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- 2. Planting Material Selection Species/Varieties Source Farm Mother Plants in a Farm Fruits & Seeds from Mother Plant Nursery or Seedling Stage
- 3. Planting Material Selection Selection of Species/Varieties ⚫ Market demand ⚫ Suitability of the area for growing ⚫ Yield quantity and quality ⚫ Tolerance to pest & diseases ⚫ Tolerance to environmental stresses ⚫ Farmer’s preference
- 4. Planting Material Selection Selection of a Source Farm ⚫ Crop stand ⚫ Yielding ability ⚫ Quality of harvest
- 5. Planting Material Selection Selection of Mother Plants in a Farm ⚫ Uniformity ⚫ Overall vigor ⚫ Yielding ability ⚫ Free from pests/diseases
- 6. Planting Material Selection Selection of Fruits & Seeds from Mother Plant ⚫ High & uniform grain ripening in annuals ⚫ Uniform maturity & medium to big seeds/fruits in fruit & plantation crops ⚫ Free from pests & diseases
- 7. Planting Material Selection Selection at Nursery or Seedling Stage ⚫ Early germination (seed) ⚫ Seedling vigor # leaves stem diameter height root development ⚫ Pest- & disease-free
- 8. Basis for SelectingVariety Annual Crops Plantation Crops Fruit Crops
- 9. Basis for SelectingVariety Annual Crops ⚫ Yield quantity and quality ⚫ Resistance to pests & diseases ⚫ Tolerance to adverse/stress conditions ⚫ Farmer’s preference ⚫ Others
- 10. Basis for SelectingVariety Plantation Crops ⚫ Yielding ability ⚫ Earliness & regularity of fruiting ⚫ Resistance to pests & diseases ⚫ Quality of processed products ⚫ Other factors unique to species
- 11. Basis for SelectingVariety Fruit Crops ⚫ Eating quality for fresh fruits sweetness, texture, color, fruit or seed size, etc. ⚫ Juice processing acidity level, soluble solids, juice color, processing specifications ⚫ Early-bearing tendency & rapid attainment of peak production
- 12. Basis for SelectingVariety Fruit Crops ⚫ Regularity of fruit-bearing ⚫ Resistance to aerial & soil-borne diseases --- use of resistant rootstock ⚫ Farmers’ preference ⚫ Economic yield Crop Yield (t/ha) Mango 8-10 Papaya 15-20 Rambutan 4 Banana 40-50 Calamansi 2-3 Durian 3-4
- 13. Planting Materials Annuals Seed ⚫All Grain Crops ⚫ Vegetable Crops ⚫ Grain Legumes ⚫ Fiber Crops
- 14. Planting Materials Annuals VegetativePlanting Materials ⚫ Stem cutting matured stem with nodes & internodes sugarcane, sweet potato, cassava, forage grasses ⚫ Tuber underground stem white potato
- 15. Planting Materials Annuals VegetativePlanting Materials ⚫ Bulb leaf bud comprised of clustered leaves – underground stem multiplier onion, garlic ⚫ Corm underground solid stem that contain nodes & internodes cut into several pieces taro, banana, abaca
- 16. Planting Materials Annuals VegetativePlanting Materials ⚫ Rhizome subterranean rootlike stem that have roots in lower portion & shoots in the upper portion ramie, ginger
- 17. Planting Materials Perennials Seed ⚫Fruit Crops (papaya, pili, jackfruit, mangosteen, atis, guayabano) ⚫ Plantation Crops (coconut, oil palm, coffee, cacao) Propagated by seeds & rootstock from seeds
- 18. Planting Materials Perennials VegetativePlanting Materials ⚫ Runners growing stem that arise from leaf axils and form roots strawberry, black pepper ⚫ Slips leafy shoots originating from axillary buds borne at the base of the plant or fruit pineapple, cabbage
- 19. Planting Materials Perennials VegetativePlanting Materials ⚫ Suckers adventitious roots that arise from underground stem banana, abaca ⚫ Corms underground solid stem that contain nodes & internodes → cut into several pieces gladiolus, banana, abaca
- 20. Planting Materials Perennials VegetativePlanting Materials ⚫ Root cuttings breadfruit ⚫ Leaf bud cuttings derived from axillary buds in stem black pepper, vanilla
- 21. Planting Materials Perennials VegetativePlanting Materials ⚫ Stem cuttings mature stem with 2-3 nodes & internodes sineguelas, macopa, grape, black pepper, vanilla, kapok ⚫ Asexual materials produced from layerage, marcotting, graftage, budding
- 22. Planting Materials Perennials VegetativePlanting Materials ⚫ Plantlets derived from micropropagation-tissue culture from embryo, endosperm, mature seeds, stems, shoot tips, root tips, meristem, single cells, pollen grains banana, orchids, citrus, bamboo, rattan, macapuno
- 23. Planting Material Preparation Annuals Seed ⚫ Seed Storage 12-13% MC and refrigeration To or dehumidified condition Airtight containers Use of desiccants
- 24. Planting Material Preparation Annuals Seed ⚫ Pre-Germination Treatment Seed treatment with fungicide ⚫ Metalaxyl to control downy mildew in corn at vegetative stage Vernalization or cold treatment ⚫ 4-6 months storage at 40o F or GA treatment (soaking for 12 hr in 500-2,500 ppm solution) enhance early flowering in gladiolus
- 25. Planting Material Preparation Annuals Seed ⚫ Pre-Germination Treatment Seed inoculation ⚫ Seeds coated with inoculants (Rhizobia) to enhance N-fixing ability of legumes
- 26. Planting Material Preparation Annuals Vegetative Plant Parts (Preparation) ⚫ Cassava mature portion of stem (7 months old) is cut into 20-25 cm length pieces Viable for 5 mo if properly stored ⚫ Sugarcane top portion of stalk is used, with at least 3 nodes
- 27. Planting Material Preparation Annuals Vegetative Plant Parts (Preparation) ⚫ Sweet potato cuttings of 25-30 cm from tip of the vine ⚫ White potato tuber cut into seed pieces, each contains a bud fungicide treatment
- 28. Planting Material Preparation Perennials Perennial Seeds ⚫ Disadvantages of Propagation by Seed Trees → longer time to bear fruits (lanzones, mango, etc.) Trees → tends to develop large crown Cross pollinated → do not usually retain characteristics of parents
- 29. Planting Material Preparation Perennials Perennial Seeds ⚫ Disadvantages of Propagation by Seed Variability in terms of: ⚫ productiveness ⚫ fruit quality ⚫ regularity of fruit bearing ⚫ growth habit ⚫ floral behavior (apomixis)
- 30. Planting Material Preparation Perennials Seed Viability ⚫ Recalcitrant seeds moisture content is initially high & drying (below 20% in rambutan & rubber seeds) → loss in viability Mango, durian, rambutan, mangosteen, lanzones, santol, jackfruit, tea, citrus, rubber, oil palm
- 31. Planting Material Preparation Perennials Seed Viability ⚫ Recalcitrant seeds Storage ⚫ sand, sawdust or charcoal moistened to 10% in polyethylene bags at 27oC ⚫ or refrigerated condition may prolong viability from 1-2 wk to 1-4 mo
- 32. Planting Material Preparation Perennials Seed Viability ⚫ Orthodox seeds can be dried at 5-14% to prevent respiratory process & placed in airtight container Atis, chico, guayabano, passion fruit, tamarind, coffee Storage ⚫ refrigeration & use of desiccants can prolong viability for > 1 yr
- 33. Planting Material Preparation NurseryOperations (except direct-seeded plants) Site or Infrastructure ⚫ Open field → field-grown crops & transplanted rice Seedbeds, concrete pavements Seedboxes Seedling trays
- 34. Planting Material Preparation NurseryOperations (except direct-seeded plants) Site or Infrastructure ⚫ Nursery → vegetables, fruits, plantation crops Seedbeds, concrete pavements Seedboxes Seedling trays Pots, plastic bags, improvised containers
- 35. Planting Material Preparation NurseryOperations (except direct-seeded plants) Seeds are maintained until ready for planting, transplanting, or repotting/rebagging ⚫ desired seedling size at transplanting Asexually propagated plants grown until ready for planting in the field
- 36. Planting Material Preparation NurseryOperations (except direct-seeded plants) Soil medium: ⚫ ordinary soil/garden soil for germination ⚫ light-textured soil (sand/ garden soil/organic matter) for rooting Necessary nutrient, water, pest management & special requirements imposed during seedling stage
- 37. Planting Material Preparation NurseryOperations (except direct-seeded plants) Size and age of Seedlings at Transplanting ⚫ Seedling height generally 30 cm may vary with crop species ⚫ Number of developed leaves 3-4 leaves
- 38. Planting Material Preparation NurseryOperations (except direct-seeded plants) Size and age of Seedlings at Field Planting ⚫ Age at planting 2-4 weeks --- cereals & field crops (annuals) 2-3 months --- papaya 4-6 months --- jackfruit/guayabano 3-4 months --- guava 6-10 months --- coffee 6-9 months --- coconut (splitting of leaves) 8-15 months --- oil palm (5-8 leaves developed)
- 39. Planting Material Preparation NurseryOperations (except direct-seeded plants) Shade Management ⚫ Germination/rooting stage require partial shading Coconut, mango, citrus can be exposed to full sunlight Coffee, cacao, rambutan, mangosteen, lanzones, banana, & grafted/budded planting materials need 25-50% partial shade
- 40. Planting Material Preparation NurseryOperations (except direct-seeded plants) Hardening ⚫ Pre-sowing hardening soaking of seeds in water for 1-48 hr (depending on seed) then air-drying to their original moisture content before sowing
- 41. Planting Material Preparation NurseryOperations (except direct-seeded plants) Hardening ⚫ Starting 1 month to few days before planting or transplanting (depending on crop) --- cultural practices to reduce transplanting shock are imposed: Gradual withdrawal of water and fertilizer application Gradual exposure to sunlight (if grown in partial shade) Partial pruning/cutting of leaves & roots (blocking) Gradual balling/burlapping of big trees (1 mo before transplanting) Use of protectants/anti-transpirants to reduce transpiration
- 42. Thank You SELECTION ANDPREPARATION OF PLANTING MATERIAL