Learn Professional dSLR Photography

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A single-lens-reflex (SLR) camera is a camera where the photographer sees
exactly the same image that is exposed to the film.

ApertureAperture

ApertureAperture
A cameraA camera’s aperture is located in the lens.’s aperture is located in the lens.
Think of it as a flexible gateway that can beThink of it as a flexible gateway that can be
opened or closed by the photographer to controlopened or closed by the photographer to control
the amount of light entering the camera.the amount of light entering the camera.
Aperture size is generally expressed as anAperture size is generally expressed as an f-f-
numbernumber..
Historically, the f-number was calculated byHistorically, the f-number was calculated by
dividing the focal length of a lens by thedividing the focal length of a lens by the
diameter of the aperture. For instance, if youdiameter of the aperture. For instance, if you
had ahad a 50mm50mm lens and your aperture measuredlens and your aperture measured
25mm25mm in diameter, your f-number would bein diameter, your f-number would be f2.0f2.0
(50 ÷ 25 = 2).(50 ÷ 25 = 2).

Shutter SpeedShutter Speed

Shutter SpeedShutter Speed
Once the light has passed through the apertureOnce the light has passed through the aperture
it enters the main camera body. Before the lightit enters the main camera body. Before the light
is exposed, the mirror must flip up (in DSLRis exposed, the mirror must flip up (in DSLR
cameras only), and a shutter curtain must opencameras only), and a shutter curtain must open
for a precise amount of time.for a precise amount of time.
The shutter may remain open anywhere from aThe shutter may remain open anywhere from a
fraction of a second to several minutes (or evenfraction of a second to several minutes (or even
hours) depending on the type of shot thehours) depending on the type of shot the
photographer intends to capture. Shutterphotographer intends to capture. Shutter
speeds are usually displayed as fractions (i.e.speeds are usually displayed as fractions (i.e.
1/250 second, 1/1000 second, 1/15 second1/250 second, 1/1000 second, 1/15 second etc.)etc.)

ISOISO

ISOISO
ISO is an abbreviated term used inISO is an abbreviated term used in
photography to describe how sensitive aphotography to describe how sensitive a
roll of film or digital sensor is to light. ISOroll of film or digital sensor is to light. ISO
increments commonly range between 100increments commonly range between 100
and 3200 but can go higher and lower inand 3200 but can go higher and lower in
some cameras. The lower the ISO is set,some cameras. The lower the ISO is set,
the less sensitive your camera will be tothe less sensitive your camera will be to
light, andlight, and vise versavise versa..

Proper ExposureProper Exposure
A properly exposed photograph reliesA properly exposed photograph relies
entirely on a perfect balance betweenentirely on a perfect balance between
these three variables. Different shootingthese three variables. Different shooting
scenarios each require a differentscenarios each require a different
combination ofcombination of ApertureAperture,, Shutter SpeedShutter Speed,,
andand ISOISO..

Cheat SheetCheat Sheet
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Rule of ThirdsRule of Thirds

As you can see in the graph above, theAs you can see in the graph above, the
frame is divided into 9 sections. Theseframe is divided into 9 sections. These
imaginary lines are meant to be a guideimaginary lines are meant to be a guide
when you are framing your shot. If you usewhen you are framing your shot. If you use
these basic rules, the image in the framethese basic rules, the image in the frame
will feel more "balanced" and pleasing towill feel more "balanced" and pleasing to
the eye.the eye.

Note that theNote that the intersectionintersection of two lines falls right near theof two lines falls right near the
middle of the womanmiddle of the woman’s face! And feel the tension and’s face! And feel the tension and
sense of movement created by all that mysterious blacksense of movement created by all that mysterious black
space to the left!space to the left!
The idea behind this old rule is that a picture usuallyThe idea behind this old rule is that a picture usually
becomes more interesting if the major, dominating,becomes more interesting if the major, dominating,
elements are a bit off center.elements are a bit off center.
The Rule of Thirds is a simple tool to help you avoid theThe Rule of Thirds is a simple tool to help you avoid the
boring habit of putting everythingboring habit of putting everything smack in the middlesmack in the middle
of every picture. Instead, keep imagining those lines,of every picture. Instead, keep imagining those lines,
running as shown above, and try to place your object ofrunning as shown above, and try to place your object of
interestinterest somewhere along those linessomewhere along those lines..

PosesPoses

PosesPoses
Sitting/Standing/Kneeling/Lying DownSitting/Standing/Kneeling/Lying Down
Facial ExpressionFacial Expression
Angle, 45 degrees, above and belowAngle, 45 degrees, above and below
HandsHands
LegsLegs
HairHair

Muslin StandsMuslin Stands

Muslin BackdropsMuslin Backdrops

Paper BackdropsPaper Backdrops

Light StandLight Stand

Soft BoxSoft Box

Shoot Through UmbrellaShoot Through Umbrella

Reflector UmbrellaReflector Umbrella

StrobesStrobes

Portable PowerPortable Power

Colored GelsColored Gels

Honeycomb GridHoneycomb Grid

Honeycomb GridHoneycomb Grid
They make the light more directional. thisThey make the light more directional. this
is good if you are doing a hair light. withis good if you are doing a hair light. with
out the gird excess light could hit theout the gird excess light could hit the
camera lens and then cause lens flare. Itcamera lens and then cause lens flare. It
also cuts down on the intensity of lightalso cuts down on the intensity of light
because the black part of the grid absorbsbecause the black part of the grid absorbs
some of the light, and the grid casts very asome of the light, and the grid casts very a
soft shadow over the entire subject.soft shadow over the entire subject.

Cybersync TransmitterCybersync Transmitter

Cybersync ReceiverCybersync Receiver

Pocket WizardPocket Wizard

Flash UnitsFlash Units

TTL ModeTTL Mode
Nikon first introduced TTL (Through The Lens) flashNikon first introduced TTL (Through The Lens) flash
technology in 1980. The basics of TTL operation istechnology in 1980. The basics of TTL operation is
rather simple and applies to all camera systems. Withrather simple and applies to all camera systems. With
TTL flash exposure, when the shutter is tripped, the lightTTL flash exposure, when the shutter is tripped, the light
from the flash fires off, racing to hit the subject. This lightfrom the flash fires off, racing to hit the subject. This light
hits the subject then bounces back to the camera. Thehits the subject then bounces back to the camera. The
light traveling the speed of light, travels through the lenslight traveling the speed of light, travels through the lens
(and any filters which may be attached) and strikes the(and any filters which may be attached) and strikes the
film plane. The light then bounces down off the film to afilm plane. The light then bounces down off the film to a
sensor which reads the light as it builds up exposure onsensor which reads the light as it builds up exposure on
the film. Once the sensor and the connected computerthe film. Once the sensor and the connected computer
software determines the light has massed enough for thesoftware determines the light has massed enough for the
correct exposure, the camera's computer turns off thecorrect exposure, the camera's computer turns off the
flash (just like a light switch in a house goes on-off).flash (just like a light switch in a house goes on-off).

TTL ModeTTL Mode
With TTL technology, the camera's computerWith TTL technology, the camera's computer
provides the correct exposure regardless of theprovides the correct exposure regardless of the
aperture or flash-to-subject distance (as long asaperture or flash-to-subject distance (as long as
they're within the realm of the flash's power).they're within the realm of the flash's power).
TTL technology puts the control of depth-of-fieldTTL technology puts the control of depth-of-field
back into the hands of the photographer. Weback into the hands of the photographer. We
can pick the aperture for the desired depth-of-can pick the aperture for the desired depth-of-
field and not have it preselected by the flash-to-field and not have it preselected by the flash-to-
subject distance.subject distance.

Sekonic Light MeterSekonic Light Meter

White BalanceWhite Balance
White balance (WB) is the process ofWhite balance (WB) is the process of
removing unrealistic color casts, so thatremoving unrealistic color casts, so that
objects which appear white in person areobjects which appear white in person are
rendered white in your photo.rendered white in your photo.
Proper camera white balance has to takeProper camera white balance has to take
into account the "color temperature" of ainto account the "color temperature" of a
light source, which refers to the relativelight source, which refers to the relative
warmth or coolness of white light.warmth or coolness of white light.

White balanceWhite balance (WB) is the process of(WB) is the process of
removing unrealistic color casts, so thatremoving unrealistic color casts, so that
objects which appearobjects which appear whitewhite in person arein person are
renderedrendered whitewhite in your photo.in your photo.

Auto white balanceAuto white balance is available in all digital cameras andis available in all digital cameras and
uses a best guess algorithm within a limited range--uses a best guess algorithm within a limited range--
usually between 3000/4000 K and 7000 Kusually between 3000/4000 K and 7000 K
custom white balance actually uses the camera tocustom white balance actually uses the camera to
measure the color of the light hitting the sensor. To makemeasure the color of the light hitting the sensor. To make
sure that the camera is measuring the color of the lightsure that the camera is measuring the color of the light
source and not the color of some object from which lightsource and not the color of some object from which light
has been reflected, the photographer must use a neutralhas been reflected, the photographer must use a neutral
gray or white object to establish the white balance.gray or white object to establish the white balance.
Typically, the photographer will photograph a gray card,Typically, the photographer will photograph a gray card,
or other similar object, and use that to establish the whiteor other similar object, and use that to establish the white
balance.balance.

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Obtaining a Custom WhiteObtaining a Custom White
Balance:Balance:
camera’s menu and locate the “Customcamera’s menu and locate the “Custom
White Balance” or “Custom WB” option.White Balance” or “Custom WB” option.
camera will bring up the last image youcamera will bring up the last image you
photographed.photographed.

Obtaining a Custom WhiteObtaining a Custom White
Balance:Balance:
Press the “Set” button on the rear of thePress the “Set” button on the rear of the
camera and it will ask you if you want tocamera and it will ask you if you want to
“Use WB data from this image for Custom“Use WB data from this image for Custom
WB.”WB.”
Select OKSelect OK
change the WB setting on your camera tochange the WB setting on your camera to
the Custom WB settingthe Custom WB setting

ExpoDiscExpoDisc
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Attach the ExpoDisc to the front of yourAttach the ExpoDisc to the front of your
lens (white side towards camera).lens (white side towards camera).
Some cameras require the lens to be inSome cameras require the lens to be in
manual focus to capture an exposuremanual focus to capture an exposure
through the ExpoDisc.through the ExpoDisc.

Camera Program or Aperture mode willCamera Program or Aperture mode will
automatically produce a good exposureautomatically produce a good exposure
through the ExpoDiscthrough the ExpoDisc
When Using Flash. You must set yourWhen Using Flash. You must set your
custom white balance using the samecustom white balance using the same
shutter speed that you intend to use whenshutter speed that you intend to use when
photographing your subject. Your fl ashphotographing your subject. Your fl ash
must fi re when setting the custom whitemust fi re when setting the custom white
balance.balance.

Aim the camera towards the dominantAim the camera towards the dominant
light source (just like an incident lightlight source (just like an incident light
meter).meter).
Follow your camera’s custom whiteFollow your camera’s custom white
balance procedure to take a white balancebalance procedure to take a white balance
reading.reading.

Ambient Light (Indoor or Outdoor). Aim theAmbient Light (Indoor or Outdoor). Aim the
ExpoDisc towards the brightest lightExpoDisc towards the brightest light
source, or area of the sky. It is best tosource, or area of the sky. It is best to
stand in the same light as your subject tostand in the same light as your subject to
set the custom white balance.set the custom white balance.
On-Camera Flash (Bounce Flash). AimOn-Camera Flash (Bounce Flash). Aim
the camera and the fl ash towards thethe camera and the fl ash towards the
bounce surface (e.g., ceiling) to set yourbounce surface (e.g., ceiling) to set your
custom white balancecustom white balance

Typical Shoot DayTypical Shoot Day
Locations – beach, studio, etc.Locations – beach, studio, etc.
WardrobeWardrobe
MuaMua
SetupSetup
bringing friendsbringing friends
MeetingMeeting
talkingtalking
shootingshooting
getting photos backgetting photos back

Lighting DiagramsLighting Diagrams

§ 2257. Record keeping§ 2257. Record keeping
requirementsrequirements
http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/usc_http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/usc_
sec_18_00002257----000-.htmlsec_18_00002257----000-.html

Model ReleaseModel Release
CommercialCommercial
TFPTFP

LegalLegal
PermitsPermits
InsuranceInsurance

RAW ImagesRAW Images
Raw image files are sometimes calledRaw image files are sometimes called
digital negativesdigital negatives, as they fulfill the same, as they fulfill the same
role as negatives in film photography: thatrole as negatives in film photography: that
is, the negative is not directly usable as anis, the negative is not directly usable as an
image, but has all of the informationimage, but has all of the information
needed to create an image.needed to create an image.

PhotoshopPhotoshop

Spot HealSpot Heal

Clone StampClone Stamp

Clone StampClone Stamp
click on the clone stamp toolclick on the clone stamp tool
Select stamp brush type and size [top, left box]Select stamp brush type and size [top, left box]
Place your cursor near where you wish toPlace your cursor near where you wish to
correct a blemish. You are looking for colors andcorrect a blemish. You are looking for colors and
textures that will substitute for the flawed area.textures that will substitute for the flawed area.
Often, this is an area right next to the flaw.Often, this is an area right next to the flaw.
Hold down option key and click where you wantHold down option key and click where you want
to capture the pattern to be stamped onto theto capture the pattern to be stamped onto the
flawflaw
Release option key and stamp where theRelease option key and stamp where the
blemish isblemish is

DodgeDodge

BurnBurn

SpongeSponge
Decide if you want to make your colorDecide if you want to make your color
area more or less intense. if you wantarea more or less intense. if you want
more intensity, select "saturate" from themore intensity, select "saturate" from the
control bar at the top of your screen. if youcontrol bar at the top of your screen. if you
want less intensity, hit "desaturate"want less intensity, hit "desaturate"
instead.instead.

LightroomLightroom
Adobe.com/lightroomAdobe.com/lightroom
ExposureExposure
WatermarkWatermark
Bulk Edit toolsBulk Edit tools

Where to meet modelsWhere to meet models
meeting and hiring modelsmeeting and hiring models
business cardsbusiness cards
websitewebsite
networkingnetworking

Event PhotographyEvent Photography
How to shootHow to shoot
Talking to peopleTalking to people
Shoot wide open, or with the maximumShoot wide open, or with the maximum
aperture of your lens.aperture of your lens.
– f/1.4 or f/1.8 aperturef/1.4 or f/1.8 aperture

Event PhotographyEvent Photography
range between 1/100-1/200 as a minimumrange between 1/100-1/200 as a minimum
for shutter speed.for shutter speed.
ISO levels up to 3200 will produce veryISO levels up to 3200 will produce very
good quality for almost all DSLR cameras.good quality for almost all DSLR cameras.
For compact P&S cameras, 1600 and lowerFor compact P&S cameras, 1600 and lower
will produce the best results.will produce the best results.

ModesModes
Shot in Aperture mode to control Depth ofShot in Aperture mode to control Depth of
FieldField
create shallow Depth of Field for a portrait,create shallow Depth of Field for a portrait,
people photos, or any time I want apeople photos, or any time I want a
blurred background (choose a largeblurred background (choose a large
aperture like f2.8 or f1.8).aperture like f2.8 or f1.8).

ModesModes
larger DoF as well such as for a landscapelarger DoF as well such as for a landscape
photo, group portraits, or shots where Iphoto, group portraits, or shots where I
want maximum detail and sharpnesswant maximum detail and sharpness
(choose a smaller aperture like f11 or(choose a smaller aperture like f11 or
smaller)smaller)
Shutter Mode when my top priority isShutter Mode when my top priority is
controlling motioncontrolling motion
– either freeze or blur iteither freeze or blur it

Product PhotographyProduct Photography
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Portable studio light boxPortable studio light box
Portable Light TentPortable Light Tent
diffusion is the process of softening thediffusion is the process of softening the
light from your bulbs to produce a lesslight from your bulbs to produce a less
harsh (more “diffuse”) distribution of light.harsh (more “diffuse”) distribution of light.
This gives a more professional look toThis gives a more professional look to
your shots and avoids harsh shadows andyour shots and avoids harsh shadows and
specular highlights. Diffusion is a criticalspecular highlights. Diffusion is a critical
component of your product photographycomponent of your product photography
studio.studio.

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