The document provides an overview of learning and different types of conditioning processes. It discusses classical conditioning, including Pavlov's experiments showing that dogs can learn to associate stimuli. Repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with food led dogs to eventually salivate to just the stimulus. Operant conditioning is also examined, focusing on how behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on consequences. Various applications of classical and operant conditioning in teaching are also outlined.
This document discusses ethical issues related to abortion from various perspectives. It defines ethics and abortion, outlines abortion laws in India and the US, and discusses legal arguments on both sides. Key points covered include conditions for legal abortion in India up to 20 weeks, risks of abortion procedures, and debates around the right to life of the fetus versus the right of the woman to choose. Overall, the document examines abortion from legal, medical, and ethical lenses without making a clear conclusion.
The document discusses various concepts in nursing ethics including:
1) The purposes of nursing ethics which are influenced by changing healthcare philosophies and the evolution of nursing as a profession.
2) Related divisions of ethics such as bioethics, health ethics, nursing ethics, and professional ethics.
3) Key aspects of nursing professional ethics including autonomy, informed consent, confidentiality, and how it differs from medical ethics.
This document discusses contraception and various methods of birth control. It defines contraception as the voluntary prevention of conception using artificial means to prevent the union of sperm and egg. Some key points made in the document include:
- Contraception is synonymous with terms like family planning and birth control.
- Various natural, mechanical, chemical, hormonal, surgical and behavioral methods of contraception are described.
- Justifications for the use of contraception discussed include allowing individuals to determine their own fertility and the number of children they support.
- Different ethical theories like natural law, utilitarianism and pragmatism are applied to discussions around contraception and sterilization.
This document provides information on surgical endodontics procedures performed by Dr. Osama Mushtaq. It discusses the reasons for endodontic treatment failure and describes objectives and indications for endodontic surgery, including managing periapical disease and lesions that cannot be treated via nonsurgical root canal treatment. The document outlines the surgical procedure, covering topics like flap design, root resection, root-end filling materials, and postoperative care. It also discusses factors associated with success and failure of periapical surgery, and indications and contraindications for corrective endodontic surgery to repair procedural errors or resorptive defects.
This document discusses various factors that affect esthetics in dentistry. It focuses on smile esthetics and outlines considerations for soft tissue management, tooth preparation, shade selection, color variations, translucency, surface characterization, gloss, tooth form and position. Soft tissue health, impression techniques, temporary restorations and finish line visibility are identified as important for gingival esthetics. Tooth reduction, porcelain thickness and marginal fit also impact color matching and esthetic outcomes.
TOOTH PREPARATION: FULL VENEER CAST METAL CROWNAamir Godil
This document discusses tooth preparation principles for fixed partial dentures (FPDs). It outlines the biologic, mechanical, and esthetic considerations for tooth preparation, including prevention of damage to the pulp and periodontium, conservative preparation, and supragingival margin placement. Margin geometries like chamfer, shoulder, and knife edge are described. Preparation designs for all-metal and porcelain fused to metal crowns are provided, including occlusal reduction of 1-1.5mm, axial reduction of 0.5-1mm, and placement of retentive features like grooves and pinholes. The steps of occlusal guiding grooves, axial reduction, breaking proximal contacts, and finishing are explained. Images
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Periodontal disease is caused by an extension of gingival inflammation into the bone. Bacteria and their products such as lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, and proteases stimulate an inflammatory response and release of host mediators that promote bone resorption. Osteoclasts are activated by these inflammatory mediators to resorb bone, while osteoblasts have reduced function. This disrupts the normal bone remodeling process and leads to net bone loss in periodontal disease.
This document discusses ethical issues related to abortion from various perspectives. It defines ethics and abortion, outlines abortion laws in India and the US, and discusses legal arguments on both sides. Key points covered include conditions for legal abortion in India up to 20 weeks, risks of abortion procedures, and debates around the right to life of the fetus versus the right of the woman to choose. Overall, the document examines abortion from legal, medical, and ethical lenses without making a clear conclusion.
The document discusses various concepts in nursing ethics including:
1) The purposes of nursing ethics which are influenced by changing healthcare philosophies and the evolution of nursing as a profession.
2) Related divisions of ethics such as bioethics, health ethics, nursing ethics, and professional ethics.
3) Key aspects of nursing professional ethics including autonomy, informed consent, confidentiality, and how it differs from medical ethics.
This document discusses contraception and various methods of birth control. It defines contraception as the voluntary prevention of conception using artificial means to prevent the union of sperm and egg. Some key points made in the document include:
- Contraception is synonymous with terms like family planning and birth control.
- Various natural, mechanical, chemical, hormonal, surgical and behavioral methods of contraception are described.
- Justifications for the use of contraception discussed include allowing individuals to determine their own fertility and the number of children they support.
- Different ethical theories like natural law, utilitarianism and pragmatism are applied to discussions around contraception and sterilization.
This document provides information on surgical endodontics procedures performed by Dr. Osama Mushtaq. It discusses the reasons for endodontic treatment failure and describes objectives and indications for endodontic surgery, including managing periapical disease and lesions that cannot be treated via nonsurgical root canal treatment. The document outlines the surgical procedure, covering topics like flap design, root resection, root-end filling materials, and postoperative care. It also discusses factors associated with success and failure of periapical surgery, and indications and contraindications for corrective endodontic surgery to repair procedural errors or resorptive defects.
This document discusses various factors that affect esthetics in dentistry. It focuses on smile esthetics and outlines considerations for soft tissue management, tooth preparation, shade selection, color variations, translucency, surface characterization, gloss, tooth form and position. Soft tissue health, impression techniques, temporary restorations and finish line visibility are identified as important for gingival esthetics. Tooth reduction, porcelain thickness and marginal fit also impact color matching and esthetic outcomes.
TOOTH PREPARATION: FULL VENEER CAST METAL CROWNAamir Godil
This document discusses tooth preparation principles for fixed partial dentures (FPDs). It outlines the biologic, mechanical, and esthetic considerations for tooth preparation, including prevention of damage to the pulp and periodontium, conservative preparation, and supragingival margin placement. Margin geometries like chamfer, shoulder, and knife edge are described. Preparation designs for all-metal and porcelain fused to metal crowns are provided, including occlusal reduction of 1-1.5mm, axial reduction of 0.5-1mm, and placement of retentive features like grooves and pinholes. The steps of occlusal guiding grooves, axial reduction, breaking proximal contacts, and finishing are explained. Images
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Periodontal disease is caused by an extension of gingival inflammation into the bone. Bacteria and their products such as lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, and proteases stimulate an inflammatory response and release of host mediators that promote bone resorption. Osteoclasts are activated by these inflammatory mediators to resorb bone, while osteoblasts have reduced function. This disrupts the normal bone remodeling process and leads to net bone loss in periodontal disease.
Retention in maxillofacial prosthesis pptxpadmini rani
Maxillofacial prosthesis retention can be achieved through various intraoral and extraoral methods. Intraoral retention options include anatomic features like residual ridges as well as mechanical attachments. Common mechanical attachments are cast clasps, precision attachments, and magnets. Extraoral retention methods involve adhesives, implants, eyeglasses, and magnets depending on the location and extent of the prosthesis. The document discusses considerations for selecting the appropriate retention method based on factors like bone availability, location, and amount of hard and soft tissue.
The document discusses occlusal considerations for implant-supported prostheses. It introduces various occlusal terminology and explores the significance of occlusion on osseointegrated implants. The document outlines the goals of implant protective occlusion (IPO), which aims to distribute occlusal forces appropriately to minimize stress on implants and surrounding bone. IPO principles include using thin articulating paper for initial adjustment, equalizing contacts under heavy bite forces, avoiding non-axial and offset loads, and designing the occlusion around the weakest component. The document also discusses factors like implant angulation, crown height, bone quality and the materials used for occlusal surfaces.
Description of intracoronal attachments with different classifications for it. Application for removable partial denture, fixed partial denture and implant therapy. Indication, contraindication and drawback for intracoronal attachment. Added references for further reading.
Ethics in dentisrty power point presentationHamnazBeegumpp
The dental profession is a vocation in which knowledge and skill is used for the service of others.
One of the characteristics of a profession is adherence to a code of ethics. Being a health care provider it carrier with it a responsibility to individual patients and society confers on the professionals requires them to behave in an ethical manner.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document discusses prosthetic options for implant dentistry. It outlines 5 prosthetic options (FP-1 to FP-3 and RP-4 to RP-5) and describes the amount of support and number of implants required for each. The key steps are to first plan the desired prosthesis, then determine the ideal abutment positions and amount of support needed before placing implants and designing the final restoration. Removable prostheses offer advantages like fewer implants and reduced costs but have higher risks of bone resorption over time.
The document discusses surgical and prosthetic techniques for maxillofacial rehabilitation following cancer resection, noting that the goal is to restore both function and cosmesis through a combination of surgery, such as skin grafting, and prosthetics like obturators and implants to replace missing structures of the face, jaw, and oral cavity.
Occlusal Considerations For Implant Supported Prostheses Implant Protectes O...Mohammed Alshehri
Trauma from occlusion refers to pathological changes in the periodontium caused by excessive force from chewing muscles. While excessive force alone does not cause tissue breakdown, it may act as a co-factor in plaque-induced periodontal disease by enhancing the rate of progression. Proper treatment of plaque is important to arrest tissue destruction, even if occlusal trauma persists. Treating occlusal trauma alone through adjustment or splinting may reduce mobility but not stop further breakdown from untreated plaque.
This document presents a case involving the prosthodontic treatment of a 18-year-old female patient with dental pain and esthetic issues. The patient was examined and found to have caries, missing teeth, and periodontal issues. Treatment options considered included extraction, implants, removable partial dentures, and fixed bridges. A glass fiber post was selected to reinforce tooth #32 due to loss of coronal structure after root canal treatment. A core buildup was completed along with composite restoration. The treatment addressed the patient's chief complaints and restored esthetics and function.
This document discusses fistulative and corrective endodontic surgery procedures. It focuses on fistulative surgery procedures including incision and drainage, cortical trephination, and decompression, which are used to drain pathosis of endodontic origin. Incision and drainage and cortical trephination are emergency procedures used to relieve acute pain and allow definitive endodontic therapy once acute symptoms subside. Cortical trephination specifically involves surgically penetrating the bone cortex to provide drainage when apical trephination is not possible. The document provides details on performing incision and drainage, cortical trephination, and managing patients presenting with different acute symptoms.
This document discusses different types of pontics used in fixed partial dentures to replace missing teeth. It defines a pontic as an artificial tooth used to fill the space of a missing natural tooth. Pontics are classified based on their shape and contact with tissues, the materials used, and designs from manufacturers. The document discusses various pontic designs including ridge lap, modified ridge lap, conical, ovate, and hygienic pontics. It also covers biological and esthetic considerations for pontic design and different materials that can be used, such as metal-ceramic and resin-veneered pontics.
- The document discusses various techniques for all-on-4 and all-on-6 dental implant procedures, including the surgical placement of implants and fabrication of final prostheses.
- Key steps include making incisions, reflecting tissue flaps, drilling osteotomies at angled positions, inserting implants, taking radiographs to confirm placement, attaching abutments, and creating temporary and final prostheses.
- Options for bar attachments and different types of bridges to create fixed or removable restorations are also described. Proper angulation and positioning of implants is important for creating an accurate fitting framework.
This document discusses terminology and techniques for dental implant impressions. It defines terms like cover screws, healing caps, transfer copings, and implant analogues. It explains that impressions are needed to capture the implant position, depth, axis, and soft tissue contour. The document outlines two main impression techniques - open tray (using pick-up copings) and closed tray (using transfer copings). It notes the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. Abutment level impressions are also discussed for customization and laboratory abutment selection. Gingival simulation is described as a technique to simulate the soft tissue around implants.
Implants can provide support and retention for fixed or removable prostheses. There are various types of implants classified based on location and surgical exposure. Osseointegration is the key mechanism for implant integration with bone. Implants are indicated for fully and partially edentulous patients to improve function, aesthetics and quality of life over conventional dentures. Treatment options include implant overdentures, fixed bridges and single tooth implants. Masticatory performance is improved with implant supported or retained dentures compared to conventional dentures.
This document summarizes a class presentation on applying Erikson's theory of psychosocial development and Bowen's family systems theory to clinical practice. It provides an overview of the key concepts of each theory, such as Erikson's eight stages of development and Bowen's concepts of triangles, differentiation of self, and multigenerational transmission. Examples are given of how the theories could be applied to assess a client situation and design nursing interventions and care plans. Areas are identified where further research is needed before fully applying aspects of the theories to practice, such as determining Erikson stages from assessments and teaching nurses about Bowen's systems perspective.
The document discusses OCO Biomedical's next generation of dental implants called Dual Stabilization implants. It highlights key features like immediate loading capability and a bull-nose tip design that encourages bone growth. The system offers benefits like reduced treatment time, increased success rates, and simplified procedures compared to traditional two-stage dental implants.
Screw vs cement retained implant prosthesisApurva Thampi
This is a journal club presentation featuring a recent article regarding a screw and cement retained implant prosthesis.
the presentation and all its related material is available on request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
L-PRF for increasing the width of keratinized mucosa around implants: A split...MD Abdul Haleem
This randomized controlled pilot clinical trial evaluated the use of L-PRF membranes for increasing the width of keratinized mucosa around dental implants compared to free gingival grafts. The results showed that both treatments significantly increased the width of keratinized mucosa by 6.0 mm for L-PRF and 7.3 mm for free gingival grafts. However, patients reported significantly less postoperative pain with L-PRF, and it required less surgery time than free gingival grafts. While both treatments were effective at creating keratinized tissue, L-PRF provided advantages of lower morbidity and shorter procedure time for patients.
Madeleine Leininger developed the Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality and the associated Sunrise Model to address the significant phenomena of culture and care in nursing. The theory posits that care is influenced by cultural factors and must be provided in a culturally congruent manner. The Sunrise Model illustrates the relationships between cultural components like worldview, religion, and social structure that influence care practices and how they vary or are universal across cultures. The goal of the theory is to discover culturally based care factors and use research findings to provide culturally appropriate nursing care to diverse populations.
This document discusses osseodensification, a novel approach for implant dentistry. It involves using specially designed burs that compact bone rather than removing it during osteotomy preparation. This increases bone density and primary implant stability. The burs are used to gently lift the sinus membrane for minimal invasive sinus augmentation when <3mm of lift is needed. One case study demonstrated successful implant placement and integration using this technique for a crestal sinus lift and osteotomy. Osseodensification may be a promising approach for certain sinus augmentation procedures but more research is still needed.
These slides are about different methods and types of learning and basically concerned about classical conditioning. Classical conditioning and its whole process is described here briefly.
Retention in maxillofacial prosthesis pptxpadmini rani
Maxillofacial prosthesis retention can be achieved through various intraoral and extraoral methods. Intraoral retention options include anatomic features like residual ridges as well as mechanical attachments. Common mechanical attachments are cast clasps, precision attachments, and magnets. Extraoral retention methods involve adhesives, implants, eyeglasses, and magnets depending on the location and extent of the prosthesis. The document discusses considerations for selecting the appropriate retention method based on factors like bone availability, location, and amount of hard and soft tissue.
The document discusses occlusal considerations for implant-supported prostheses. It introduces various occlusal terminology and explores the significance of occlusion on osseointegrated implants. The document outlines the goals of implant protective occlusion (IPO), which aims to distribute occlusal forces appropriately to minimize stress on implants and surrounding bone. IPO principles include using thin articulating paper for initial adjustment, equalizing contacts under heavy bite forces, avoiding non-axial and offset loads, and designing the occlusion around the weakest component. The document also discusses factors like implant angulation, crown height, bone quality and the materials used for occlusal surfaces.
Description of intracoronal attachments with different classifications for it. Application for removable partial denture, fixed partial denture and implant therapy. Indication, contraindication and drawback for intracoronal attachment. Added references for further reading.
Ethics in dentisrty power point presentationHamnazBeegumpp
The dental profession is a vocation in which knowledge and skill is used for the service of others.
One of the characteristics of a profession is adherence to a code of ethics. Being a health care provider it carrier with it a responsibility to individual patients and society confers on the professionals requires them to behave in an ethical manner.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document discusses prosthetic options for implant dentistry. It outlines 5 prosthetic options (FP-1 to FP-3 and RP-4 to RP-5) and describes the amount of support and number of implants required for each. The key steps are to first plan the desired prosthesis, then determine the ideal abutment positions and amount of support needed before placing implants and designing the final restoration. Removable prostheses offer advantages like fewer implants and reduced costs but have higher risks of bone resorption over time.
The document discusses surgical and prosthetic techniques for maxillofacial rehabilitation following cancer resection, noting that the goal is to restore both function and cosmesis through a combination of surgery, such as skin grafting, and prosthetics like obturators and implants to replace missing structures of the face, jaw, and oral cavity.
Occlusal Considerations For Implant Supported Prostheses Implant Protectes O...Mohammed Alshehri
Trauma from occlusion refers to pathological changes in the periodontium caused by excessive force from chewing muscles. While excessive force alone does not cause tissue breakdown, it may act as a co-factor in plaque-induced periodontal disease by enhancing the rate of progression. Proper treatment of plaque is important to arrest tissue destruction, even if occlusal trauma persists. Treating occlusal trauma alone through adjustment or splinting may reduce mobility but not stop further breakdown from untreated plaque.
This document presents a case involving the prosthodontic treatment of a 18-year-old female patient with dental pain and esthetic issues. The patient was examined and found to have caries, missing teeth, and periodontal issues. Treatment options considered included extraction, implants, removable partial dentures, and fixed bridges. A glass fiber post was selected to reinforce tooth #32 due to loss of coronal structure after root canal treatment. A core buildup was completed along with composite restoration. The treatment addressed the patient's chief complaints and restored esthetics and function.
This document discusses fistulative and corrective endodontic surgery procedures. It focuses on fistulative surgery procedures including incision and drainage, cortical trephination, and decompression, which are used to drain pathosis of endodontic origin. Incision and drainage and cortical trephination are emergency procedures used to relieve acute pain and allow definitive endodontic therapy once acute symptoms subside. Cortical trephination specifically involves surgically penetrating the bone cortex to provide drainage when apical trephination is not possible. The document provides details on performing incision and drainage, cortical trephination, and managing patients presenting with different acute symptoms.
This document discusses different types of pontics used in fixed partial dentures to replace missing teeth. It defines a pontic as an artificial tooth used to fill the space of a missing natural tooth. Pontics are classified based on their shape and contact with tissues, the materials used, and designs from manufacturers. The document discusses various pontic designs including ridge lap, modified ridge lap, conical, ovate, and hygienic pontics. It also covers biological and esthetic considerations for pontic design and different materials that can be used, such as metal-ceramic and resin-veneered pontics.
- The document discusses various techniques for all-on-4 and all-on-6 dental implant procedures, including the surgical placement of implants and fabrication of final prostheses.
- Key steps include making incisions, reflecting tissue flaps, drilling osteotomies at angled positions, inserting implants, taking radiographs to confirm placement, attaching abutments, and creating temporary and final prostheses.
- Options for bar attachments and different types of bridges to create fixed or removable restorations are also described. Proper angulation and positioning of implants is important for creating an accurate fitting framework.
This document discusses terminology and techniques for dental implant impressions. It defines terms like cover screws, healing caps, transfer copings, and implant analogues. It explains that impressions are needed to capture the implant position, depth, axis, and soft tissue contour. The document outlines two main impression techniques - open tray (using pick-up copings) and closed tray (using transfer copings). It notes the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. Abutment level impressions are also discussed for customization and laboratory abutment selection. Gingival simulation is described as a technique to simulate the soft tissue around implants.
Implants can provide support and retention for fixed or removable prostheses. There are various types of implants classified based on location and surgical exposure. Osseointegration is the key mechanism for implant integration with bone. Implants are indicated for fully and partially edentulous patients to improve function, aesthetics and quality of life over conventional dentures. Treatment options include implant overdentures, fixed bridges and single tooth implants. Masticatory performance is improved with implant supported or retained dentures compared to conventional dentures.
This document summarizes a class presentation on applying Erikson's theory of psychosocial development and Bowen's family systems theory to clinical practice. It provides an overview of the key concepts of each theory, such as Erikson's eight stages of development and Bowen's concepts of triangles, differentiation of self, and multigenerational transmission. Examples are given of how the theories could be applied to assess a client situation and design nursing interventions and care plans. Areas are identified where further research is needed before fully applying aspects of the theories to practice, such as determining Erikson stages from assessments and teaching nurses about Bowen's systems perspective.
The document discusses OCO Biomedical's next generation of dental implants called Dual Stabilization implants. It highlights key features like immediate loading capability and a bull-nose tip design that encourages bone growth. The system offers benefits like reduced treatment time, increased success rates, and simplified procedures compared to traditional two-stage dental implants.
Screw vs cement retained implant prosthesisApurva Thampi
This is a journal club presentation featuring a recent article regarding a screw and cement retained implant prosthesis.
the presentation and all its related material is available on request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
L-PRF for increasing the width of keratinized mucosa around implants: A split...MD Abdul Haleem
This randomized controlled pilot clinical trial evaluated the use of L-PRF membranes for increasing the width of keratinized mucosa around dental implants compared to free gingival grafts. The results showed that both treatments significantly increased the width of keratinized mucosa by 6.0 mm for L-PRF and 7.3 mm for free gingival grafts. However, patients reported significantly less postoperative pain with L-PRF, and it required less surgery time than free gingival grafts. While both treatments were effective at creating keratinized tissue, L-PRF provided advantages of lower morbidity and shorter procedure time for patients.
Madeleine Leininger developed the Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality and the associated Sunrise Model to address the significant phenomena of culture and care in nursing. The theory posits that care is influenced by cultural factors and must be provided in a culturally congruent manner. The Sunrise Model illustrates the relationships between cultural components like worldview, religion, and social structure that influence care practices and how they vary or are universal across cultures. The goal of the theory is to discover culturally based care factors and use research findings to provide culturally appropriate nursing care to diverse populations.
This document discusses osseodensification, a novel approach for implant dentistry. It involves using specially designed burs that compact bone rather than removing it during osteotomy preparation. This increases bone density and primary implant stability. The burs are used to gently lift the sinus membrane for minimal invasive sinus augmentation when <3mm of lift is needed. One case study demonstrated successful implant placement and integration using this technique for a crestal sinus lift and osteotomy. Osseodensification may be a promising approach for certain sinus augmentation procedures but more research is still needed.
These slides are about different methods and types of learning and basically concerned about classical conditioning. Classical conditioning and its whole process is described here briefly.
This document summarizes different theories and experiments on how learning occurs. It discusses classical conditioning by Pavlov and operant conditioning by Skinner. It also covers observational learning through Bandura's Bobo doll experiment. Later sections extend these theories by considering cognition, biological constraints, and real-world applications of conditioning principles.
This document discusses several theories of learning, including:
- Pavlov's classical conditioning theory involving conditioning stimuli to elicit responses.
- Skinner's operant conditioning theory involving reinforcing or punishing behaviors to shape learning through rewards and punishments.
- Bandura's social learning theory which emphasizes how observation, modeling, and imitation of others influences learning behaviors and reactions. Bandura's experiments showed learning through observing consequences to others.
Classical conditioning is a learning process discovered by Ivan Pavlov where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a new conditioned response. Pavlov's famous experiment involved ringing a bell before giving dogs food, causing the dogs to salivate in response to the bell alone. Classical conditioning involves three stages: before conditioning where the unconditioned stimulus produces an unconditioned response, during conditioning where the neutral stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus, and after conditioning where the now conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response. This theory has implications for understanding reward, punishment, language learning, removing superstitions, developing attitudes, and using audiovisual aids in education.
This document discusses learning theories of behaviorism, including classical and operant conditioning. It summarizes the key experiments and concepts from theorists like Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike, and Skinner. Specifically, it describes Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment with dogs, Watson's classical conditioning experiment with Little Albert, and Thorndike's early experiments with puzzle boxes that helped establish the laws of exercise and effect related to operant conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov, a Russian scientist, discovered classical conditioning while studying the digestive system of dogs. He found that dogs deprived of food would salivate when his assistant entered the room. Through further investigation, Pavlov established that a stimulus that initially produces no response can acquire the ability to produce a response through repeated pairing with another stimulus that does elicit a response. Classical conditioning involves an unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response.
Principles and Applications of Classical and operant conditioningppt.pptxsarahfauzna
Classical conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli and responses. Ivan Pavlov's famous experiments with dogs demonstrated this, showing that dogs could associate the sound of a bell (conditioned stimulus) with the delivery of food (unconditioned stimulus) and learn to salivate in response to the bell alone. Three key principles of classical conditioning are acquisition, where the association is formed; extinction, where the response weakens without reinforcement; and spontaneous recovery, where an extinguished response briefly returns. Stimulus generalization also occurs, where similar stimuli to the original conditioned stimulus can elicit the same response.
Learning can be defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior or mental state arising from experience. Classical conditioning involves learning associations between stimuli through repeated pairing, such as Pavlov's dogs learning to salivate to a bell. Operant conditioning is a form of learning where behaviors are reinforced or punished to increase or decrease the likelihood of reoccurrence. Reinforcers that immediately follow a behavior are most effective at shaping learning. Cognitive factors like latent learning and observational learning also influence the learning process.
Learning involves relatively permanent changes in behavior due to experience. There are two main types of learning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli, like Pavlov's dog experiment, while operant conditioning involves associating behaviors with consequences through reinforcement or punishment, as in Skinner's experiments. Both types of learning are important and observations also influence learning through imitation of models.
1. Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience. There are three main types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational/social learning.
2. In classical conditioning, organisms learn to associate stimuli through processes like Pavlov's dog experiment. In operant conditioning, behaviors are strengthened or weakened by their consequences, as shown through Skinner's experiments with reinforcement and punishment.
3. Observational learning involves learning new behaviors by watching others, as demonstrated by Bandura's Bobo doll experiment where children imitated an adult's aggressive behavior toward the doll.
The document discusses several learning theories related to health care practices, including behaviorist theory, cognitive theory, social theory, and motivation and needs theory. It provides details on behaviorist theory, which focuses on observable behaviors and stimulus-response conditioning. It also explains principles of classical conditioning, such as neutral stimuli, unconditioned stimuli, conditioned responses, and generalization. Systematic desensitization is discussed as a technique used to reduce fear and anxiety based on classical conditioning principles.
Learning is the process of acquiring new information or behaviors through experience or practice that results in relatively permanent changes to behavior. There are two main types of learning:
Classical conditioning involves learning associations between stimuli through experiences, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit the same response. Operant conditioning involves changing behavior through reinforcement or punishment in response to the consequences of an action.
Behaviourism/ The Behavioural Model. By Theresa Lowry-Lehnen. Lecturer of Psy...Theresa Lowry-Lehnen
The behavioural model is based on the assumptions of behaviourism which was the dominant paradigm in psychology from the 1920s-1950s. It focuses on careful observation and measurement of behaviour and views psychology as a science aimed at predicting and controlling behaviour. Classical conditioning experiments by Pavlov and operant conditioning experiments by Skinner demonstrated that behaviours can be learned through reinforcement and punishment. The behavioural model explains behaviour in terms of stimuli, responses, and their consequences.
1) The study aimed to apply Pavlovian classical conditioning to everyday life in the Mizo population. Participants were shown a demonstration of Pavlovian conditioning and asked to provide examples from their own lives.
2) Several participants provided examples of learned associations forming between neutral stimuli and responses in daily routines, such as feeling hungry at 12:00pm from eating lunch daily at that time in university or expecting food upon hearing a bell that preceded meals at a hostel.
3) The investigator found that classical conditioning can be observed in everyday experiences across cultures, as the participants demonstrated conditioned responses to previously neutral stimuli without conscious awareness of the learned associations.
This document provides an overview of classical and operant conditioning. It discusses classical conditioning, including Pavlov's experiment with dogs, the components of classical conditioning (unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response), and key principles like acquisition, extinction, and stimulus generalization. It then covers operant conditioning, explaining that it involves associating behaviors with consequences through reinforcement or punishment. It discusses B.F. Skinner's pioneering work in this area and concepts like primary and secondary reinforcers as well as different reinforcement schedules used to teach behaviors.
Behaviorism is a school of psychology that focuses on observable behaviors and reactions to stimuli rather than internal mental states. Some key contributors to behaviorism include Ivan Pavlov, who discovered classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs; John B. Watson, who established behaviorism as a scientific approach and conducted experiments on conditioning with infants; and Edward Thorndike, who formulated the law of effect and conducted puzzle box experiments on animal learning. Behaviorism became a dominant approach in psychology from the 1920s through the 1950s and focused on stimulus-response learning through conditioning.
Behaviorism school of thought in psychologyNadeemShoukat3
Ishallah this video help you to comprehend about behaviorism school of thought, its major thinker, major experiment, advantages and disadvantages and much more
Classical conditioning is a learning process discovered by Ivan Pavlov where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. Pavlov's famous experiment involved ringing a bell before giving dogs food, causing the dogs to salivate upon hearing the bell alone. There are three phases to classical conditioning: pre-conditioning where only the unconditioned stimulus causes an unconditioned response; conditioning where the neutral stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus; and post-conditioning where the now conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response without the unconditioned stimulus present. Five principles of classical conditioning are acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. Overview
Nature and Meaning of Learning
Concepts of Learning
Processes of Learning
3. Overview
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov and Classical Conditioning
The Process of Classical Conditioning
Changing Conditioned Responses
John Watson and Emotional Conditioning
5. Overview
Operant Conditioning
Thorndike and the Law of Effect
B.F. Skinner: A Pioneer in Operant
Conditioning
The Principles of Operant Conditioning
6. Overvie
w
Operant Conditioning
Escape and Avoidance Learning
Applications of Operant Conditioning
8. Learning
Learning is the gift of man, the foundation of his
activities and the primary evidence of his
rational nature (Bucu and others, 1993)
9. Learning
Learning is a relatively permanent change in
immediate or potential behaviour or mental
process that results from past experiences or
practice. (Dizon and others, 2003)
10. Learning
Learning is a process through which one’s
capacity or disposition is changed as a result of
experience. (Craig and others)
11. Learning
Learning is a process of acquiring knowledge,
skills, habits, attitudes and ideas, retaining and
utilizing them in the progressive adaptation and
modification of behaviour.
12. Concepts of Learning
Complex process, not a product-acquiring
knowledge, attitudes and skills;
That learning produces change in behaviour-a
progressive change;
That the change is relatively permanent in
the individual’s behaviour;
That learning is the result of interaction of the
individual with the environment. (physical,
natural and social)
15. Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is a type of learning
through which an organism learns to associate one
stimulus with another.
Stimulus (the plural is stimuli): any event or
object in the environment to which an organism
responds.
Classical conditioning is sometimes referred to as
respondent conditioning, or Pavlovian
conditioning.
16. Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
a Russian physiologist, first described classical conditioning in
1899 while conducting research into the digestive system of
dogs.
He was particularly interested in the role of salivary secretions in
the digestion of food and was awarded the Nobel Prize for
Medicine or Physiology in 1904.
17. Classical Conditioning
Pavlov and Classical Conditioning
Pavlov conducted a study on dogs where he
collected the saliva that the dogs would secrete
naturally in response to food placed inside the
mouth; he observed saliva collecting when the
dogs heard their food dishes rattling, when they
heard the laboratory assistants coming to feed
them, and when they saw the attendant who fed
them.
18. Classical Conditioning
Pavlov and Classical Conditioning (continued)
Ivan Pavlov’s laboratory
The dogs were isolated inside soundproof
cubicles and placed in harnesses to restrain
their movements.
The experimenter observed the dogs
through a one-way mirror.
Food and other stimuli were presented and
the flow of saliva measured by remote
control.
19.
20. Classical Conditioning
The Process of Classical Conditioning
Reflex: an involuntary response to a particular
stimulus, such as the eye blink response to a puff
of air or salivation when food is placed in the
mouth
Two types of reflexes
Conditioned reflexes (learned): a learned
reflex rather than a naturally occurring one.
Unconditioned reflexes (unlearned): inborn,
automatic, unlearned response to a particular
stimulus.
21. Classical Conditioning
The Conditioned and Unconditioned Stimulus and
Response
Pavlov used tones, bells, buzzers, lights, geometric
shapes, electric shocks, and metronomes in his
conditioning experiments.
Food powder was placed in the dog’s mouth,
causing salivation.
Because dogs do not need to be conditioned to
salivate to food, salivation to food is an unlearned
response.
22. Classical Conditioning
The Conditioned and Unconditioned
Stimulus and Response (continued)
Unconditioned response (UR): a response
that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus
without prior learning.
Unconditioned stimulus (US): any
stimulus, such as food, that without prior
learning will automatically elicit, or bring
forth, an unconditioned response.
23. Classical Conditioning
The Conditioned and Unconditioned Stimulus and
Response (continued)
Pavlov demonstrated that dogs could be conditioned
to salivate to a variety of stimuli never before
associated with food.
During the conditioning process, the researcher would
present a neutral stimulus such as a musical tone
shortly before placing the food powder in the dog’s
mouth.
Pavlov found that after the tone and the food were
paired many times, usually 20 or more, the tone alone
would elicit salivation.
24. Classical Conditioning
The Conditioned and Unconditioned Stimulus
and Response (continued)
Conditioned stimulus (CS): a neutral
stimulus that, after repeated pairing with an
unconditioned stimulus, becomes associated
with it and elicits a conditioned response.
Conditioned response (CR): the learned
response that comes to be elicited by a
conditioned stimulus as a result of its
repeated pairing with an unconditioned
stimulus.
26. Classical Conditioning
Basic Principles of Classical
Conditioning
Principle of Acquisition
Principle of Extinction
Principle of Spontaneous Recovery
27. Classical Conditioning
Principle of Acquisition or Excitation:
repeated pairings of the conditioned
response and unconditioned stimulus.
Principle of Extinction: in classical
conditioning, the weakening and eventual
disappearance of a conditioned response as a
result of repeated presentation of the
conditioned stimulus without the
unconditioned stimulus.
28. Classical Conditioning
Principle of Spontaneous recovery: the
reappearance of an extinguished response
(in a weaker form) when an organism is
exposed to the original conditioned
stimulus following a rest period.
29. Classical Conditioning
Changing Conditioned Responses
When a conditioned response is extinguished in one
setting, it can still be elicited in other settings where
extinction training has not occurred.
Pavlov found that a tone similar to the original
conditioned stimulus would produce the conditioned
response (salivation).
Generalization: in classical conditioning, the
tendency to make a conditioned response to a
stimulus similar to the original conditioned stimulus.
30. Classical Conditioning
Changing Conditioned Responses
(continued)
Discrimination: the learned ability to
distinguish between similar stimuli so that
the conditioned response occurs only to the
original conditioned stimulus, but not to
similar stimuli.
Generalization and discrimination have
survival value.
Discriminating between a rattlesnake and a
garter snake could save your life.
31. Classical Conditioning
JOHN B. WATSON
John Broadus Watson was an American psychologist who established the
psychological school of behaviorism. Wikipedia
Born: January 9, 1878,Travelers Rest, South Carolina, United States
Died: September 25, 1958, New York City, New York, United States
Spouse: Rosalie Rayner (m. 1921–1935), Mary Ickes (m. 1901–1920)
Education: Johns Hopkins University, University of Chicago, Furman
University
Books: Psychological Care of Infant and Child, more
Children: Mary Watson, John Ickes Watson
32. Classical Conditioning
John Watson and Emotional Conditioning
John Watson and his assistant, Rosalie
Rayner, conducted a study to prove that
fear could be classically conditioned.
The subject of the study, known as Little
Albert, was a healthy and emotionally
stable 11-month-old infant.
Little Albert showed no fear except of the
loud noise Watson made by striking a
hammer against a steel bar near Albert’s
head.
33. Classical Conditioning
John Watson and Emotional Conditioning
(continued)
Rayner presented Little Albert with a white
rat; as Albert reached for the rat, Watson
struck the steel bar with a hammer.
This procedure was repeated several times.
This procedure caused Albert to begin to cry
at the sight of a rat.
35. Classical Conditioning
John Watson and Emotional Conditioning
(continued)
Watson also had ideas for removing fears
and laid the groundwork for some
behavior therapies used today.
Watson and a colleague, Mary Cover
Jones, found 3-year-old Peter, who was
afraid of rabbits, and tried Watson's fear-removal
techniques on him.
36. Classical Conditioning Application
Teachers can use classical conditioning to quiet
down the students
Example:
First day of class, students walk into class and teacher
sits at desk
Teacher goes towards board when ready to teach and
children quiet down
Second day of class, students are chatty when the
teacher goes to the board. Teacher asks to be quiet.
Third day of class, students are automatically quiet
when the teacher walks to the board
37. Classical Conditioning Application
(continued)
Teachers can use classical conditioning to
quiet down the students
Example:
First day of class, the teacher turns on the
projector to do their lesson and students quiet
down
Second day of class, the students are still chatty
when the projector turns on. The teacher must ask
them to quiet down
Third day of class, the students quiet down when
the projector is turned on
39. Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning: a type of learning in which the
consequences of behavior are manipulated in order to
increase or decrease the frequency of an existing response or
to shape an entirely new response.
Also called as instrumental learning.
The learner is active.
The learner is the one acting and discovering how his
behaviour affects his environment.
It is instrumental in a sense that an instrument was used for
learning.
The learner has to operate using an instrument to be able to
discover something in the environment.
40. Operant Conditioning
Two Experiments were conducted to explain
operant conditioning:
- First, by EDWARD LEE THORNDIKE
- Second, by BURRHUS FREDERIC SKINNER
41. Operant Conditioning
Edward Lee Thorndike
Born
August 31, 1874
Williamsburg, Massachusetts,U.S.
Died: August 9, 1949 (aged 74)
Montrose, New York
Nationality: American, Roxbury Latin, Wesleyan,
Education: Harvard, Columbia
Occupation: Psychologist
Employer: Teachers College, Columbia University
Known for: Father of modern educational psychology
Title:Professor
Spouse(s):Elizabeth Moulton (married August 29, 1900)
42. Operant Conditioning
Thorndike and the Law of Effect
Edward Thorndike believed trial-and-error
learning was the basis of most
behavioral changes.
Trial-and-error learning: learning that
occurs when a response is associated
with a successful solution to a problem
after a number of unsuccessful
responses.
43. Operant Conditioning
Thorndike and the Law of Effect (continued)
Law of effect: Thorndike’s law of learning,
which states that the consequence, or effect,
of a response will determine whether the
tendency to respond in the same way in the
future will be strengthened or weakened.
In Thorndike’s best-known experiments, a
hungry cat was placed in a wooden box with
slats, which was called a puzzle box.
44. Operant Conditioning
Thorndike and the Law of Effect (continued)
The box was designed so that the animal had
to manipulate a simple mechanism – pressing a
pedal or pulling down a loop – to escape and
claim a food reward that lay just outside the
box.
After many trials, the cat learned to open the
door almost immediately after being placed in
the box.
45. Operant Conditioning
Burrhus Frederic (B. F.) Skinner
Born: March 20, 1904
Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, United States
Died: August 18, 1990 (aged 86)
Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States[1]
Nationality: American
Fields: Psychology, linguistics, philosophy
Institutions:University of Minnesota, Indiana University, Harvard University, Hamilton
College
Known for: Operant conditioning
Influences: Charles Darwin, Ivan Pavlov, Ernst Mach, Jacques Loeb ,Edward Thorndike,
William James ,Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Henry David Thoreau
Notable awards: National Medal of Science(1968)
46. Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner: A Pioneer in Operant
Conditioning
Skinner believed that the causes of
behavior are in the environment and do not
result from inner mental events, such as
thoughts, feelings, or perceptions.
He claimed that these inner mental events
are themselves behaviors and, like any
other behaviors, are shaped and
determined by environmental forces.
47. Operant Conditioning
The Principles of Operant Conditioning
Principle of Reinforcement
Principle of Shaping
Principle of Punishment
Principle of Spontaneous Recovery
48. Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement
any event that follows a response and
strengthens or increases the probability of
the response being repeated.
Positive and Negative Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement: any pleasant or
desirable consequence that follows a
response and increases the probability that
the response will be repeated.
49. Operant Conditioning
Positive and Negative Reinforcement
(continued)
Negative reinforcement: a person’s or
animal’s behavior is reinforced by the
termination or avoidance of an unpleasant
condition.
Reinforcer: anything that strengthens or
increases the probability of the response
that it follows.
50. Operant Conditioning
Primary and Secondary Reinforcers
Primary reinforcer: a reinforcer that
fulfills a basic physical need for survival
and does not depend on learning.
Food, water, sleep and termination of
pain are examples of primary reinforcers.
51. Operant Conditioning
Primary and Secondary Reinforcers
(continued)
Secondary reinforcer: a reinforcer that is
acquired or learned through association with
other reinforcers.
Some secondary reinforcers (money, for
example) can be exchanged at a later time for
other reinforcers.
52. Operant Conditioning
Shaping
Shaping: an operant conditioning
technique that consists of gradually
molding a desired behavior (response) by
reinforcing any movement in the direction
of the desired response, thereby gradually
guiding the responses toward the ultimate
goal.
B.F. Skinner demonstrated that shaping is
particularly effective in conditioning
complex behaviors.
53. Operant Conditioning
Shaping (continued)
Skinner box: a soundproof apparatus
with a device for delivering food to an
animal subject; designed by Skinner.
Successive approximations: a series of
gradual steps, each of which is more like
the final desired response.
54. Operant Conditioning
Punishment
Punishment is the opposite of
reinforcement.
Punishment can be accomplished by either
adding an unpleasant stimulus or removing
a pleasant stimulus.
It is common to confuse punishment and
negative reinforcement.
55. Operant Conditioning
Punishment (continued)
With punishment, an unpleasant condition
may be added, but with negative
reinforcement, an unpleasant condition is
terminated or avoided.
The two have opposite effects.
Unlike punishment, negative reinforcement
increases the probability of a desired
response.
56. Operant Conditioning
Disadvantages of Punishment
1. According to Skinner, punishment does
not extinguish an undesirable behavior;
rather, it suppresses that behavior when
the punishing agent is present. But the
behavior is apt to continue when the
threat of punishment is removed and in
settings where punishment is unlikely.
57. Operant Conditioning
Disadvantages of Punishment (continued)
2. Punishment indicates that a behavior is
unacceptable, but does not help people
develop more appropriate behaviors. If
punishment is used, it should be
administered in conjunction with
reinforcement or rewards for appropriate
behavior.
58. Operant Conditioning
Disadvantages of Punishment (continued)
3. The person who is severely punished often
becomes fearful and feels angry and hostile
toward the punisher. These reactions may be
accompanied by a desire to retaliate or to
avoid or escape from the punisher and the
punishing situation.
4. Punishment frequently leads to aggression.
Those who administer physical punishment
may become models of aggressive behavior.
59. Operant Conditioning
Alternatives to Punishment
Many psychologists believe that removing
the rewarding consequences of undesirable
behavior is the best way to extinguish a
problem behavior.
Using positive reinforcement, such as
praise, will make good behavior more
rewarding for children.
It is probably unrealistic to believe that
punishment will ever become unnecessary.
60. Operant Conditioning
Making Punishment More Effective
1. Punishment is most effective when it is applied
during the misbehavior or as soon afterward as
possible. Interrupting the problem behavior is
most effective because doing so abruptly halts its
rewarding aspects.
2. Ideally, punishment should be of the minimum
severity necessary to suppress the problem
behavior. The intensity of the punishment should
match the seriousness of the misdeed.
61. Operant Conditioning
Making Punishment More Effective
(continued)
3. To be effective, punishment must be
applied consistently. A parent cannot
ignore misbehavior one day and punish
the same act the next.
62. Operant Conditioning
Spontaneous Recovery
If the reinforcement is withdrawn or
terminated, responses decrease until it
returns to its predetermined frequency. If a
behaviour can be shaped, it can also be
extinguished.
63. Operant Conditioning
Applications of Operant Conditioning
Shaping the behavior of animals
The principles of operant conditioning
are used effectively to train animals not
only to perform entertaining tricks, but
also to help physically challenged people
lead more independent lives.
64. Operant Conditioning
Applications of Operant Conditioning
(conditioned)
A person sees that they have a
homework assignment, they complete it
and receive a good grade on it.
The child performs poorly in school, and
the parent takes the child’s candy away.
65. Operant Conditioning
Applications of operant conditioning (continued)
Frank gets paid at Horner Box such that every 100
boxes he makes he gets 10.00
Not making a lot of noise in class can get you a reward
of a sticker
Many classroom teachers and parents use time out –
a behavior modification technique in which a child
who is misbehaving is removed for a short time from
sources of positive reinforcement.
67. Cognitive Learning
Types of Cognitive Learning
Insight Learning
Latent Learning or Cognitive Map
Observational Learning
68. Cognitive Learning
Cognitive processes: mental processes
such as thinking, knowing, problem
solving, remembering, and forming
mental representations.
According to cognitive theorists, these
processes are critically important in a
more complete, more comprehensive
view of learning.
69. Cognitive Learning
Insight Learning (continued)
Wolfgang Köhler
Psychologist
Wolfgang Köhler was a German psychologist and
phenomenologist who, like Max Wertheimer, and Kurt
Koffka, contributed to the creation of Gestalt
psychology. Wikipedia
Born: January 21, 1887,Tallinn, Estonia
Died: June 11, 1967
Education: University of Tübingen, Humboldt University
of Berlin,University of Bonn
70. Cognitive Learning
Insight Learning(continued)
Wolfgang Köhler
Nazi regime in Germany, he protested against
the dismissal of Jewish professors from
universities, as well as the requirement that
professors give a Nazi salute at the beginning of
their classes. In 1935 he left the country for the
United States, where Swarthmore College in
Pennsylvania offered him a professorship. He
taught with its faculty for 20 years, and did
continuing research.
71. Cognitive Learning
Insight Learning (continued)
Wolfgang Köhler
Wrote The Mentality of Apes
Did experiments on chimpanzees confined in
caged areas
Observed the chimps’ unsuccessful attempts to
reach a bunch of bananas inside the caged area
that were overhead, out of reach of the chimps
Eventually the chimps solved the problem by
piling the boxes one on top of the other and
climbing on the boxes until they could reach the
bananas
72. Cognitive Learning
Insight Learning (continued)
Insight: the sudden realization of the
relationship between elements in a problem
situation, which makes the solution apparent.
A solution gained through insight is more
easily learned, less likely to be forgotten, and
more readily transferred to new problems
than a solution learned through rote
memorization.
73. Cognitive Learning
Latent Learning and Cognitive Maps
Edward Tolman believed that learning could
take place without reinforcement.
Latent learning is learning that occurs
without apparent reinforcement, but that is
not demonstrated until the organism is
motivated to do so.
Cognitive map: a mental representation of
a spatial arrangement, such as a maze.
74. Cognitive Learning
Observational Learning
Albert Bandura contends that many
behaviors or responses are acquired
through observational learning, or as he
more often calls it now, social-cognitive
learning.
Observational learning (sometimes called
modeling): learning by observing the
behavior of others and the consequences of
that behavior; learning by imitation.
75. Cognitive Learning
Observational Learning (continued)
A model is the individual who
demonstrates a behavior or serves as an
example in observational learning.
The effectiveness of a model is related to
his or her status, competence, and
power.
76. Cognitive Learning
Observational Learning (continued)
Recent research has also shown that
observational learning is improved when
several sessions of observation precede
attempts to perform the behavior and are
also repeated in the early stages of
practicing it.
An observer must also be physically and
cognitively capable of performing the
behavior in order to learn it.
77. Cognitive Learning
Observational Learning (continued)
Modeling effect: learning a new behavior from a
model through the acquisition of new responses.
Elicitation effect: exhibiting a behavior similar to
that of a model in an unfamiliar situation.
Disinhibitory effect: displaying a previously
suppressed behavior because a model does so
without receiving punishment.
Inhibitory effect: suppressing a behavior because a
model is punished for displaying the behavior.
78. Cognitive Learning
Learning from Television and Other Media
Albert Bandura
Suspected that aggression and violence on
television programs tend to increase aggression
in children
Demonstrated how children are influenced by
exposure to aggressive models
His research sparked interest in studying the
effects of violence and aggression portrayed in
other entertainment media
79. Cognitive Learning
Learning from Television and Other Media
Recently published longitudinal evidence
shows that the effects of childhood exposure
to violence persist well into the adult years.
Just as children imitate the aggressive
behavior they observe on television, they also
imitate the prosocial, or helping, behavior
they see there.
80. -“Life is a series of
experiences, each of it grows us,
even sometimes it is hard to
realize this. The world is meant
to build character, and we must
learn that the downfalls and
grieves we endure help us in our