This document provides an overview of site investigation for construction projects. It discusses that site investigations are conducted to collect information about subsurface conditions at a site, including soil composition, groundwater, and potential hazards. The objectives of site investigations are to assess site suitability, help with design and construction planning, identify potential difficulties, and maximize the site's potential. Site investigations involve desk studies, site walkovers, preliminary investigations including boreholes, and laboratory testing to characterize soil strength, material properties, and groundwater conditions. The results are reported to help evaluate site development feasibility and risks.

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SITE
INVESTIGATION
LECT 2
Julaida Kaliwon,PhD

2. WHAT IS A SITE
INVESTIGATION?
Site Investigationis the process of collecting
information, assessment of the data and
reporting potential hazardsbeneathasite which
are unknown.
It will shows the detailed to many physical aspect
such as subsoil composition, demolition and the
legal aspect such as planning permission, right
of access and preservation order
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3. AIM AND PURPOSE
AIM
The aim of a site investigation is to gather the information needed to
carry out the risk assessment,in order to be in a positionto assess
the presence and significance of contaminationof land.
PURPOSE
To determine the site’s suitability for building and the nature and the
extent of preliminary work that will be needed
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4. OBJECTIVES
ASSESS
To assess the general suitability of the site
with the proposedworks
DESIGN
To help produce a design which is
adequate and economic
DIFFICULTIES
To help overcome possible difficulties &
delays that may arise during construction
period due to ground and other local
conditions
SITE CONDITION
To predict possible changes that may
occur/cause of all changes in site condition
POTENTIAL
To maximize potential of the site
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6. INFORMATION REQUIRED FROM SI
SOIL STRENGTH
Informationaffecting the design of the structure:
shear strengthand compressibilityof the soil
PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL
Informationaffecting the constructionof the
works:the extent and properties of material to
be excavated,or to be used for fill or for road
bases or concrete aggregates
GROUND WATER CONDITION
Informationon ground water conditions:the
level and seasonalvariation of the water table,
the pressures in the soil water, and the
permeability of the soil.
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7. THREE STAGES OF SI
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DETAIL
EXAMINATION OF
TESTS AND
PROGRAMS
SITE
RECONNAISSANCE
DESK
STUDY

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9. INFORMATION/
ISSUES TO CHECK

10. SITE LOCATION
FACILITIES
Nearest townand city.
Schools,emergency
services,entertainment,
recreation,shops,
transport and
employment
TRAVELLING
TIME
Distance from head
office (client & builders)
& traveling time
DISTANCE
Distance from nearest
railway stationto the
site
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12. ACCESSIBILITY
Approach and site access
roads, width, gradient, bends,
sharp corners,conditionand
constructionrelative to
transport heavy plant and
equipment
Bridges, strength,width and
clearance height
Temporary roads, rolled metal
tracts or consider preparing
sub base for new roads as
temporaryaccess
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13. AVAILABILITY OF SPACE
1
SITE FACILITIES
Site offices,canteen,
stores and compound
2
STORAGE
Material storage areas
and handling
3
AREAS
Constructionareaand
assembly areas
market
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4
PLANT LOCATION
Plant location

14. SERVICES
What kind of services should be in a construction site?
INFRA
Water, drainage,
electricity,gas &
telephone
APPROVED LOCATION
Location will be
determined from maps by
consultation with the
appropriatelocal
authorities
SEWERS
An estimate of buildings
usage is also for
ascertaining the demand
on sewers and drains
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15. GROUND COMPOSITION
BOREHOLES ARE REQUIRED TO DETERMINE :
• Changes in strata
• Strength of subsoil
• Toxicity of subsoil
• Stability of excavation
• Water table (depth below
surfaces)
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16. OUR COMPETITION
CONVENIENT
A
Contoso
EXPENSIVE AFFORDABLE
D
E
B
C
INCONVENIENT
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17. SITE CLEARANCE AND DEMOLITION
A plan of the site should indicate
trees, shrubs and existing buildings
and a site survey will reveal the
extent of necessary levelling,
demolition and excavation:
• Method and cost
• Effect of trees and
structural prevention
orders
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Dealt with local planning authority to ascertain whether
there are special/significant restrictions which could
adversely affect the development of site building line
position
Survey should include details of neighbouring
development,future development and the position with
regard to facilities in the area
Should enquire the existence of any restrictive covenants
such as right of way, light & drainage which may restrict
the development
IN GENERAL…

18. PROCESS OF SITE INVESTIGATION
Desk Study
Preliminary report or
feasibility study
Main Ground
Investigation
1 5 7
2
4
6 8
Site Reconnaissance/
Walk over survey
Preliminary Ground
Investigation - Planning of
main Preliminary report
Financial Report
(Return of Investment)
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3
Laboratory testing Final report

19. TRACTION
Forecasting for success
KEY METRICS
Clients Orders
Gross
revenue
Net
revenue
20XX 10 1100 $10,000 $7,000
20XX 20 200 $20,000 $16,000
20XX 30 300 $30,000 $25,000
20XX 40 400 $40,000 $30,000
REVENUE BY YEAR
$0
$10,000
$20,000
$30,000
$40,000
20XX 20XX 20XX 20XX
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20. DESK STUDIES
It is important to collect all
available information about the
site before starting work.
A desk study is the collation
and review of information
already available about a site,
and is carried out at an early
stage of site appraisal to
inform and guide the
remainder of the site
investigation.
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• Maps (geological,ordinance survey,etc)
• Air photograph
• Geological books & journal
• Mining records & reports of previous site
investigation
• Library,news paper,adjacent buildings,etc.
COLLECT AS MUCH MATERIAL AS POSSIBLE
ABOUT THE SITE SUCH AS:

21. SITE RECOINAISSANCE / WALK
OVERSURVEY

22. THE INITIAL DOCUMENT
The initial document search should be
followed by a walk-over survey of the
site and its surroundings.
This should be a methodical examination
of the site, based on defined classes of
information, which complements the
desk study and typically provides
valuable information on matters such as:
• Topography: indications of slope
instability, spoil heaps or signs of
ground subsidence resulting from
mining.
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• exposures of soils and rocks which can be examined
and sampled.
• Surface water and ground water: signs of flooding;
springs; water logging
• Vegetation: signs of vegetation die-back or restricted
vegetation as a result of contamination of the
ground; presence of invasive species such as
Japanese Knotweed; trees which may cause
shrinkage and swelling of clay soils.
GEOLOGY

23. THE INVASIVE ROOT
SYSTEM
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• Indicators of protected species, newts, badgers, bats,
nesting birds.
• Contamination: indications of spills, disturbed
ground, areas of fill or spoil heaps, old fuel or oil
tanks.
• Structures: settlement of existing structures or the
use of asbestos; indicators of archaeological value.
ECOLOGY
The invasive root system and strong
growth can damage foundations,
buildings, flood defences, roads, paving,
retaining walls and architectural sites. It
can also reduce the capacity of channels
in flood defences to carry water
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE
• Anecdotal information on past uses of the site or
past problems in the area.
• Access & services: information such as access for
site equipment and location of buried or overhead
services

24. THANK YOU
Julaida Kaliwon
julai904@uitm.edu.my
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