Learning as pupil activity
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The document contrasts teacher-centered and learner-centered approaches to education. A teacher-centered approach focuses on the teacher transferring knowledge to passive students and following set objectives. A learner-centered approach focuses on students' desire and ability to learn by engaging them actively and having the teacher act more as a guide who answers students' questions. The document also contrasts traditional and constructivist classrooms, noting constructivist classrooms focus more on student-driven learning outcomes.
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Creep is the slow, progressive deformation of a material under constant stress over time. It is dependent on both time and temperature. During a creep test, a constant stress is applied to a specimen and its deformation is measured over time. Typically, a creep curve will show an initial instantaneous elastic deformation followed by primary, secondary, and tertiary creep stages. The addition of nanoparticles like carbon nanotubes or clay to polymers can improve their creep resistance by acting as barriers to hinder molecular chain movement and reorientation under stress. Creep tests are used to characterize a material's creep performance by measuring its creep compliance over time under an applied load.
LONG TERM EFFECTS- APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSITES
The document discusses the long-term durability of composite materials. It notes that composite materials are increasingly being used in demanding applications that subject them to environmental factors over long periods of time. The document examines how physical and chemical aging processes like swelling, plasticization, hydrolysis, and oxidation can degrade the resin and fiber-resin interface, leading to losses in properties like creep and fatigue resistance over time. It also discusses how surface preparation affects the long-term durability of adhesively bonded composite joints.
NITRIL RUBBER (NBR)
Nitrile rubber (NBR) is produced from a copolymer of acrylonitrile and butadiene. It is oil-resistant and commonly used in fuel hoses, gaskets, and other products requiring oil resistance. NBR is produced via emulsion polymerization of acrylonitrile and butadiene monomers in water, followed by coagulation of the polymer latex to form crumb rubber. Properties of NBR depend on the percentage of acrylonitrile, with higher percentages providing better oil and chemical resistance but reduced flexibility at lower temperatures.
APPLICATION OF LAYERED AND NON-LAYERED NANO/MICRO PARTICLES IN POLYMER MODIFI...
This document discusses the application of layered and non-layered nanoparticles in polymer modification. It describes how grafting polymers onto nanoparticle surfaces via irradiation can improve dispersion in polymers and enhance mechanical properties even at low filler loading. Methods for preparing polypropylene and epoxy nanocomposites are outlined. FTIR analysis shows grafted polymers chemically bond to nanoparticle surfaces. Tensile tests show grafted silica nanoparticles simultaneously increase modulus, strength and elongation of polypropylene. Layered nanoparticles also improve various thermal, barrier and mechanical properties when incorporated into polymers.
Bone cement
Bone cement is made from polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) powder and methyl methacrylate (MMA) liquid. When mixed, an exothermic polymerization reaction occurs, reaching temperatures of 82-86°C. The cement hardens within 7-15 minutes, depending on temperature. It is applied digitally or via syringe once it reaches a dough-like viscosity. While bone cement fixes prosthetics well initially, fragmentation and foreign body reactions to wear debris can lead to prosthetic loosening over time. Other drawbacks include heat generation during curing, lack of remodeling, and potential allergic reactions.
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EFFECT OF FLAME RETARDANT ADDITIVES IN FLAME RETARDANT GRADE OF ABS
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ORGANICALLY MODIFIED LAYERED CLAYS LATEX STAGE MIXING MELT MIXING
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- 6. ;
- 9. • • • .