantages
1. The main advantage of this model is responsiveness
   to change.
2. This model also has the potential for identifying
   more of the “implied requirements” and converting
   them into “stated requirements”.
                Disadvantages ????
The situations where this model is not
                 applicable

1. When there are multiple customers
2. When the eventual customer is unknown.
Rapid application development (RAD) model

The RAD model combines the features of the waterfall model
prototyping model.
1. The customer and the s/w development team agree on the
     decomposition of the eventual software product into manageable
     and small units. They priorities these units so that: (i) each unit
     can be developed in a short time.
                (ii) each unit can be built using one or all of the
     components in the previous units.
2. The development is carried out using modeling tools and CASE tools
     so that the requirements are captured effectively and translated
     successfully into a software product.
3. Just like in the prototyping model, the customer is kept in the loop
     continually so that the changes and feedback are reflected in a
     timely and accurate manner.
Advantages
1. Responsiveness to change and ability to capture
user requirements effectively.
2.A major advantage that RAD offers over
prototyping is that because the prototype is not
thrown away, the application turnaround time is
much shorter.
3. Re-use the existing proven components.
               Disadvantages???
The situations where this model is not
                 applicable

1. Little or no customer involvement .
2. When CASE and similar tools are not available.
Spiral Model

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Lect1

  • 1. Introduction: Software Software is a set of instructions to acquire inputs and to manipulate them to produce the desired output in terms of functions and performance as determined by the user of the software. It also includes a set of documents, such as the software manual, meant for users to understand the software system.
  • 2. Classes of software Two Classes: Generic and Customised Generic software is designed for a broad customer market whose requirements are very common, fairly stable and well understood by the software engineer. Customised products are those that are developed for a customer where domain, environment and requirements being unique to that customer cannot be satisfied by generic products.
  • 3. What is Good Software Attributes of Good Software:- > Maintainability > Dependability > Efficiency > Usability
  • 4. Software Characteristics Software does not wear out Software is developed or engineered, it is not manufactured in the classical Sense Reusability of components
  • 5. Types of software  System Software  Business software  Design/Engineering/ Scientific Software  Embedded Software  Artificial Intelligence Software
  • 6. SOFTWARE: A CRISIS ON THE HORIZON The word crisis is defined in Webster's Dictionary as “a turning point in the course of anything; decisive or crucial time, stage or event.” Reasons of software Crisis: Lack of communication between software developers and users.  Project management problem.  High optimistic estimates regarding software development time and cost.
  • 7. Software Engineering Software engineering is defined as a discipline that addresses the following aspects of the software and its development. Achieve customer satisfaction  ensure on-time delivery Be developed within the budgeted cost,  provide ease of maintenance to meet changing requirements.
  • 9. 1. The project has access to a customer who can give inputs and feedback 2. A prototype is built to quickly demonstrate to the customer what the product would look like. 3. Only minimal functionality of the actual product is provided during the prototyping phase. 4. The prototype is built with the clear intent of throwing it away after the requirements are signed off by the user. 5. A customer and a software developer virtually sit together side-by-side. 6. Once the requirements are obtained they are documented. These requirements become the basis for the development of the actual system.
  • 10. Advantages 1. The main advantage of this model is responsiveness to change. 2. This model also has the potential for identifying more of the “implied requirements” and converting them into “stated requirements”. Disadvantages ????
  • 11. The situations where this model is not applicable 1. When there are multiple customers 2. When the eventual customer is unknown.
  • 12. Rapid application development (RAD) model The RAD model combines the features of the waterfall model prototyping model. 1. The customer and the s/w development team agree on the decomposition of the eventual software product into manageable and small units. They priorities these units so that: (i) each unit can be developed in a short time. (ii) each unit can be built using one or all of the components in the previous units. 2. The development is carried out using modeling tools and CASE tools so that the requirements are captured effectively and translated successfully into a software product. 3. Just like in the prototyping model, the customer is kept in the loop continually so that the changes and feedback are reflected in a timely and accurate manner.
  • 13.
  • 14. Advantages 1. Responsiveness to change and ability to capture user requirements effectively. 2.A major advantage that RAD offers over prototyping is that because the prototype is not thrown away, the application turnaround time is much shorter. 3. Re-use the existing proven components. Disadvantages???
  • 15. The situations where this model is not applicable 1. Little or no customer involvement . 2. When CASE and similar tools are not available.