1. The document discusses the use of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and graphene nano-sheets for removing dyes. It describes methods for synthesizing MWCNTs using chemical vapor deposition and graphene using Hummers method.
2. Characterization of the materials is discussed including SEM, TEM, XRD, and FTIR which show the morphology, structure, and functional groups of the MWCNTs and graphene.
3. Experiments are described where MWCNTs or graphene are added to solutions of organic dyes at different concentrations and temperatures to test their ability to remove dyes through adsorption.
Fundamentals, synthesis and applications of Al2O3-ZrO2 compositesTANDRA MOHANTA
When the word “Ceramic” comes to our mind, we usually associate them with plates, saucers, cups and mugs. But, the word “Ceramic” encompasses more than just the word “plates” or “saucers”. Indeed, ceramic materials are hard and inherently brittle, but this is just the tip of the iceberg. They have multifarious properties and have acquired a status of high technical importance in the field of scientific research. Ceramics are the soul of the modern day’s structural applications owing to their high mechanical and thermal stability under different challenging conditions. They exhibit remarkable properties such as high hardness, high wear resistance, high corrosion resistance, high elastic modulus, high melting point and the ability to retain high strength at elevated temperatures. Alumina (Al2O3) is one such remarkable ceramic material known for its unique optical, mechanical and electrical properties. But the brittle nature of Al2O3 limits its use in certain engineering applications. Therefore, the strength of Al2O3 and Al2O3- based ceramics can be enhanced by tailoring the microstructural design through the application of strategic techniques that may involve secondary phase particle inclusion (such as Zirconia, ZrO2)
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Introduction,History of Nanotechnology,What is Nanotechnology, Definition of Nano,History of Graphene,Graphene,Why Nanotechnology,Size of Nanotechnology,What is Graphene, Properties of Graphene,Graphene Structure,Types of Graphene ,Synthesize Graphene,Applications,Conclusions,References
A short description about Graphene. Gives information about the discovery, properties, applications. This short file contains all the major information about graphene and appropriate references for further research.
Fundamentals, synthesis and applications of Al2O3-ZrO2 compositesTANDRA MOHANTA
When the word “Ceramic” comes to our mind, we usually associate them with plates, saucers, cups and mugs. But, the word “Ceramic” encompasses more than just the word “plates” or “saucers”. Indeed, ceramic materials are hard and inherently brittle, but this is just the tip of the iceberg. They have multifarious properties and have acquired a status of high technical importance in the field of scientific research. Ceramics are the soul of the modern day’s structural applications owing to their high mechanical and thermal stability under different challenging conditions. They exhibit remarkable properties such as high hardness, high wear resistance, high corrosion resistance, high elastic modulus, high melting point and the ability to retain high strength at elevated temperatures. Alumina (Al2O3) is one such remarkable ceramic material known for its unique optical, mechanical and electrical properties. But the brittle nature of Al2O3 limits its use in certain engineering applications. Therefore, the strength of Al2O3 and Al2O3- based ceramics can be enhanced by tailoring the microstructural design through the application of strategic techniques that may involve secondary phase particle inclusion (such as Zirconia, ZrO2)
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Introduction,History of Nanotechnology,What is Nanotechnology, Definition of Nano,History of Graphene,Graphene,Why Nanotechnology,Size of Nanotechnology,What is Graphene, Properties of Graphene,Graphene Structure,Types of Graphene ,Synthesize Graphene,Applications,Conclusions,References
A short description about Graphene. Gives information about the discovery, properties, applications. This short file contains all the major information about graphene and appropriate references for further research.
This presentation contains various aspects of Graphene like synthesis techniques, characterization, commercialization, mechanical and electrical properties and present and future application.
Graphene: the world's first 2D material. Since graphene's isolation in 2004, it has captured the attention of scientists, researchers, and industry worldwide.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Investigation of mechanical properties of carbidic ductile cast ironRSIS International
The objective of the present work is to increase the wear resistance for long life of applications. It is found that increase in the carbides in an alloy which resulted in to enhancement in hardness and wear resistance. The wear resistance was evaluated by testing in accordance with ASTE International Committee G-99 Standard. An improved performance of wear resistanceis obtained by increasing the content of chromium in the carbidic ductile cast iron. The results are discussed based on the influence of chromium content on the casting.
A review on advanced ceramic processing techniquesAlokjyoti Dash
This Presentation enlists and describes most ceramic process and most parameters which affect these ceramic processing. A reader shall understand the basic of these presented process to fabricate unique ceramic materials
Properties and applications of graphene.
More introductions about graphene are in Alfa Chemistry.
https://www.alfa-chemistry.com/products/graphene-38.htm
Carbon nanotubes and their economic feasibilityJeffrey Funk
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how the economic feasibility of carbon nanotubes is becoming better through the emergence of new forms of carbon nanotubes, new methods of synthesis, and the increased scale of production equipment. New forms of carbon nanotubes continue to be developed; new ones include carbon nanobuds, doped carbon nanotubes, and graphenated carbon nanotubes, each of which includes many variations. The large number of variations suggests that carbon nanotubes will likely experience improvements in performance and the number of applications will continue to grow.
final year ece projects in chennai,final year embedded projects in chennai,final year engineering projects in chennai,final year eee projects in bangalore
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze improvements in the economic feasibility of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for transparent electrodes and flywheels. Improvements in the transparency and cost of CNTs are enabling CNTs to replace indium tin oxide in applications such as solar cells and displays. Second, as the cost of CNTs falls through improvements in processes and increases in the scale of equipment, they will become economically feasible for flywheels. Since the energy storage density of flywheels is directly proportional to the strength to weight ration of the flywheel material, CNTs (and graphene) have potential energy storage densities that are ten times the current energy storage densities of carbon fiber-based flywheels and Li-ion batteries. This means that carbon nanotubes are an important tool in the battle against fossil-fuel dependency and global warming.
This presentation contains various aspects of Graphene like synthesis techniques, characterization, commercialization, mechanical and electrical properties and present and future application.
Graphene: the world's first 2D material. Since graphene's isolation in 2004, it has captured the attention of scientists, researchers, and industry worldwide.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Investigation of mechanical properties of carbidic ductile cast ironRSIS International
The objective of the present work is to increase the wear resistance for long life of applications. It is found that increase in the carbides in an alloy which resulted in to enhancement in hardness and wear resistance. The wear resistance was evaluated by testing in accordance with ASTE International Committee G-99 Standard. An improved performance of wear resistanceis obtained by increasing the content of chromium in the carbidic ductile cast iron. The results are discussed based on the influence of chromium content on the casting.
A review on advanced ceramic processing techniquesAlokjyoti Dash
This Presentation enlists and describes most ceramic process and most parameters which affect these ceramic processing. A reader shall understand the basic of these presented process to fabricate unique ceramic materials
Properties and applications of graphene.
More introductions about graphene are in Alfa Chemistry.
https://www.alfa-chemistry.com/products/graphene-38.htm
Carbon nanotubes and their economic feasibilityJeffrey Funk
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how the economic feasibility of carbon nanotubes is becoming better through the emergence of new forms of carbon nanotubes, new methods of synthesis, and the increased scale of production equipment. New forms of carbon nanotubes continue to be developed; new ones include carbon nanobuds, doped carbon nanotubes, and graphenated carbon nanotubes, each of which includes many variations. The large number of variations suggests that carbon nanotubes will likely experience improvements in performance and the number of applications will continue to grow.
final year ece projects in chennai,final year embedded projects in chennai,final year engineering projects in chennai,final year eee projects in bangalore
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze improvements in the economic feasibility of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for transparent electrodes and flywheels. Improvements in the transparency and cost of CNTs are enabling CNTs to replace indium tin oxide in applications such as solar cells and displays. Second, as the cost of CNTs falls through improvements in processes and increases in the scale of equipment, they will become economically feasible for flywheels. Since the energy storage density of flywheels is directly proportional to the strength to weight ration of the flywheel material, CNTs (and graphene) have potential energy storage densities that are ten times the current energy storage densities of carbon fiber-based flywheels and Li-ion batteries. This means that carbon nanotubes are an important tool in the battle against fossil-fuel dependency and global warming.
Carbon nanotubes and their economic feasibilityJeffrey Funk
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how the economic feasibility of carbon nanotubes is becoming better through developing new forms of carbon nanotubes, new methods of synthesis, and increasing the scale of production equipment. New forms of carbon nanotubes continue to be developed; new ones include carbon nanobuds, doped carbon nanotubes, and graphenated carbon nanotubes, each of which includes many variations. The large number of variations suggests that carbon nanotubes will likely experience improvements in performance and the number of applications will continue to grow.
Used In Automotive Electronics And Most of the New Trending Cars And Vehicles
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are tubular cylinders of carbon atoms that have extraordinary mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical and chemical properties At the individual tube level, these unique structures exhibit: 200X the strength and 5X the elasticity of steel; 5X the electrical conductivity ("ballistic transport"), ...
Carbon Nano tubes and its Applications in the Field of Electronics and Comput...ijsrd.com
With rapid advancement of technology and unlimited quest in the intricate fields of science led man to confront nano tubes. It consists of C60 Fullerenes with tube like structures capped at both ends delivering extraordinary mechanical and electrical properties. It is hard to stress as extremely low turn on for fields and has high current densities. It is also the best emission field emitter for future field emission displays. Can be extensively used for fuel cells and field emission display. We throw a light on the research on nano tubes and it's general applications. In this paper we are focusing and questioning the field of research to ponder for the betterment off life to nano tube.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
1. MULTI WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES
(MWCNT) & GRAPHENE NANO-SHEETS
FOR DYES REMOVAL
M. H. Khedr, A. A. Fargali M. Bahgat and W.M.A.EL Rouby
Beni-Suif University
2. What are carbon nanotubes?
• Tubes with walls made of carbon (graphite) Nanometers
in diameter
• Up to tens of micrometers
in height
• Extremely good strength and
field emission properties
Roll up
3. Classification of CNTs:
Single-wall Carbon nanotubes (SWNTs,1993)
• one graphite sheet seamlessly wrappedup to form a cylinder
• typical radius 1nm, length up to mm
4. Classification of CNTs:
Ropes
• Ropes: bundles of SWNTs
– triangular array of individual SWNTs
– ten to several hundreds tubes
– typically, in a rope tubes of different
diameters and chiralities
5. Classification of CNTs:
Multiwall nanotubes (Iijima 1991)
• russian doll structure, several inner
shells
•typical radius of outermost shell > 10
nm
(From Iijima, Nature 1991)
(Copyright: A. Rochefort, Nano-CERCA, Univ. Montreal)
6. CNTs Current Applications
•Technological applications
– conductive and high-strength
composites
– energy storage and conversion
devices
– sensors, field emission displays
– nanometer-sized molecular
electronic devices
•
Pipe
• Wires
•
Springs
•
Gears
•
Pumps
9. Arc–Discharge Process
• High-purity graphite rods
under a helium
atmosphere.
• T > 3000oC
• 20 to 40 V at a current in
the range of 50 to 100 A
• Gap between the rods
approximately 1 mm or
less
• Lots of impurities:
graphite, amorphous
carbon, fullerenes
Arc-discharge apparatus
10. Laser Ablation Process
• Temperature 1200oC
• Pressure 500 Torr
• Cu collector for carbon
clusters
• MWNT synthesized in
pure graphite
• SWNT synthesized
when Co, Ni, Fe, Y are
used
• Laminar flow
• Fewer side products
than Arc discharge but
still high temperature
Laser ablation apparatus
11. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
• Catalysts: Fe, Ni, Co, or alloys of the three metals
• Hydrocarbons: CH4, C2H2, etc.
• Temperature: First furnace 1050oC
Second furnace: 750oC
• Advantages:
Higher production of CNTs
High Purity
Fewer by-Products
Low Temperature
12. What is Graphene?
• “Imagine a piece of paper but a million times thinner. This is
how thick graphene is.
• Imagine a material stronger than diamond. This is how strong
graphene is [in the plane].
• Imagine a material more conducting than copper. This is how
conductive graphene is.
• Imagine a machine that can test the same physics that
scientists test in, say, CERN, but small enough to stand on top
of your table. Graphene allows this to happen.
• Having such a material in hand, one can easily think of many
useful things that can eventually come out. As concerns new
physics, no one doubts about it already...''
14. What is Graphene?
• Is a 2D structure and 1
atom thick
• Hexagonal array of sp2
carbon atoms.
– Sigma orbital = valence
band
– Pi orbital = conduction
band (2)
• C-C bond is 120° and ~
0.142nm bond length
• Is electrically “metallic”
16. Types of Graphene:
• Theoretical graphene (1947 -present)
• Mechanically exfoliated/cleaved graphene
(1997-2004)
• Epitaxially grown graphene (1986-2004)
• Chemically exfoliated and intercalated
graphene (c.1980-2004)
• Chemical decomposition graphene (1997-still
under development)
17. 1. Drawing – mechanical exfoliation of 3D
graphite crystals
2. Epitaxial growth – use of the atomic structure
of substrate to grow graphene
3. Silicon Carbide Reduction – heating of
silicon carbide to 1100C and reduce it to form
graphene
4. Other processes
(5)
– Hydrazine Reduction
– Sodium Reduction of Ethanol
– CVD (4)
20. 1- Preparation of Fe-Co/CaCO3
catalyst/support:
1- The support material
(CaCO3)
2- Fe(NO3)3·9H2O +
Co(NO3)2·6H2O +
milled CaCO3
3- The produced
fine powder
Ball milled
10 hrs
Ball milled
2 hrs
dispersed in a few drops of water and
mixed well to get a homogeneous paste
dried in oven at 120oC for 12 hrs
4- The paste
cooled and ground well to obtain a fine powder of
Fe-Co/CaCO3 catalyst/support mixture
21. Influence of reaction time and temperature
on Carbon yield and morphology
400
oC
Balance
Purification
tower
Kanthal wire
500 oC
Alumina tube
Tube furnace
600 oC
700 oC
800
oC
C2H2
Kanthal basket
CO
C2H2
Flo
CO
w
Mass flow
controller
Gas
regulator
C % = [W3 – (W1 – W2) / (W1 – W2)]*100
W is the initial weight of the catalyst (Fe Co ),
Fig. 12.1: Schematic diagram for the -reaction system
W2 is the weight loss of catalyst at operating temperature,
W3 is the weight of carbon deposited and catalyst.
N2
22. 2. Influence of reaction time and temperature on Carbon yield:
Figure 2: Effect of growing
time on the deposited
carbon percent during
acetylene decomposition
over Fe- Co /CaCO3
catalyst/support at
different temperatures
(400-800 oC)
M. Bahgat, M. Khedr and M. Shaaban, Materials Technology: Advanced Performance Materials, 2008, 23, 13-18.
M. Bahgat, M. Khedr, M. Radwan and M. Shaaban, Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 2007, 116, 217-220.
23. 4. CNTs Purification:
purification process was achieved by using chemical oxidation method.
Specific amount
of the as-grown
carbon nanotubes
added to
mixture of conc.
HNO3 &H2SO4 refluxed
(3:1 by volum)
the reaction mixture is
diluted with distilled water
filtered through
a filter paper
(3 μm porosity)
washing
oil bath
for 4 hrs
at 120 °C
cooling to room
temperature
drying at 100 °C.
24. As-growing CNTs
Acid treated
Functionalized
HOOC
COOH
C=O
O=C
OH
HO
COOH
HOOC
COOH
Inner pores blocked
Catalyst removed
Adsorption
increased
Functional group added
For nonpolar and/ or planer
chemicals: Adsorption decreased.
For polar chemicals : Adsorption
increased.
The effect of CNT functional groups on organic molecule adsorption
M. H. Khedr, A. A. Farghali and A. Abdel-Khalek, Journal of analytical and applied pyrolysis, 2007, 78, 1-6.
A. A. Farghali, M. H. Khedr and A. A. Abdel Khalek, Journal of materials processing technology, 2007, 181, 81-87.
25. 6. Effect of acid treatment on MWCNTs
a
MWCNT
Oxidized MWCNT
Scheme 1: Schematic preparation of the functionalized carbon
nanotubes.
b
Figure 6 : TEM (a) and SEM (b) image of CNTs
synthesized at 600 oC and oxidized in
concentrated acid for 4 hrs.
Figure 8: FTIR spectra of MWCNTs
synthesized at 600 oC and then oxidized in
concentrated acid for 4 hrs.
26. 3. Effect of operating temperature on MWCNTs morphology:
Figure 3 : TEM image of the synthesized
MWCNTs at 600 oC (a) and 700 oC (b).
a
Walls of MWCNT with thickness about 36
nm the inner and outer diameter of the
tube about 28 and 112 nm respectively
b
60 nm
22 nm
15 nm
Internal diameters of approximately
12–15 nm and external diameters of
55–60 nm.
M. Bahgat, M. Khedr and S. Abdel-Moaty, Materials Technology: Advanced Performance Materials, 2007, 22, 139-146.
M. Bahgat and M. Khedr, Materials Science and Engineering: B, 2007, 138, 251-258.
27. Graphene preparation:
1-Preparation of graphite oxide
2-Preparation graphene
10 g Natural
Graphite
powders
Treated by 5%
HCl twice
temperature was
held at 353 ◦C
for 30 min
filtered, Washed
and dried at 110 ◦C
for 24 h
distilled water (460 mL)
was added slowly to an
increase in temperature
to 98 ◦C
distilled water (1.4 L)
and 30% H2O2 solution
(100 mL) were
added after the reaction
The mixture was
stirred for 40 min
“Hummers method”
“Hummers method”
placed (0 ◦C)
concentrated
H2SO4 (230 mL)
The solution was
Graphite
filtered, washed and
dried at 60 oC 24h
oxide
Graphene
Added to distilled water
and sonicated for 30 min
solution temperature was not
allowed to go up to 20 ◦C
The solution was
the mixture was filtered
held atThe solution was
room temperature
50 µ of
and washed with 5% HCl
for with
treated 24 h microwave
900 W for 3 min “On
and Off”
KMnO4 (30 g) was
added gradually with
stirring and cooling
The reaction product was dried
hydrazine
under vacuum at 50 ◦C for 24 h
hydrate was added
28. Graphene characterizations
SEM of graphene sheets prepared by hummer method
M. Bahgat, A. Farghali, W. El Rouby and M. Khedr, Journal of analytical and applied pyrolysis, 2011, 92, 307-313.
A. Farghali, M. Moussa and M. Khedr, Journal of alloys and compounds,2010, 499, 98-103.
29. Graphene characterizations
SEM of graphene sheets decorated with CoFe2O4 nanoparticles
M. Khedr, A. Farghali, A. Moustafa and M. Zayed, International Journal of Nanoparticles, 2009, 2, 430-442.
M. Khedr, K. Abdel Halim and N. Soliman, Materials Letters, 2009, 63, 598-601.
30. Graphene characterizations
TEM of graphene sheets decorated with CoFe2O4 nanoparticles
M. Bahgat, A. Farghali, W. El Rouby and M. Khedr, Journal of analytical and applied pyrolysis, 2011, 92, 307-313.
A. Farghali, M. Moussa and M. Khedr, Journal of alloys and compounds,2010, 499, 98-103.
32. Organic dyes Removal:
50 ml of dye solution
dye solution of increased
initial concentrations (C0)
from 50 to 400 mg/L.
5 ml separated
0.05 g oxidized CNTs or graphene was added
equilibrium
(UV-Vis) spectrophotometer (Jasco 530)
temperature control box to
maintain water temperature
(298, 313,323K)
33.
34. X-Ray analysis for Catalyst:
X-ray diffraction pattern for Fe, Co supported on CaCO3.
( 1: CaCO3, 2: Fe2O3, 3: CoO)
35. FTIR spectra for CNTs:
871
a
3369
2916 2848
1428
b
3369
2916 2848
1146
674
596
1704 1569
FTIR spectra of (a) as grown MWNT , (b) acid treated purified MWNT.
HNO3/H2SO4
MWCNT
Oxidized MWCNT
schematic preparation of the functionalized carbon nanotubes.
39. Adsorption studies:
The amount of dye
adsorbed per unit of CNT
mass increased as initial
dye concentration
increased due to the
increase in the driving
force of the concentration
gradient for mass transfer
with the increase in initial
dye concentration.
Effects of dye concentration on the adsorption of methyl
green dye (CNTs = 0.1 g/100 ml and T = 298 K).
40. Adsorption studies:
Effects of CNTs dosage on the adsorption of methyl green dye
(dye concentration = 4.36 x 10-5 M and T = 298 K).
41. Adsorption Isotherm:
Adsorption isotherms of methyl green
onto Graphene at different
temperature.
Adsorption isotherms of methyl green
onto MWCNTs at different
temperature.
42. Electron microscope examination for CNTs
• The adsorption capacity of methyl green onto MWCNTs and
Graphene nano-Sheets
298 K
313 K
323 K
MWCNTs
119.05 mg/g-1
160.12 mg/g-1
181.2 mg/g-1
Graphene
203.51 mg/g-1
258.39 mg/g-1
312.80 mg/g-1