This document discusses the importance of correctly calculating a firm's cost of capital and the various components that make up its cost of capital. It explains that a firm uses its cost of capital to determine if investments are profitable. If the cost of capital is miscalculated, the firm could invest in too many unprofitable projects or not enough profitable ones.
The document then outlines the various sources of long-term capital firms use, including long-term debt, preferred stock, and common equity. It discusses methods for calculating the costs of each component, such as using current market yields or the CAPM model. The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is calculated using the costs of each component weighted by the firm's target
This presentation covers the basics of Dividend Discount Model (DDM). Firstly, fundamental formula for valuing a stock using DDM is discussed. After that, 3 cases i.e DDM for zero growth, constant growth, and variable growth stocks, are discussed.
Formula Plan in Securities Analysis and Port folio ManagementSuryadipta Dutta
Formula Plan in Securities Analysis and Port folio Management INCLUDING introduction,need, types, advantages with constant rupee value plan, constant ratio plan, Variable Ratio Plan, limitations and with every notes.
This presentation covers the basics of Dividend Discount Model (DDM). Firstly, fundamental formula for valuing a stock using DDM is discussed. After that, 3 cases i.e DDM for zero growth, constant growth, and variable growth stocks, are discussed.
Formula Plan in Securities Analysis and Port folio ManagementSuryadipta Dutta
Formula Plan in Securities Analysis and Port folio Management INCLUDING introduction,need, types, advantages with constant rupee value plan, constant ratio plan, Variable Ratio Plan, limitations and with every notes.
Assignment
Marginal Revenue Product
Marginal revenue product is defined as the change in total revenue that results from the employment of an additional unit of a resource. A producer wishes to determine how the addition of pounds of plastic will affect its MRP and profits. See the table below, and answer each of the questions.
Pounds of plastic (quantity of resource)
Number of assemblies (total product)
Price of assemblies ($)
0
0
-
1
15
13
2
30
11
3
40
9
4
55
7
5
58
5
a. The marginal product of the 3rd pound of plastic is ________.
b. The marginal revenue product of the 3rd pound of plastic is ______.
c. The price of plastic is $135 per pound. To maximize profit, the producer should produce
__________________.
d. The price of plastic is $135 per pound. To maximize profit, the producer should buy and use:
________________.
Grading Criteria Assignments
Maximum Points
Meets or exceeds established assignment criteria
40
Demonstrates an understanding of lesson concepts
20
Clearly presents well-reasoned ideas and concepts
30
Uses proper mechanics, punctuation, sentence structure, and spelling
10
Total
100
Case Study
C&MDS, Inc.
Some time ago, at the beginning of 2010, an entrepreneur named Richard Alestar started a small business as a sole proprietor in Oregon - a business that manufactured sensors for cameras that could be used in motion detection systems. The business was very successful and he decided to incorporate in the latter part of 2011 under the name C&MDS, Incorporated. He wanted to name it Camera and Motion Detection Systems, but his marketing manager convinced him it was too difficult to remember. Alestar’s long-term plan was to obtain public funding to support growth anticipated in about 4-6 years. In the meantime, he hired electrical engineers and a solid management team capable of building an organization that would enable the company to eventually go public. He thought his proprietary sensors and equipment could not be duplicated for a number of years. There was only one competitor in the market niche where he competed that had a significant market share, but they were a follower, not a leader. Besides, he planned to grow the market himself, based on the increased focus and attention in the public arena on crime prevention, detection and surveillance using cameras with his sensors. He also was developing a host of other potential applications.
Alestar had developed a good relationship with his investment banker Sophia Pound, and had just begun discussions with respect to obtaining additional capital required to position the company to go public. These discussions also involved the chief financial officer (CFO), Mitch O. Dinero, who had brought up the issue of the appropriate capital structure (target capital structure) that C&MDS should consider. They both thought the current mix in the capital structure was close to optimal, and that only minor changes would be necessary. However, they would defer to the investment banke ...
1. Read the information on the STREAMING VIDEO INDUSTRY and apply .docxjeremylockett77
1. Read the information on the STREAMING VIDEO INDUSTRY and apply the elements of PESTEL analysis, PORTER analysis, and STRATEGIC GROUPS analysis.
a. What are the strategically relevant components of the streaming video industry macro-environment? What is the impact of these macro factors on the growth and competitiveness of the industry.
b. Work through each of the vertical and horizontal forces in the Porter model and draw conclusions about rivalry and industry competition. Which of the five competitive forces is strongest? Which is weakest? What competitive forces seem to have the greatest effect on industry attractiveness and the potential profitability of new entrants?
2. Read the information on the impact of the coronavirus and apply the elements of macro environmental and industry level analysis to understand how it impacts the industry forces (PORTER model) for two industries. Go through the forces model, then draw conclusion about whether this will increase or decrease competitiveness and attractiveness in this industry
3. Read the information on Tesla (attached documents). In one reading, Tesla is called either a disrupter or a sustaining innovator. This article also suggests that Tesla maybe a Blue Ocean or a Red Ocean (more traditional strategy) company. How do you interpret Tesla’s strategy? Use information from the articles, the most recent earnings presentation, and your evaluation of company financial performance in supporting your answer.
Red Ocean StrategyBlue Ocean Strategy
Compete in existing market space
Create uncontested market space.
Beat the competition
Make the competition irrelevant
Exploit existing demand
Create and capture new demand
Make the value-cost trade-off
Break the value-cost trade-off
Align the whole system of a firms activities with its strategic choice of differentiation or low cost
Align the whole system of a firms activities in pursuit of differentiation and low cost
Working Capital Management
Chapter 15
Working Capital Terminology
Working capital: current assets.
Net working capital:
current assets - current liabilities.
Net operating working capital:
current assets - (current liabilities - notes payable).
Working capital management:
controlling cash, inventories, and A/R, plus short-term liability management.
2
Working Capital Financing Policies
Aggressive: Use short-term financing to finance permanent assets.
Moderate: Match the maturity of the assets with the maturity of the financing.
Maturity Matching, or “Self-Liquidating”, approach
Conservative: Use permanent capital for permanent assets and temporary assets.
3
Cash Conversion Cycle
The cash conversion cycle focuses on the length of time between when a company makes payments to its creditors and when a company receives payments from its customers.
4
Cash Conversion Cycle
15-5
5
Cash Budget
Forecasts cash inflows, outflows, and ending cash balances.
Used to plan loans needed or fun ...
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
1. Elemental Economics - Introduction to mining.pdfNeal Brewster
After this first you should: Understand the nature of mining; have an awareness of the industry’s boundaries, corporate structure and size; appreciation the complex motivations and objectives of the industries’ various participants; know how mineral reserves are defined and estimated, and how they evolve over time.
2. Elemental Economics - Mineral demand.pdfNeal Brewster
After this second you should be able to: Explain the main determinants of demand for any mineral product, and their relative importance; recognise and explain how demand for any product is likely to change with economic activity; recognise and explain the roles of technology and relative prices in influencing demand; be able to explain the differences between the rates of growth of demand for different products.
Abhay Bhutada Leads Poonawalla Fincorp To Record Low NPA And Unprecedented Gr...Vighnesh Shashtri
Under the leadership of Abhay Bhutada, Poonawalla Fincorp has achieved record-low Non-Performing Assets (NPA) and witnessed unprecedented growth. Bhutada's strategic vision and effective management have significantly enhanced the company's financial health, showcasing a robust performance in the financial sector. This achievement underscores the company's resilience and ability to thrive in a competitive market, setting a new benchmark for operational excellence in the industry.
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
How Does CRISIL Evaluate Lenders in India for Credit RatingsShaheen Kumar
CRISIL evaluates lenders in India by analyzing financial performance, loan portfolio quality, risk management practices, capital adequacy, market position, and adherence to regulatory requirements. This comprehensive assessment ensures a thorough evaluation of creditworthiness and financial strength. Each criterion is meticulously examined to provide credible and reliable ratings.
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
2. The Goal of the Firm
The goal of a firm’s financial
management is to maximize the
market value.
Market value is measured by common
stock prices in corporations. Thus
market value maximization would imply
maximizing the price of common stock.
2
5. Why is it important to calculate
the firm’s cost of capital correctly?
A firm uses its cost of capital
to determine if its investments
are profitable.
To make the right amount of
investment, the firm’s cost of
capital has to be calculated
correctly.
5
6. Why is it important to calculate
the firm’s cost of capital correctly?
Assume that a firm miscalculates
its cost of capital to be less than
its true cost of capital.
The firm would invest in many
non-profitable projects and it
would lose equity in the long run.
6
7. Why is it important to calculate
the firm’s cost of capital correctly?
Assume that a firm miscalculates
its cost of capital to be more than
it actually is.
It would not invest in many
profitable projects and it would
become less competitive in the
long-run.
7
8. What types of long-term
capital do firms use?
Long-term debt
Preferred stock
Common equity
8
9. Capital Components
Capital components are sources of
funding that come from investors.
Accounts payable, accruals, and
deferred taxes are not sources of
funding that come from investors,
so they are not included in the
calculation of the cost of capital.
9
10. Before-Tax vs.
After-Tax Capital Costs
Firms should incorporate the
tax effects in the cost of
capital. They should focus on
the after-tax costs.
Only the cost of debt is
affected because interest is a
tax-deductable expense.
10
11. Historical (Embedded)
Costs vs. New (Marginal)
Costs
The cost of capital is used
primarily to make
decisions which involve
raising and investing new
capital. So, we should
focus on marginal costs.
11
12. Cost of Debt
Method 1: Ask an investment
banker what the coupon rate
would be on new debt.
Method 2: Find the bond rating for
the company and use the yield on
other bonds with a similar rating.
Method 3: Find the yield on the
company’s debt, if it has any.
12
13. COST OF DEBT (ISSUING BONDS)
Pb
Pb
BOND
The Firm
rd BT
(Cost of Debt)
The Investor
INT, M
=
rd BT
(Yield to Maturity)
(no flotation cost is assumed)
13
14. FLOTATION COSTS
Flotation cost is small for bonds
compared with preferred stock
and common stock. There is no
flotation cost if the issue is
privately (directly) placed.
14
15. Financial Calculator
A financial calculator can
make the cost of capital and
capital budgeting calculations
easier. The financial calculator
I would recommend is: Texas
Instruments BA II PLUS.
15
16. A 15-year, 12% semiannual bond
sells for $1,153.72. What’s rd BT?
0
rd BT = ?
-1,153.72
INPUTS
1
2
60
60
30
N
OUTPUT
...
60 + 1,000
-1153.72 60
I/YR
30
PV
1000
PMT
FV
5.0% x 2 = rd BT = 10%
16
17. What’s rd BT using PV tables?
0
rd BT = ?
-1,153.72
1
2
30
...
60
60
60 + 1,000
VB = (INT/2)(PVIFAr/2,2n) + (M)(PVIFr/2,2n)
$1,153.72 = ($60)(PVIFA5% ,30) + ($1,000)(PVIF5%,30)
$1,153.72 = ($60)(15.3725) + ($1,000)(0.2314)
The percentage is exact. No interpolation is needed.
Annual Cost of Capital: rd BT = 5% x 2 = 10%
17
18. Finding the YTM of
the Bond with Excel
A
1
interest rate (rate):
B
? = 5.00%
2
number of periods (nper):
30
3
payment (pmt):
60
4
present value (pv):
5
future value:
-$1,153.72
$1,000
Formula for Cell B1 = Rate(nper,pmt,pv,fv)
Values entered into Cell B1 = Rate(B2,B3,B4,B5)
18
19. Component Cost of Debt
Interest is tax deductible, so the after
tax (AT) cost of debt is:
rd AT = rd BT(1 – T)
= 10% (1 – 0.40) = 6%
Flotation costs small, so ignore.
19
20. COST OF PREFERRED STOCK
Pnet = Pps (1 - F)
Pps
PREFERRED
STOCK
The Firm
rps = Dps / Pnet
The Investor
Dps
rps = Dps / Pps
(Yield)
(Cost of Preferred Stock)
(Cost of P.S. financing) > (Yield)
20
21. Cost of preferred stock: Pps = $116.95,
Div=10%, Par = $100, F = 5%
Use this formula:
rps =
Dps
Pps (1 – F)
=
=
0.1 ($100)
$116.95 (1 – 0.05)
$10
$111.10
= 0.09 = 9.0%
21
22. Cost of Preferred Stock
Flotation costs for preferred
stock are significant, so are
reflected. Use net price.
Preferred dividends are not
tax deductible, so no tax
adjustment.
22
23. What are the two ways that
companies can raise common
equity?
By retaining earnings that are
not paid out as dividends.
By issuing new shares of
common stock.
23
24. Why is there a cost for
retained earnings?
Earnings can be reinvested or paid
out as dividends.
Investors could buy other securities,
earning a return.
Thus, there is an opportunity cost if
earnings are reinvested.
24
25. Cost for Retained Earnings
Opportunity cost: The return
stockholders could earn on alternative
investments of equal risk.
They could buy similar stocks and earn
rs, or company could repurchase its own
stock and earn rs. So, rs, is the cost of
reinvested earnings and it is the cost of
common equity.
25
26. Three ways to determine
the cost of retained earnings
1. CAPM: rs = rRF + (rM – rRF) b
= rRF + (RPM) b
2. DCF: rs = D1/P0 + g
3. Own-Bond-Yield + Judgmental
Risk Premium: rs = rd + JRP
26
27. Comparing the Three
Methods
In practice, most firms use the CAPM
to estimate the cost of equity capital.
Many firms use the DCF method.
Some firms estimate the cost of
equity capital by adding a risk
premium to their bond interest rate.
27
28. CAPM Cost of Retained Earnings:
rRF = 5.6%, RPM = 6%, b = 1.2
rs = rRF + (RPM ) b
= 5.6% + (6.0%)1.2 = 12.8%
28
29. Issues in Using CAPM
Most analysts use the rate
on a long-term (10 to 20
years) government bond
as an estimate of rRF.
29
30. Issues in Using CAPM
Most analysts use a rate of 3.5%
to 6% for the market risk
premium (RPM)
Estimates of beta vary, and
estimates are “noisy” (they have
a wide confidence interval).
30
31. Beta Estimation
Estimating Beta from Historical Returns
Beta is the expected percent change in the
excess return of the security for a 1% change
in the excess return of the market portfolio.
Consider Cisco Systems stock and
how it changes with the market
portfolio.
34. Beta Estimation for Cisco
As the scatterplot on the previous slide
shows, Cisco tends to be up when the
market is up, and vice versa.
We can see that a 10% change in the
market’s return corresponds to about a
20% change in Cisco’s return.
Thus, Cisco’s return moves about two for
one with the overall market, so Cisco’s
beta is about 2.
36. Estimating the Growth Rate
Use the historical growth rate if you
believe the future will be like the past.
Obtain analysts’ estimates: Value Line,
Zacks, Yahoo!Finance.
Use the earnings retention model,
illustrated on next slide.
36
37. Earnings Retention Model
Suppose the company has been
earning 15% on equity (ROE =
15%) and has been paying out
62% of its earnings.
If this situation is expected to
continue, what’s the expected
future g?
37
38. Earnings Retention Model
Growth from earnings retention model:
g = (Retention rate)(ROE)
= (1 – Payout rate)(ROE)
= (1 – 0.62)(15%) = 5.7%
This is close to g = 5.8% given earlier.
38
40. Average of the Three Methods
Brigham and Ehrhardt
suggest that the average
of the three methods can
be used in estimating the
cost of equity capital.
40
41. What’s a reasonable final
estimate of rs?
Method
Estimate
CAPM
12.8%
DCF
12.4%
rd + JRP
13.2%
Average
12.8%
41
42. Determining the Weights
for the WACC
The weights are the percentages
of the firm that will be financed by
each component.
If possible, always use the target
weights for the percentages of the
firm that will be financed with the
various types of capital.
42
43. Estimating Weights for
the Capital Structure
If you don’t know the targets, it is
better to estimate the weights using
current market values than current
book values.
If you don’t know the market value of
debt, then it is usually reasonable to
use the book values of debt,
especially if the debt is short-term.
43
44. Estimating Weights:
A Numerical Example
Suppose the stock price is
$50, there are 3 million
shares of stock, the firm has
$25 million of preferred
stock, and $75 million of
debt.
44
45. Estimating Weights:
A Numerical Example
Vs = $50 (3 million) = $150 million
Vps = $25 million
Vd = $75 million
Total value = $150 + $25 + $75
= $250 million
45
46. Estimating Weights:
A Numerical Example
ws = $150/$250 = 0.6
wps = $25/$250 = 0.1
wd = $75/$250 = 0.3
The target weights for this company are the
same as these market value weights, but
often market weights temporarily deviate from
targets due to changes in stock prices.
46
48. What factors influence
a company’s WACC?
Uncontrollable factors:
Market conditions, especially interest rates.
The market risk premium.
Tax rates.
Controllable factors:
Capital structure policy.
Dividend policy.
Investment policy. Firms with riskier projects
generally have a higher cost of equity.
48
49. Is the firm’s WACC correct
for each of its divisions?
No! The composite WACC reflects
the risk of an average project
undertaken by the firm.
Different divisions may have different
risks. The division’s WACC should be
adjusted to reflect the division’s risk
and capital structure.
49
50. The Risk-Adjusted
Divisional Cost of Capital
Estimate the cost of capital that
the division would have if it
were a stand-alone firm.
This requires estimating the
division’s beta, cost of debt,
and capital structure.
50
51. Pure Play Method for
Estimating Beta for a Division or
a Project
Find several publicly traded companies
exclusively in project’s business.
Use average of their betas as proxy for
project’s beta.
Hard to find such companies.
51
52. Divisional Cost of Capital
Using CAPM
Target debt ratio = 10%
rd = 12%
rRF = 5.6%
Tax rate = 40%
betaDivision = 1.7
Market risk premium = 6%
52
54. Division’s WACC vs.
Firm’s Overall
WACC?
Division WACC = 14.9% versus
company WACC = 10.4%.
“Typical” projects within this
division would be accepted if
their returns are above 14.9%.
54
55. What are the three
types of project risk?
Stand-alone risk
Corporate risk
Market risk
55
56. How is each type of risk used?
Stand-alone risk is easiest to calculate.
Market risk is theoretically best in most
situations.
However, creditors, customers,
suppliers, and employees are more
affected by corporate risk. Therefore,
corporate risk is also relevant.
56
57. A Project-Specific,
Risk-Adjusted Cost of Capital
Start by calculating a divisional
cost of capital.
Use judgment to scale up or down
the cost of capital for an individual
project relative to the divisional
cost of capital.
57
58. Cost of Issuing New
Common Stock
When a company issues new
common stock they also have to pay
flotation costs to the underwriter.
Issuing new common stock may
send a negative signal to the capital
markets, which may depress stock
price.
58
59. THE COST OF FINANCING WITH
A NEW COMMON STOCK ISSUE (re)
Pn = Po (1 - F)
The Firm
Po
COMMON
STOCK
re = [D1 / Po(1-F)] + g
Dt , g
(Cost of Common Stock)
re > rs
The Investor
rs = (D1 / Po) + g
(Yield)
59
60. Cost of New Common Equity:
P0 = $50, D0 = $3.12, g = 5.8%, F = 15%
re =
D0 (1 + g)
P0 (1 – F)
+g
$3.12 (1.058) + 5.8%
=
$50 (1 – 0.15)
=
$3.30
$42.50
+ 5.8% = 13.6%
60
61. COST OF DEBT
(Issuing Bonds with Flotation Costs)
Pn = Pb - F
Pb
BOND
The Firm
rd BT
(Cost of Debt)
The Investor
INT, M
>
rd BT
(Yield to Maturity)
(flotation cost is assumed)
61
62. Cost of Debt with Flotation Costs:
A Numerical Example
Cost of New 30-Year Debt: Par = $1,000,
Coupon = 10% paid annually, F = 2%
Using a financial calculator:
N = 30
PV = 1,000 (1 – 0.02) = 980
PMT = (0.10)(1,000)(1 – 0.4) = 60
FV = 1,000
Solving for I/YR: rd AT = 6.15%
62
63. Four Mistakes to Avoid
Current vs. historical cost of debt
Mixing current and historical measures
to estimate the market risk premium
Book weights vs. Market Weights
Incorrect cost of capital components
63
64. Current vs. Historical
Cost of Debt
When estimating the cost of debt,
don’t use the coupon rate on existing
debt, which represents the cost of past
debt.
Use the current interest rate on new
debt.
64
65. Estimating the
Market Risk Premium
When estimating the risk premium for the
CAPM approach, don’t subtract the current
long-term T-bond rate from the historical
average return on common stocks.
For example, if the historical rM has been
about 12.2% and inflation drives the current
rRF up to 10%, the current market risk premium
is not 12.2% – 10% = 2.2%!
65
66. Estimating Weights
Use the target capital structure to determine
the weights.
If you don’t know the target weights, then use
the current market value of equity.
If you don’t know the market value of debt,
then the book value of debt often is a
reasonable approximation, especially for
short-term debt.
66
67. Capital components are sources of
funding that come from investors.
Accounts payable, accruals, and deferred
taxes are not sources of funding that come
from investors, so they are not included in the
calculation of the WACC.
We do adjust for these items when calculating
project cash flows, but not when calculating
the WACC.
67