The document provides an overview of learning theories and second language learning theories. It discusses several major learning theories including behaviorism, constructivism, and cognitivism. Behaviorism is explained through the work of Pavlov, Skinner and stimulus-response learning. Constructivism is explored through Piaget and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory. Cognitivism covers information processing and gestalt theory. Second language learning theories covered include the creative construction hypothesis, input hypothesis, universal grammar hypothesis, interaction hypothesis, output hypothesis, scaffolding hypothesis, and acculturation model.
- The unconditioned stimulus naturally elicits an unconditioned response. Pavlov's research involved dogs salivating in response to food.
- Through repeated pairing of a neutral stimulus (like a bell) with the unconditioned stimulus (food), the neutral stimulus takes on the properties of a conditioned stimulus that comes to elicit the same response (salivation) as the unconditioned stimulus.
- Classical conditioning involves learning the association between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus/response through repeated exposure.
Cognitive theory views learning as a process of mentally organizing and relating new information to prior knowledge. It emphasizes mental processes over behaviorism's stimulus-response model. Major contributors include Chomsky, Bruner, and Ausubel. Cognitive theory informs teaching methods by viewing students as active information processors and problem solvers. Teachers should grasp attention, plan instruction, and develop cognitive skills. Recommended methods include graphic organizers, discussions, and audiovisual aids to help students encode and retrieve information. Applying cognitive theory in EFL, teachers may use pictures to teach vocabulary or plays to teach stories.
Classical conditioning was elucidated by Ivan Pavlov through his famous dog experiments. Pavlov found that a neutral stimulus could be paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit the same response as the unconditioned stimulus. For example, Pavlov paired the sound of a tone (neutral stimulus) with the presentation of food (unconditioned stimulus), which caused dogs to salivate (unconditioned response). After conditioning, the dogs learned to salivate to the tone alone (conditioned response). Pavlov's work provided the basis for later behaviorists like John Watson and B.F. Skinner.
Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development.pdfDr. Hina Kaynat
Lev Vygotsky was a pioneering Russian psychologist who developed an influential theory of cognitive development. He believed that social learning through language and cultural tools played a key role in children's thinking. Vygotsky introduced concepts like the zone of proximal development and scaffolding. The zone of proximal development refers to what a child can achieve with guidance compared to what they can do alone. Scaffolding refers to adjusting levels of support as learning progresses. Vygotsky's theory emphasized the importance of social learning and guidance from more knowledgeable individuals.
Classical conditioning (CC) and operant conditioning (OC) both involve learning through associations between stimuli and responses. However, they differ in key ways:
1. In CC, the response is involuntary and precedes the stimulus, while in OC the response is voluntary and occurs after reinforcement.
2. CC involves passive learning as the response is automatic, while OC requires an active learner who operates on the environment to obtain reinforcement.
3. The timing of the stimulus and response differ between the two: in CC the stimulus precedes the response, while in OC the response precedes reinforcement.
This document discusses moral development theories proposed by Piaget, Kohlberg, and Gilligan. It summarizes Piaget's theory that children progress through stages of moral judgment from heteronomous to autonomous morality. It then summarizes Kohlberg's six stages of moral reasoning, from preconventional to conventional to postconventional. It provides examples of moral dilemmas and assess which stage of reasoning is demonstrated. It notes Gilligan criticized Kohlberg's theory as culturally biased and for placing women at a lower stage than men. Overall, the document provides an overview of key theories on the development of moral reasoning in children.
classical conditioning and discriminationsadia rehman
Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response. Pavlov's classic experiment involved pairing a bell (neutral stimulus) with food (unconditioned stimulus) until the dog salivated to the bell alone. John Watson further showed emotional conditioning by causing a child to fear rats. Discrimination learning involves distinguishing between stimuli to select the one reinforced with a reward or punishment. For example, dogs learn to salivate only to the tone paired with food and monkeys avoid triangles paired with shocks.
Behaviourism was an influential theory of learning in the 1940s-1950s that viewed language development as the formation of habits through imitation and practice. B.F. Skinner's work with operant conditioning chambers demonstrated that behaviors are shaped through reinforcement or discouragement. Traditional behaviourism hypothesized that children learn language by imitating others and being positively reinforced through praise for their attempts. The environment plays a key role by providing consistency in reinforcement to shape a child's language behaviors.
- The unconditioned stimulus naturally elicits an unconditioned response. Pavlov's research involved dogs salivating in response to food.
- Through repeated pairing of a neutral stimulus (like a bell) with the unconditioned stimulus (food), the neutral stimulus takes on the properties of a conditioned stimulus that comes to elicit the same response (salivation) as the unconditioned stimulus.
- Classical conditioning involves learning the association between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus/response through repeated exposure.
Cognitive theory views learning as a process of mentally organizing and relating new information to prior knowledge. It emphasizes mental processes over behaviorism's stimulus-response model. Major contributors include Chomsky, Bruner, and Ausubel. Cognitive theory informs teaching methods by viewing students as active information processors and problem solvers. Teachers should grasp attention, plan instruction, and develop cognitive skills. Recommended methods include graphic organizers, discussions, and audiovisual aids to help students encode and retrieve information. Applying cognitive theory in EFL, teachers may use pictures to teach vocabulary or plays to teach stories.
Classical conditioning was elucidated by Ivan Pavlov through his famous dog experiments. Pavlov found that a neutral stimulus could be paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit the same response as the unconditioned stimulus. For example, Pavlov paired the sound of a tone (neutral stimulus) with the presentation of food (unconditioned stimulus), which caused dogs to salivate (unconditioned response). After conditioning, the dogs learned to salivate to the tone alone (conditioned response). Pavlov's work provided the basis for later behaviorists like John Watson and B.F. Skinner.
Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development.pdfDr. Hina Kaynat
Lev Vygotsky was a pioneering Russian psychologist who developed an influential theory of cognitive development. He believed that social learning through language and cultural tools played a key role in children's thinking. Vygotsky introduced concepts like the zone of proximal development and scaffolding. The zone of proximal development refers to what a child can achieve with guidance compared to what they can do alone. Scaffolding refers to adjusting levels of support as learning progresses. Vygotsky's theory emphasized the importance of social learning and guidance from more knowledgeable individuals.
Classical conditioning (CC) and operant conditioning (OC) both involve learning through associations between stimuli and responses. However, they differ in key ways:
1. In CC, the response is involuntary and precedes the stimulus, while in OC the response is voluntary and occurs after reinforcement.
2. CC involves passive learning as the response is automatic, while OC requires an active learner who operates on the environment to obtain reinforcement.
3. The timing of the stimulus and response differ between the two: in CC the stimulus precedes the response, while in OC the response precedes reinforcement.
This document discusses moral development theories proposed by Piaget, Kohlberg, and Gilligan. It summarizes Piaget's theory that children progress through stages of moral judgment from heteronomous to autonomous morality. It then summarizes Kohlberg's six stages of moral reasoning, from preconventional to conventional to postconventional. It provides examples of moral dilemmas and assess which stage of reasoning is demonstrated. It notes Gilligan criticized Kohlberg's theory as culturally biased and for placing women at a lower stage than men. Overall, the document provides an overview of key theories on the development of moral reasoning in children.
classical conditioning and discriminationsadia rehman
Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response. Pavlov's classic experiment involved pairing a bell (neutral stimulus) with food (unconditioned stimulus) until the dog salivated to the bell alone. John Watson further showed emotional conditioning by causing a child to fear rats. Discrimination learning involves distinguishing between stimuli to select the one reinforced with a reward or punishment. For example, dogs learn to salivate only to the tone paired with food and monkeys avoid triangles paired with shocks.
Behaviourism was an influential theory of learning in the 1940s-1950s that viewed language development as the formation of habits through imitation and practice. B.F. Skinner's work with operant conditioning chambers demonstrated that behaviors are shaped through reinforcement or discouragement. Traditional behaviourism hypothesized that children learn language by imitating others and being positively reinforced through praise for their attempts. The environment plays a key role by providing consistency in reinforcement to shape a child's language behaviors.
Skinner developed the theory of operant conditioning to explain how behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on their consequences. He identified reinforcement, punishment, and extinction as processes that influence whether behaviors increase or decrease. Skinner argued that behaviors can be shaped through differential reinforcement by gradually moving an organism closer to a desired behavior. Behavior modification techniques apply operant conditioning principles to change behaviors by reinforcing wanted actions and reducing unwanted ones.
Classical conditioning is a type of learning where organisms learn to associate stimuli. Ivan Pavlov, a famous Russian physiologist, discovered classical conditioning through his dog experiments. He found that a dog could learn to associate a neutral stimulus, like a bell, with an unconditioned stimulus, like food, which elicits an unconditioned response, like salivation. After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus alone could elicit the conditioned response of salivation. Pavlov's experiments demonstrated key concepts of classical conditioning like acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and discrimination. Classical conditioning principles can be applied to areas like teaching and advertising.
This document outlines theories of language learning, covering historical background, basic concepts, key issues, and approaches. It discusses the shift from practice-oriented to theory-oriented study, and the development of related fields. Key concepts covered include the differences between L1, L2, and FL. Approaches discussed include the linguistic approach, functional-typological approach, information processing/cognitive approach, and socio-cultural approach. Current issues focus on the cognitive underpinnings of L2 learning and representation of multiple languages in the brain.
The document summarizes several theories of learning, including:
- Classical conditioning, where a stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response through association. Pioneered by Ivan Pavlov.
- Operant conditioning, where behavior is shaped by consequences. Introduced by B.F. Skinner.
- Social learning theory, which explains how people learn through observation and modeling others. Proposed by Albert Bandura.
- Cognitive learning theories including assimilation theory and schema theory.
Ivan Pavlov, a Russian scientist, discovered classical conditioning while studying the digestive system of dogs. He found that dogs deprived of food would salivate when his assistant entered the room. Through further investigation, Pavlov established that a stimulus that initially produces no response can acquire the ability to produce a response through repeated pairing with another stimulus that does elicit a response. Classical conditioning involves an unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response.
Schema theory explanation including psychologists experiment.
Covers entire topic - Stages, developmental process, experiments by Bartlett, Brewer & Treyens, & French and Richards.
1. Classical conditioning theories by Pavlov and Watson are discussed. Pavlov's dog experiment showed that a neutral stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus can elicit a conditioned response.
2. Watson's experiment on "Little Albert" demonstrated emotional conditioning by pairing a white mouse with a loud noise, causing the child to fear the mouse.
3. Implications for teaching include using positive reinforcement to condition desirable behaviors and relating concepts systematically to help students learn and generalize skills.
Clark Hull developed a drive-reduction theory of learning that stated drives create arousal or tension that motivates behavior to reduce the drive, and learning occurs through conditioning when behaviors are associated with drive reduction. His theory proposed several concepts including habit strength, reaction inhibition, and effective reaction potential to explain learning quantitatively. Although influential, Hull's theory faced criticisms for not fully explaining real-world behavior and inconsistencies in its predictions.
Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Advocated by famous psychologists such as John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner, behavioral theories dominated psychology during the early half of the twentieth century. Today, behavioral techniques are still widely used in therapeutic settings to help clients learn new skills and behaviors
Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response. In Pavlov's famous experiment, dogs were conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell, which was paired with the presentation of food. Over time, the bell became a conditioned stimulus that elicited the same salivation response as the unconditioned stimulus of food. Stimulus generalization can also occur, where similar stimuli to the conditioned one produce the same response. Extinction is when the conditioned response decreases and disappears without the unconditioned stimulus, but spontaneous recovery may occur later.
The document summarizes the work and learning theory of Edwin Guthrie. It discusses that Guthrie proposed one law of learning - the law of contiguity, which states that stimuli and responses become associated based on their closeness in time and space. Guthrie believed that learning occurred through a single pairing of a stimulus and response, in contrast to theorists like Thorndike who argued learning required repetition. The document also describes Guthrie's experiments with cats in a puzzle box and how they informed his views on learning, forgetting, and the lack of need for reinforcement. Overall, the document provides an overview of Guthrie's influential law of contiguity and its implications for understanding learning.
Cognitivism theory examines how people think and gain knowledge through learning, memory, problem solving, and intelligence. It views the mind as a "black box" where learning occurs through recalling and making sense of stored information. Key factors that influence learning according to cognitivism include a person's existing schemas and previous experiences. Memory plays an important role through encoding, storing, and retrieving information. Learning theories best explained by cognitivism include reasoning, problem solving, and learning with clear objectives. Major theorists in cognitivism include Piaget with his cognitive development theory and Ausubel with his meaningful learning theory.
These slides are about different methods and types of learning and basically concerned about classical conditioning. Classical conditioning and its whole process is described here briefly.
This document discusses operant conditioning and how it influences learning and behavior. It defines operant conditioning as a method of learning through reinforcement and punishment. Behaviors are strengthened when followed by positive reinforcement or escape from negative reinforcement, and weakened when followed by punishment. The document uses B.F. Skinner's experiments with rats in a Skinner Box as a classic example of how operant conditioning shapes behavior through variable schedules of reinforcement and punishment.
The study of learning can be traced back to the turn of the 20th century when Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning and Edward Thorndike began studying operant conditioning. B.F. Skinner later expanded on Thorndike's work by studying rat behavior in operant conditioning boxes. Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience. There are several laws of learning including the laws of effect, exercise, and primacy. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are two major types of learning studied by behaviorists.
This document discusses Kumaravadivelu's concept of post-method pedagogy, which consists of three dimensions: a pedagogy of particularity, practicality, and possibility. A pedagogy of particularity aims to be sensitive to the specific context, learners, goals, and environment. A pedagogy of practicality emphasizes teachers generating their own context-sensitive theories through practice. A pedagagogy of possibility seeks to help learners develop autonomy, critical thinking, and social transformation. Post-method pedagogy restructures teacher education to value teachers' voices and visions and engages learners, teachers, and teacher educators as pedagogic explorers.
Edward Lee Thorndike was an influential American psychologist who spent his career at Teachers College, Columbia University. He is known as the "father of modern educational psychology." Through his experiments with animals in puzzle boxes, Thorndike developed the theory of connectionism and the law of effect, which states that behaviors followed by satisfaction are more likely to be repeated. His work laid the foundation for modern educational psychology and influenced testing in schools and the workplace. Thorndike also created early versions of the military entrance exam still used today.
Topic: Theory of Learning (Classical Conditioning)
Student Name: Sunena Imtaiz
Class: B.Ed. Hons Elementary Part (III)
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
B. F. Skinner
(1904-1990)
Skinner’s life and his understanding of life Predetermined, lawful, and orderly
A product of past reinforcements
1925: Hamilton College (NY): degree in English, no courses in psychology
Read about Pavlov’s and Watson’s experimental work
1931: Ph.D. from Harvard
B. F. Skinner
Dissertation: a reflex is a correlation between
S and R
1938: The Behavior of Organisms
1953: Science and Human Behavior
1990: Vigorously attacked the growth of cognitive
psychology
1990 (final article): "Can Psychology Be a Science
of Mind?"
The document outlines several theories of learning and development:
- Behaviorism focuses on external stimuli and conditioning, disregarding innate factors. Key theorists included Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner.
- Innate Theory, proposed by Chomsky, posits that humans are born with an innate capacity and "language acquisition device" for learning language.
- Cognitive Theory considers internal mental processes and sees learning as involving effort, aptitude and intelligence. Piaget, Gardner and Bloom contributed to this view.
- Social Development Theory, from Vygotsky, emphasizes social interaction and culture as shaping development through tools like language.
- Constructivism views learning as an active process where learners construct their own understandings by
Skinner developed the theory of operant conditioning to explain how behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on their consequences. He identified reinforcement, punishment, and extinction as processes that influence whether behaviors increase or decrease. Skinner argued that behaviors can be shaped through differential reinforcement by gradually moving an organism closer to a desired behavior. Behavior modification techniques apply operant conditioning principles to change behaviors by reinforcing wanted actions and reducing unwanted ones.
Classical conditioning is a type of learning where organisms learn to associate stimuli. Ivan Pavlov, a famous Russian physiologist, discovered classical conditioning through his dog experiments. He found that a dog could learn to associate a neutral stimulus, like a bell, with an unconditioned stimulus, like food, which elicits an unconditioned response, like salivation. After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus alone could elicit the conditioned response of salivation. Pavlov's experiments demonstrated key concepts of classical conditioning like acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and discrimination. Classical conditioning principles can be applied to areas like teaching and advertising.
This document outlines theories of language learning, covering historical background, basic concepts, key issues, and approaches. It discusses the shift from practice-oriented to theory-oriented study, and the development of related fields. Key concepts covered include the differences between L1, L2, and FL. Approaches discussed include the linguistic approach, functional-typological approach, information processing/cognitive approach, and socio-cultural approach. Current issues focus on the cognitive underpinnings of L2 learning and representation of multiple languages in the brain.
The document summarizes several theories of learning, including:
- Classical conditioning, where a stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response through association. Pioneered by Ivan Pavlov.
- Operant conditioning, where behavior is shaped by consequences. Introduced by B.F. Skinner.
- Social learning theory, which explains how people learn through observation and modeling others. Proposed by Albert Bandura.
- Cognitive learning theories including assimilation theory and schema theory.
Ivan Pavlov, a Russian scientist, discovered classical conditioning while studying the digestive system of dogs. He found that dogs deprived of food would salivate when his assistant entered the room. Through further investigation, Pavlov established that a stimulus that initially produces no response can acquire the ability to produce a response through repeated pairing with another stimulus that does elicit a response. Classical conditioning involves an unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response.
Schema theory explanation including psychologists experiment.
Covers entire topic - Stages, developmental process, experiments by Bartlett, Brewer & Treyens, & French and Richards.
1. Classical conditioning theories by Pavlov and Watson are discussed. Pavlov's dog experiment showed that a neutral stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus can elicit a conditioned response.
2. Watson's experiment on "Little Albert" demonstrated emotional conditioning by pairing a white mouse with a loud noise, causing the child to fear the mouse.
3. Implications for teaching include using positive reinforcement to condition desirable behaviors and relating concepts systematically to help students learn and generalize skills.
Clark Hull developed a drive-reduction theory of learning that stated drives create arousal or tension that motivates behavior to reduce the drive, and learning occurs through conditioning when behaviors are associated with drive reduction. His theory proposed several concepts including habit strength, reaction inhibition, and effective reaction potential to explain learning quantitatively. Although influential, Hull's theory faced criticisms for not fully explaining real-world behavior and inconsistencies in its predictions.
Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Advocated by famous psychologists such as John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner, behavioral theories dominated psychology during the early half of the twentieth century. Today, behavioral techniques are still widely used in therapeutic settings to help clients learn new skills and behaviors
Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response. In Pavlov's famous experiment, dogs were conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell, which was paired with the presentation of food. Over time, the bell became a conditioned stimulus that elicited the same salivation response as the unconditioned stimulus of food. Stimulus generalization can also occur, where similar stimuli to the conditioned one produce the same response. Extinction is when the conditioned response decreases and disappears without the unconditioned stimulus, but spontaneous recovery may occur later.
The document summarizes the work and learning theory of Edwin Guthrie. It discusses that Guthrie proposed one law of learning - the law of contiguity, which states that stimuli and responses become associated based on their closeness in time and space. Guthrie believed that learning occurred through a single pairing of a stimulus and response, in contrast to theorists like Thorndike who argued learning required repetition. The document also describes Guthrie's experiments with cats in a puzzle box and how they informed his views on learning, forgetting, and the lack of need for reinforcement. Overall, the document provides an overview of Guthrie's influential law of contiguity and its implications for understanding learning.
Cognitivism theory examines how people think and gain knowledge through learning, memory, problem solving, and intelligence. It views the mind as a "black box" where learning occurs through recalling and making sense of stored information. Key factors that influence learning according to cognitivism include a person's existing schemas and previous experiences. Memory plays an important role through encoding, storing, and retrieving information. Learning theories best explained by cognitivism include reasoning, problem solving, and learning with clear objectives. Major theorists in cognitivism include Piaget with his cognitive development theory and Ausubel with his meaningful learning theory.
These slides are about different methods and types of learning and basically concerned about classical conditioning. Classical conditioning and its whole process is described here briefly.
This document discusses operant conditioning and how it influences learning and behavior. It defines operant conditioning as a method of learning through reinforcement and punishment. Behaviors are strengthened when followed by positive reinforcement or escape from negative reinforcement, and weakened when followed by punishment. The document uses B.F. Skinner's experiments with rats in a Skinner Box as a classic example of how operant conditioning shapes behavior through variable schedules of reinforcement and punishment.
The study of learning can be traced back to the turn of the 20th century when Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning and Edward Thorndike began studying operant conditioning. B.F. Skinner later expanded on Thorndike's work by studying rat behavior in operant conditioning boxes. Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience. There are several laws of learning including the laws of effect, exercise, and primacy. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are two major types of learning studied by behaviorists.
This document discusses Kumaravadivelu's concept of post-method pedagogy, which consists of three dimensions: a pedagogy of particularity, practicality, and possibility. A pedagogy of particularity aims to be sensitive to the specific context, learners, goals, and environment. A pedagogy of practicality emphasizes teachers generating their own context-sensitive theories through practice. A pedagagogy of possibility seeks to help learners develop autonomy, critical thinking, and social transformation. Post-method pedagogy restructures teacher education to value teachers' voices and visions and engages learners, teachers, and teacher educators as pedagogic explorers.
Edward Lee Thorndike was an influential American psychologist who spent his career at Teachers College, Columbia University. He is known as the "father of modern educational psychology." Through his experiments with animals in puzzle boxes, Thorndike developed the theory of connectionism and the law of effect, which states that behaviors followed by satisfaction are more likely to be repeated. His work laid the foundation for modern educational psychology and influenced testing in schools and the workplace. Thorndike also created early versions of the military entrance exam still used today.
Topic: Theory of Learning (Classical Conditioning)
Student Name: Sunena Imtaiz
Class: B.Ed. Hons Elementary Part (III)
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
B. F. Skinner
(1904-1990)
Skinner’s life and his understanding of life Predetermined, lawful, and orderly
A product of past reinforcements
1925: Hamilton College (NY): degree in English, no courses in psychology
Read about Pavlov’s and Watson’s experimental work
1931: Ph.D. from Harvard
B. F. Skinner
Dissertation: a reflex is a correlation between
S and R
1938: The Behavior of Organisms
1953: Science and Human Behavior
1990: Vigorously attacked the growth of cognitive
psychology
1990 (final article): "Can Psychology Be a Science
of Mind?"
The document outlines several theories of learning and development:
- Behaviorism focuses on external stimuli and conditioning, disregarding innate factors. Key theorists included Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner.
- Innate Theory, proposed by Chomsky, posits that humans are born with an innate capacity and "language acquisition device" for learning language.
- Cognitive Theory considers internal mental processes and sees learning as involving effort, aptitude and intelligence. Piaget, Gardner and Bloom contributed to this view.
- Social Development Theory, from Vygotsky, emphasizes social interaction and culture as shaping development through tools like language.
- Constructivism views learning as an active process where learners construct their own understandings by
The document outlines several theories of learning and development:
- Behaviorism focuses on external stimuli and conditioning, disregarding innate factors. Key theorists included Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner.
- Innate Theory, proposed by Chomsky, posits that humans are born with an innate capacity and "language acquisition device" for learning language.
- Cognitive Theory incorporates internal mental processes and sees learning as involving effort, aptitude and intelligence. Piaget, Gardner and Bloom contributed to this view.
- Social Development Theory, from Vygotsky, emphasizes social interaction and culture as shaping development through tools like language.
- Constructivism views learning as an active process where learners construct their own understandings by
Cognitivism is a learning theory that looks beyond observable behaviors to explain learning in terms of mental processes. It views humans as active processors of information who create internal mental representations to interpret and understand new information. According to cognitivism, learning involves incorporating new information into existing cognitive frameworks or "schemas". The cognitive theory proposes that learning is an active process where students construct new ideas based on both their background knowledge and current learning experiences. Language learning in particular involves encoding new concepts and meanings through the words and structures of a language. The cognitive approach emphasizes that learning only occurs when new information is meaningful to the learner and integrated with their prior understanding.
Cognitive Approaches to Learning:Socio-cultural theory by Lev Vygotsky Mahsa Farahanynia
Lev Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist known for his sociocultural theory of cognitive development. He believed that cognitive development occurs through social interaction and language. According to Vygotsky, higher mental functions develop from lower mental functions and are mediated by tools and signs from a culture, including language, which allows internalization of cognitive processes. A key concept is the Zone of Proximal Development, defined as the difference between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with guidance and collaboration, highlighting the role of social learning.
The document summarizes several theories of learning, including:
- Classical conditioning, which involves stimulus-response associations. Pioneered by Ivan Pavlov.
- Operant conditioning, where behavior is shaped by consequences. Introduced by B.F. Skinner.
- Social learning theory, developed by Albert Bandura, which emphasizes observational learning and modeling.
- Cognitive learning theories including assimilation theory and schema theory.
- Piaget's stage theory of child cognitive development.
- Discovery learning pioneered by Jerome Bruner which emphasizes learner discovery.
- Vygotsky's social development theory where social interaction precedes development.
- Situated learning theory developed by Jean Lave which argues learning is
The document discusses several theories of learning including behaviorism, Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, McCarthy's four types of learners, and constructivism. It notes criticisms of behaviorism for its simplistic view of learning and lack of accounting for human engagement. Constructivism sees learning as an active process where people construct their own understanding through experiences and relating new knowledge to prior knowledge. A constructivist museum would provide opportunities for learners to interact with exhibits and construct their own understanding.
Edward Thorndike developed theories of learning through his experiments using puzzle boxes on cats. He found that cats learned to escape the boxes through trial and error, improving their escape times with each successive trial. This led Thorndike to propose the law of effect - that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become stronger, and behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences become weaker. His work laid the foundation for behaviorism and operant conditioning theories of learning through consequences.
Jerome Bruner was an influential American psychologist known for his work on education. He developed theories of cognitive development and learning that emphasized the active role of learners in constructing new ideas based on their existing knowledge. Bruner believed that instruction should be concerned with making students willing and able to learn, structuring information so it can be easily grasped, and facilitating students to go beyond the information given. He proposed that intellectual development progresses through enactive, iconic, and symbolic stages of representing knowledge. Bruner's work influenced constructivist learning theories and the concept of a "spiral curriculum."
Jerome Bruner was an influential American psychologist known for his work on education. Some of his major contributions include discovering that learning is an active process where students construct new ideas based on prior knowledge, proposing three modes of representing knowledge (enactive, iconic, symbolic), and advocating for spiral curriculum. Bruner believed the goal of education is not just transmitting knowledge but helping students learn how to learn.
Constructivism is an epistemological theory about knowledge that views learners as actively constructing knowledge based on their existing knowledge and experiences, rather than passively receiving knowledge. Knowledge is constructed through a process of assimilation of new information into prior frameworks and accommodation of prior frameworks to fit new information. While personal constructivism focuses on the individual, social constructivists emphasize the role of culture and social interaction in the collaborative construction of knowledge. Constructivism is a theory of knowledge rather than learning or teaching, but implications for active, experience-based learning and teaching can be inferred from this view of the knowledge construction process.
Constructivism
Active mental
construction
Discovery
Meaning making
Guides discovery
Asks questions
Facilitates
meaning making
The presentation covered 5 learning theories: behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, humanism, and multiple intelligences. Behaviorism views learning as response to external stimuli and reinforcement. Cognitivism sees learning as an active mental process of knowledge construction based on prior knowledge. Constructivism believes learners construct knowledge through experiences and social interactions.
This document summarizes several theories of language learning, including:
- Edward Anthony's definitions of approach, method, and technique in language teaching.
- Humanist theory which focuses on human dignity and observational learning.
- Behaviorist theory which emphasizes reinforcement and punishment in language acquisition.
- Chomsky's theory of Universal Grammar which posits an innate language acquisition device.
- Cognitive theories which see language learning as involving mental schemata and organization.
- Krashen's Monitor Theory distinguishing between acquisition and learning.
This document outlines three metaphors of learning: knowledge acquisition, participation, and knowledge creation. It argues that a third metaphor of knowledge creation is needed to conceptualize learning in a knowledge society. It reviews three models that represent knowledge creation: Bereiter's knowledge building approach, Engestrom's expansive learning theory, and Nonaka and Takeuchi's model of knowledge creation in organizations. These models emphasize innovative and collaborative processes of developing new knowledge and artifacts, representing a "trialogical" approach beyond individual and social conceptions of learning. The knowledge creation metaphor conceptualizes learning as the advancement of shared objects through mediated collaborative processes.
Social Pedagogy Induction Them Pra Presentationgaz12000
This document summarizes key concepts in social pedagogic theory and its implications for practice. [1] It discusses the origins and development of social pedagogy from thinkers like Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Montessori, and Korczak. [2] Social pedagogy views children as competent beings and aims for their holistic education and well-being through building relationships and providing learning opportunities. [3] Theory meets practice through a balance of the professional, personal, and practical domains in pedagogical work.
The document discusses various perspectives on constructivism in education. It covers cognitive constructivism, which emphasizes active learning and authentic real-world problems. It also discusses Jerome Bruner's theories of scaffolding and a spiral curriculum. Piaget's theories of schemas, assimilation, accommodation and equilibration are explained. Vygotsky's ideas of cultural mediation, the zone of proximal development and scaffolding are summarized. John Dewey's influence on education and social reform is briefly mentioned.
Constructivism is a learning theory that believes learning is an active process where learners construct new ideas or concepts based on both their prior knowledge and experiences. Learners test hypotheses through social interaction and interpretation, and knowledge is built through this process. Key theorists who contributed to constructivist thought include Piaget, who believed children progress through cognitive development stages as they interact with their environment, Vygotsky and the important role social learning plays in a child's development, and Dewey's view that students learn by doing and should be active participants in their education. In the classroom, constructivist teaching involves student-centered, hands-on activities that allow students to build knowledge actively and collaboratively.
Constructivism is a theory of learning that says people construct their own understanding and knowledge through experiences and reflecting on those experiences. According to constructivism, learning happens best when people are actively involved in real experiences. Two founders of constructivism were Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. Piaget believed children learn through schemas or organized patterns of thought and behavior developed from their experiences. Vygotsky felt social interaction and collaborative learning were important parts of constructing knowledge.
Lecture 4 in the module 'Cognition & Development'. Vygotsky.
Learning Outcomes: Introduce the Vygotskian theory. Think about how Vygotskian theory has informed Developmental psychology. Consider the relationship between language and development. Consider the educational implications of Vygotsky’s theory.
The document discusses key aspects of constructivism as it relates to learning and education. Some of the main points covered include:
1) Constructivism emphasizes that people create meaning through individual constructs and by acting upon their environment to acquire and test new knowledge.
2) Experiential learning plays a central role, with thinkers like Dewey, Kolb, and Vygotsky emphasizing learning through real-world experiences.
3) The role of the learner is active and self-directed, while the educator acts as a mentor to guide problem solving and help modify existing knowledge.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
1. Learning Theories
By Safa EL Akermi( crefoc gafsa 2018/2019)
Elt senior SUPERVISOR/ Mrs Saida jendoubi
2. What is Learning?
“Learning is the acquisition of knowledge or
skills through study, experience, or being
taught.”
What is a theory?
“A theory is a set of statements or principles
devised to explain a group of facts or
phenomena”.
6. Behaviourism
“Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed,
and my own specified world to bring them up in
and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and
train him to become any type of specialist I
might select—doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-
chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief,
regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies,
abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.
(1930)”
― John Broadus Watson
8. Behaviourism Advocates:
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
Classical conditioning:
Learning through association.
Involuntary Reflexive Behaviour.
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): A stimulus that naturally elicits a
specific response.
Unconditioned response (UCR): A response that naturally
follows a specifc stimulus.
Conditioned stimulus (CS): A stimulus that elicits a response it
naturally has no connection.
Conditioned Response (CR): A response to a stimulus that does
not occur naturally.
9.
10. Behaviourism Advocates:
B.F.Skinner (1904-1990)
Operant conditioning:
“Through operant conditioning, an individual makes an association between a
particular behavior and a consequence” (Skinner, 1938).
Modify behavior
Positive / Negative
Reinforcement
Positive / Negative
Punishment
13. Constructivism
« Knowledge is temporary, developmental,
nonobjective, internally constructed, and socially
and cuturally mediated » Fosnot 1996
“When you teach a child something you take away
forever his chance of discovering it for himself.”
(Jean Piaget)
“Constructivists believe that the mind filters input
from the world to produce its own unique reality”
(Jonassen, 1991a).
14. Constructivism
Active Learning
Construct Knowledge
Personal experiences and hypotheses of the
environment.
social negotiation.
different interpretation and construction of
knowledge process.
The learner is not a blank slate (tabula rasa) but
brings past experiences and cultural factors to a
situation
15. Constructivism Advocates
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
A four-stage model of how the mind
processes new information encountered.
Human development could be described in
stages.
As we grow, we gradually add new skills to
our cognitive repertoire.
16.
17. Constructivism Advocates
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
Schema: Schemas are categories of knowledge that help us
to interpret and understand the world.
Assimilation: The process of taking in new information into
our already existing schemas.
Accommodation: Accommodation involves modifying existing
schemas, or ideas, as a result of new information or new
experiences. New schemas may also be developed during this
process
Equilibration: To maintain a balance between applying
previous knowledge (assimilation) and changing behavior to
account for new knowledge (accommodation).
20. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY
(VYGOTSKY)
Social interaction precedes development.
Consciousness and cognition are the end
product of socialization and social
behavior.
Social interaction
The more knowledgeable other
The zone of proximal development
21. Social Interaction
“Every function in the child’s cultural development
appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the
individual level; first, between people (interpsychological)
and then inside the child (intrapsychological)”.
The More Knowlegable Other
(MKO)
“The MKO refers to anyone who has a better
understanding or a higher ability level than the
learner, with respect to a particular task, process, or
concept.”
22. THE ZONE OF PROXIMAL
DEVELOPMENT (ZPD)
“The ZPD is the distance between a student’s ability to perform
a task under adult guidance and/or with peer collaboration and
the student’s ability solving the problem independently.
According to Vygotsky, learning occurred in this zone.”
According to Vygotsky, humans use tools that develop from a
culture, such as speech and writing, to mediate their social
environments. Initially children develop these tools to serve
solely as social functions, ways to communicate needs.
Vygotsky believed that the internalization of these tools led
to higher thinking skills.
24. Cognitivism
The inner mental activities
“Black box”
Mental processes such as thinking, memory, knowing, and
problem-solving need to be explored.
Knowledge can be seen as schema or symbolic mental
constructions. Learning is defined as change in a
learner’s schemata.
Cognitivism uses the metaphor of the mind as computer:
information comes in, is being processed, and leads to
certain outcomes.
28. Advocates Of Cognitivism
GESTALT THEORY (VON EHRENFELS)
“Learning takes place as students were able to comprehend a concept
in its entirety, rather than broken up into parts”.
Gestalt theorists propose that the experiences and perceptions of
learners have a significant impact on the way that they learn.
One aspect of Gestalt is phenomenology, which is the study of
how people organize learning by looking at their lived experiences and
consciousness.
Learning happens best when the instruction is related to their real life
experiences. The human brain has the ability to make a map of the
stimuli caused by these life experiences. This process of mapping is
called “isomorphism.”
29. Advocates Of Cognitivism
GESTALT THEORY (VON EHRENFELS)
The Factor of Closure: Whenever the brain sees only part of a picture, the
brain automatically attempts to create a complete picture.
The “factor of proximity” where the human brain maps elements of learning
that are presented close to each other as a whole, instead of separate
parts.
The “factor of similarity,” : learning is facilitated when groups that are
alike are linked together and contrasted with groups that present differing
ideas. This form of Gestalt learning enables learners to develop and
improve critical thinking skills.
The “figure-ground effect” : When observing things around us, it is normal
for the eye to ignore space or holes and to see, instead, whole objects.
The “Trace Theory”: As new thoughts and ideas are learned the brain
tends to make connections, or “traces,” that are representative of the links
that occur between conceptions and ideas, as well as images.
31. Earlier Approaches To Second
Language Learning
Structuralism: The conviction that language systems consisted of a finite
set of ‘patterns’ or ‘structures’ which acted as models… for the production of
an infinite number of similarly constructed sentences.
Beahviourism: Repetition and practice resulted in the formation of accurate
and fluent foreign language habits.
Transfer: The complication is that the old first-language habits interfere
with this process, either helping or inhabiting it.
Contrastive Analysis: Fries, who in the introduction to his book Teaching
and Learning English as a Foreign Language: “The most effective materials are
those that are based upon a scientific description of the language to be
learned, carefully compared with a parallel description of the native language of
the learner’ (Fries, 1945, cited in Dulay et al.,).
Error Analysis: the systematic investigation of second language learners’
errors.
33. Creative Construction Hypothesis
(Interlangauge Theory)
Larry Selinker (1937)
Innate mechanisms
Process language
Create their own internal grammar
“The grammar that learners construct is often called their
“interlanguage” (i.e., a language located somewhere on a
continuum between their mother tongue and the target
language) (Selinker, 1972) or “transitional competence”
(i.e., a competence which is in a state of transition, as it
develops in the direction of the target language)”
34. The Input Hypothesis
“Monitor Model”
Stephen Krashen (1941)
Acquisition: subconscious and guided by the learner’s
innate mechanisms along natural developmental
sequences. It occurs as a result of exposure to
comprehensible input, is not accessible to conscious
control or instruction, and occurs best when the
“affective filter” (e.g., level of anxiety) is low.
Learning: is conscious and often occurs through
instruction or error correction. “Acquired” language is
most important and forms the basis for spontaneous
communication. Language that has been “learnt” plays
only a subsidiary role as a “monitor” of speech or writing
and can never pass through into the acquired system.
35. The Universal Grammar
hypothesis
Naom Chomsky ( 1928)
“A set of principles which govern all languages
and are already wired into the human brain when
we are born. The principles themselves are
universal, but they allow for variation in the
form of certain parameters that need to be set.”
“Internal mechanisms which are “triggered” by
input from the environment.
37. The interaction hypothesis :
Michael Long
Situations of social interaction.
Negotiation of meaning, requests for
clarification, and comprehension checks.
Input will be tuned to the current level of
competence of the individual learner and thus
become “intake” which is available for learning.
38. The output hypothesis
(Merill Swain, 1995).
« Input is not sufficient and that output too plays a
significant role in acquisition (Swain, 1995). »
pay attention to aspects of grammar
notice gaps in their knowledge
make hypotheses about how the grammatical system
works
get feedback about whether these hypotheses are
correct.
It stimulates them to discuss the language with others
and thus “scaffold” each other in their efforts to
understand the language.
39. The scaffolding hypothesis
Vygotsky
The hypothesis is based on sociocultural theory, which
goes back to the work of Vygotsky in the 1930s and
holds that social interaction is the most important
stimulus for all learning.
“Scaffolding” refers to the way in which, with support
from others, learners can reach levels of achievement
which they would be unable to reach independently.
The “zone of proximal development” is the domain of
performance that a learner cannot yet achieve
independently but is capable of achieving with the help
of scaffolding.
40. The acculturation model John Schumann
(1978) and social identity theory (Norton,
2000)
Language learning involves a process of acculturation
and is therefore heavily dependent on the degree of social
and psychological distance that learners perceive between
themselves and the speakers of the target language.
The “social identity model” is based on the mutual
influences that link language and identity: language is one
means by which identity is constructed and identity
affects the ways in which we use language. This identity is
seen as dynamic and, as a person consolidates his or her
identity in a new community, so his or her ability to speak
and learn the language increases.