The document summarizes the genesis and establishment of the United Nations. It describes how planning for a postwar international organization began during World War II by both government agencies and private organizations. The major Allied powers agreed to preliminary proposals at Dumbarton Oaks and Yalta to lay the groundwork. At the founding conference in San Francisco, smaller states pushed back against the power of the permanent Security Council members but ultimately had to accept their dominant role, while securing some concessions. The UN Charter was finalized and went into effect upon sufficient ratification.
League of Nations is the first International Organization to establish peace. It functioned from 1920-1937.It is the brain child of Woodrow Wilson, the President of USA.
The history of women's rights from the perspective of the international relations and the birth of the first international organisations (end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th). Women in the workforce during the First World War.
Chapter 1: The Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations (Lesson 2 of 3)
In this lesson, we took a look at the League of Nations. We talked about why it was formed and whether the League of Nations was effective. Finally, we considered some key examples of the League's failure, such as Manchuria and Abyssinia.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE/AS HISTORY: THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS 1919-1939George Dumitrache
Presentation suitable for IGCSE and AS level Cambridge. Content: the birth of the LON, the covenant, the LON weaknesses, membership of the League, border disputes in the 1920, failure of disarmament, international agreements, economy recovers.
League of Nations is the first International Organization to establish peace. It functioned from 1920-1937.It is the brain child of Woodrow Wilson, the President of USA.
The history of women's rights from the perspective of the international relations and the birth of the first international organisations (end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th). Women in the workforce during the First World War.
Chapter 1: The Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations (Lesson 2 of 3)
In this lesson, we took a look at the League of Nations. We talked about why it was formed and whether the League of Nations was effective. Finally, we considered some key examples of the League's failure, such as Manchuria and Abyssinia.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE/AS HISTORY: THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS 1919-1939George Dumitrache
Presentation suitable for IGCSE and AS level Cambridge. Content: the birth of the LON, the covenant, the LON weaknesses, membership of the League, border disputes in the 1920, failure of disarmament, international agreements, economy recovers.
US Foreign Policy: A Commemoration Through The YearsEling Price
This mini-project is a comprehensive presentation on US Foreign Policy first beginning in 1899 well unto the millennium era. The assignment is for Professor McFadden History 1023.52 ~ 15 SP. The due date deadline is Friday, May 1, 2015 11:59 pm. The following was prepared by Eling Price.
The early cold war, 1945-50, follows my USN in WW II series. A major focus follows the Unification struggle leading to the DoD. The USN faces an even greater mission but must resist being stripped of the budget to carry it out.
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Essay on The Formation of the United Nations
The Formation of the United Nations
Before the United Nations organization was formed we lived in a world of uncertainty where any misunderstanding could lead to a massive world war. Since the United Nations was formed, many issues have been resolved and a number of new groups have been created to make the world more peaceful. The United Nation s intentions are aimed for the future race of people. Their hope is that one day we can all set aside our differences and live together as one. Human kind has fought many wars over a variety of issues; however, the advent of a unified international organization has changed the world and set goals for humanity s future.
The United Nations was established in the aftermath of a devastating...show more content...That organization was the United Nations (Woog 31). The decision for a new alliance was actually thought about during World War II. It was a meeting at St. James Palace in London that brought together representatives from the different nations involved with the war. Then shortly after British prime minister, Winston Churchill and US president, Theodore Roosevelt came together and signed a Inter Allied pact. American diplomat Clark Eichelberger said:
Somehow, millions of people in the world tonight, hearing of the Roosevelt Churchill Conference, feel that they have been snatched from the brink of disaster and their feet put upon the road to victory and world organization. It will be a long road, entailing many hardships #8212;even, as Mr. Churchill predicted for his country, blood, sweat, toil, and tears. But it is the only road that will lead to victory and permanent peace. It is the road tha
PS 1010, American Government 1 Course Learning Outcom.docxAASTHA76
PS 1010, American Government 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Summarize the origins of American political thought.
1.1 Identify how the Enlightenment and philosophers such as John Locke influenced the Founding
Fathers.
1.2 Discuss the major goals of the Framers of the Constitution.
1.3 Describe the events preceding the creation of the Articles of Confederation and the
weaknesses that led to the Articles' demise.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
1.1
Unit I Lesson
Reading: “2. Foundations of American Government”
Unit I Assessment
1.2
Unit I Lesson
Unit I Assessment
1.3
Unit I Lesson
Reading: “2a. The Colonial Experience”
Reading: “2b. Independence and the Articles of Confederation”
Unit I Assessment
Reading Assignment
To access the following resources, click the links below.
Independence Hall Association. (n.d.). 2. Foundations of American government. Retrieved from
http://www.ushistory.org/gov/2.asp
Independence Hall Association. (n.d.). 2a. The colonial experience. Retrieved from
http://www.ushistory.org/gov/2a.asp
Independence Hall Association. (n.d.). 2b. Independence and the Articles of Confederation. Retrieved from
http://www.ushistory.org/gov/2b.asp
UNIT I STUDY GUIDE
Foundations of American Government
http://www.ushistory.org/gov/2.asp
http://www.ushistory.org/gov/2a.asp
http://www.ushistory.org/gov/2b.asp
PS 1010, American Government 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Unit Lesson
We have all heard about the Founding Fathers and their vision of making America a melting pot, but the trials
and tribulations of establishing the government of the United States fly a bit further under the radar. This unit
will examine the thoughts and strategies behind
our nation’s founding and the ideas and principles
utilized to create our Constitution.
In the Beginning
What is politics? What part do we as citizens have
in the political process? The United States has a
political culture that was begun during colonial times
and refined during the Revolutionary War. When the
colonists declared their independence from Great
Britain, the Founding Fathers declared that
Americans were entitled to life, liberty, and the
pursuit of happiness. Along with this entitlement
also came a duty because nothing is ever free. It
should be our active goal as U.S. citizens to
understand how politics affects every part of our
lives from the moment we are conceived until we
depart this world. We should be informed of what
those who represent us are doing so that we can
guide their steps and keep them accountable.
Early American core values for governing were
centered on the ideas of liberty, individualism, equality, and self-government. Establishing these ideals was
not without issue. The First and Second Continental Congresses were fraught with turbulence and animosity,
as were the weeks.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. The Genesis of the United Nations
Just as WWI led to the formation of the League of Nations,
World War II led to the establishment of the United
Nations. In each case, both states-people and scholars tried
to develop ways of maintaining peace and stability when
the war ended.
Despite the desire for peace, there were many conservative
elements working to prevent the creation of an
international organization radically different from any that
existed before the war: nationalism, existing international
relationships, the desire to continue and promote national
and individual economic, social, political and ideological
interests; and suspicion and fear of alien political and
cultural system in a hostile world climate.
3. The Genesis of the United Nations
The United Nations is a balance of conservatism and change.
Because the League of Nations had failed to prevent war, the UN
Charter sought to correct the League Covenant’s deficiencies.
The architects of the UN also wanted to convince others that the
UN was a new creation and not just a revised League. At the
same time however, the negotiators were unwilling, and perhaps
unable to think in terms other than those of nationalism,
national sovereignity, national interests and established patterns
of international relationships. The result was no more radical
than a new automobile model might be, in which the lines
and trim are different, but basic engineering is the same.
4. Preliminary Stages of Postwar Planning
With much of Europe overrun by Axis military forces or
under the threat of annihilation by bombing, a greater
proportion of postwar planning was concentrated in the
United States during the World War II than during World
War I.
Dozens of private organizations in the United States
generated ideas and plans for a peace-maintaining
organization and reacted to proposals from other sources.
The State Department created some modest planning
machinery by January 1940 and gradually intensified
postwar planning efforts as the deadline approached for
translating ideas into a finished Charter.
5. Preliminary Stages of Postwar Planning
A number of American civil society organisations have
been involved in the planning stage. This high degree
of interest of concerned citizens in setting up a new
international organization was sustained throughout
the period of the drafting of the UN charter at San
Francisco and continued into the initial years of the
new organization.
The impetus for a postwar international organizations
was not confined to the United States. Similar
initiatives were undertaken in Britain and Canada too.
6. Preliminary Stages of Postwar Planning
From this review of planning activities, it is evident
that government agencies could draw upon a wide
cross section of concerned and informed opinions in
formulating postwar organization plans.
The US State Department gathered, organized, and
analyzed the proposals from dozens of Department
gathered, organized and analzed the proposals from
dozens of Department gathered, organized and
analyzed the proposals from dozens of sources and
incorporated some of the ideas into the official
planning process.
7. Preliminary Stages of Postwar Planning
The willingness of American leaders to help create and
to play a leading role in a general international
organization represented a significant departure from
the refusal of the United States to join the League of
Nations. President Roosevelt and Secretary of State
Cordell Hull were committed to the establishment of a
general international organization and were
determined to avoid the disillusioning experience of
President Wilson with the League of Nations.
Congressional leaders of both major political parties
declared their support for a postwar organization.
8. Preliminary Stages of Postwar Planning
In September 1943, the House of Representatives
passed the Fullbright Resolution, favouring the
creation of postwar international peace-maintaining
machinery and participation therein by the United
States. A corresponding resolution sponsored by
Senator Connally was adopted by the Senate in early
November.
9. Preliminary Stages of Postwar Planning
Although the State Department initiated postwar
planning activities in January 1940, the most intensive
and important work in this area began after US
involvement in the war against the Axis. A new
Advisory Committee on Postwar Foreign Policy, with
an elaborate system of subcommitees was established ,
in 1942 within the department. Most of the personnel
for these committees were co-opted from both public
and private sectors outside the State Department.
10. Preliminary Stages of Postwar Planning
During the period 1940-43, the pressures for a postwar
organization of a regional or a decentralized nature seemed
dominant. During these years President Roosevelt favoured
a decentralized system of agencies for nonsecurity matters
and advocated “great power” responsibility for curbing
agression.
Winston Churchill leaned toward a regional approach to
peace maintenance, and early British plans reflected this
bias.
By late 1943 a global approach seemed assured, with
accomodation within the comprehensive organization for
separate and cooperating regional and functional
organizations.
11. Preliminary Stages of Postwar Planning
World attention was focused upon postwar planning
through a series of meetings of the major Allied states.
Each of these meetings resulted in the signing and
proclamation of a document declarative of postwar goals:
Inter-Allied Declaration signed in London in June 1941 by
representatives of British Commonwealth governments
and European governments-in exile. Without referring
specifically to the establishment of an international
organization, the signatories pledged their cooperation in
working for the elimination of the threat of agression and
in striving for economic and social security for all free
people.
12. Preliminary Stages of Postwar Planning
Two months later President Roosevelt and Prime
Minister Churchill met and agreed upon the terms of a
document referred to as the Atlantic Charter.
Churchill was persistent in pushing for a reference to
the establishment of an “effective international
organization”.
Roosevelt considered the phrase too strong but finally
accepted the principle that aggressor nations should
be disarmed “pending the establishment of a wider
and permanent system of general security”.
13. Preliminary Stages of Postwar Planning
The Atlantic Charter was promulgated before the
United States entered the war, but in January 1942 the
representatives of 26 nations allied against the Axis
powers signed the Declaration by United Nations in
Washington, D.C. This document included the first
use of the term United Nations, and in it the
signatories subscribed to the principles of the Atlantic
Charter as their war-and-peace aims, in addition to a
pledge of full cooperation and effort in defeating the
Axis states. As they later became involved in the war, a
score of additional states adhered to the declaration.
14. Preliminary Stages of Postwar Planning
On October 30, 1943, the foreign ministers of the USSR and
the United Kingdom, US Secretary of State Hull, and the
Chinese ambassador to the Soviet Union issued a
declaration in Moscow that, for the first time, clearly
pledged their efforts for the establishment of a general
international organization.
One month after the Moscow Declaration, President
Roosevelt, Premier Stalin and Prime Minister Churchill,
meeting in Teheran announced that they recognize their
responsibility and the responsibility of all the United
Nations to banish the terror of war and make peace.
15. Preliminary Stages of Postwar Planning
From this series of declarations it is apparent that by
the end of 1943 the leaders of the major powers were
committed to the establishment of a postwar general
international organization. The task that remained
was the formulation of detailed plans to which a large
number of governments could subsribe. This process
involved not only compromise among the divergent
views and interests of the big powers but also the
eventual resolution of some of the differences between
the goals of the small and the large states.
16. The Dumbarton Oaks Conversations
By 1944, there was a decision to organise a conference
amongst the big powers. The purpose of this conference
would be to produce a tentative or preliminary draft of a
constitution for a postwar international organization,
subject to further elaboration and modification by an
expanded conference of Allied and neutral states.
The meetings were held at Dumbarton Oaks, an extensive
estate in the Georgetown section of Washington, D.C. US,
Britain, Soviet Union and China took part. The informal
conversations at Dumbarton Oaks may be characterized as
a working conference of a technical nature at a fairly higly
diplomatic level.
17. The Dumbarton Oaks Conversations
The Dumbarton Oaks conversations brought about
substantial agreement on the major elements of a plan for
an international organization. The final document
published in October 4, 1944 was not complete, but it
served as the fundamental framework of the emerging
United Nations.
The dominance of great powers in the war effort was to be
carried over into the peace maintenance measures for the
postwar period. The central organ for this purpose was to
be a Security Council in which the US, Great Britain,
France, The Soviet Union and China would have
permanent membership.
18. The Dumbarton Oaks Conversations
The agreements provided for three other major organs:
a General Assembly, a Secretariat, and a Court. Except
for the incorporation of the Court into the general
organization, the basic structure was similar to that of
the League of Nations. Yet there were a number of gaps
to be filled yet.
19. Yalta Conference
In early 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin accompanied
by their foreign ministers, met at Yalta in the Crimea to
discuss both a wide range of subjects relating to the war
and postwar plans.
The most important decision regarding the United Nations
was the acceptance of the US proposals for the voting
formula in the Security Council. Under this formula,
unanimity of the big powers would be required on
substantive matters, including any enforcement action in
response to a breach or threat to the peace or act of
agression, but none of the permanent members could use
the power of veto to block a procedural vote and a party to
dispute was required to abstain on a decision by the
Security Council to discuss the dispute.
20. Discontent with the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals
Rumblings of discontent with the Dumbarton Oaks
proposals became apparent soon when the Latin
American representatives expressed their criticisms at
a special Inter-American Conference on Problems of
Peace and War held in Mexico City from February 21 to
March 8, 1945. The attitudes expressed gave notice of
the battles to come between the large and smaller
states regarding the structure of the UN.
21. The San Francisco Conference
The United Nations Conference on International
Organization (UNCIO) opened in San Francisco on
April 25, 1945.
All 46 states that had adhered to the UN Declaration
and that had declared war on one or more Axis powers
accepted the limitation to participate and by
agreement of the participants, Argentina, Byelorussia,
the Ukraine and Denmark were added to the roster.
22. The San Francisco Conference
In this conference, the smaller states made their most concerted
attack on the voting formula in the Security Council. The attack
was led by H. V. Evatt, Australian Minister for External Affairs,
and was joined by spokepersons from most of the other medium
and small states.
The objections were both to the principle of a privileged position
for the five permanent members of the Security Council and to
the lack of clarity concerning the application of the veto in
specific situations.All attempts at modification of the formula
were rebuffed by the major powers. In the end the smaller states
had to accept the formula without change. The applicability of
the veto even outside the strict areas of peace and security, such
as Charter amendment, admission of members, and selection of
a Secretary-General, withstood all attacks and remained a
bastion great-power privilege.
23. The San Francisco Conference
Although the smaller states were unsuccesful in
removing the veto power from the process of
amending the Charter, they received some concessions
toward calling a review conference to revise the
Charter. A provision was made that such a conference
could be called at any time by a two-thirds vote in the
General Assembly and by a vote of any seven members
of the Security Council.
24. The San Francisco Conference
The chapter on regional arrangements was redrafted at
San Francisco to strengthen the emphasis on the
importance of regional organizations in the peaceful
settlement of disputes and in enforcement actions.
The most significant change resulting from small scale
pressure was the recognition in Article 51 of the
Charter of the right of collective self defense in cases in
which the Security Council was immobilized.
25. The San Francisco Conference
One of the greatest accomplishments of the small states in
San Francisco was the drafting of Chapter XI of the Charter,
entitled “Declaration Regarding Non Self Governing
Territories”. This unprecedented statement has been hailed
as a bill of rights for all politically dependent peoples. It
contained the key principle that in the administration of
such territories the interests of the inhabitants’ political,
economic, social and educational welfare. It further
obligated the administering states to transmit regular
reports to the Secretary-General on the economic, social
and educational conditions in these territories. (Eventually,
the General Assembly adopted a declaration stating that all
peoples have a right to independence and selfdetermination in 1960).
26. The Charter provided that it would become effective
upon ratification by the five permanent members of
the Security Council and by a majority of the other
signatories. The Charter was signed by representatives
of all the participating states on June 26, 1945. By
October 1945, the required number of ratification had
been deposited with the US government, and the
Charter came into force.