This document provides an overview of LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol). It discusses what directory services are, the need for LDAP to centralize user information, and some key LDAP concepts like its data model, schemas, and LDIF format. It also covers setting up an OpenLDAP server, including configuration, indexing, access control, and integration with other LDAP tools and applications.

1. LDAP
● What is Directory Services
● The need for LDAP
● LDAP Overview and Basics
● Setting up and tunning OpenLDAP
● Other LDAP tools and applications

2. What is Directory Services
● Similar to database but designed more for reading than
for writing
● Defines a network protocol for accessing contents of
the directory
● Scheme for replication of data
● Directory Service examples: DNS, finger, password DB
● LDAP is a 'Lightweight Directory Access Protocol'

3. The need for LDAP
● Multiple disparate sources of the same information
● Users need separate logins and passwords to login to
different systems
● Complex to keep information in sync
● Similar data spread around many flat files or in
database with different formats
● Inadequacies of NIS ie. Not very extensible
● X.500 is too complicated
Summarizing the above: Centralization, Integration
and Delegating Responsibility

4. LDAP Overview
● LDAP is a ‘Lightweight Directory Access Protocol’
● LDAP marries a lightweight DAP with the X.500
information model
● Uses an extensible hierarchical object data model
● An LDAP server may implement multiple ‘back-ends’:
RDBMS, simple indexes (Berkeley DB), X.500
gateway
● Designed for frequent reads and infrequent writes

5. LDAP Benefits
● Standardized schemas exist for many purposes
(well beyond that of NIS)
● Allows consolidation of many information sources
● Well defined API, support from many applications
● Easily replicated and distributed
● Multiple backends allow integration with existing data
sources (RDBMS, etc)
● Much faster than RDBMS (using lightweight backend
like Berkeley DB)

6. LDAP Basics
● Data is organised into an hierarchical tree
● Each ‘entry’ (tree node) is identified by a DN (distinguished
name) e.g. uid=aokhotnikov,ou=People,ou=Users,dc=ldap,dc=sjua
● Each component of a DN is called an RDN (relative DN) and
represents a branch in the tree
● The RDN must be unique within the nodes at the same level of
the tree (is generally equivalent to one of the attributes ie. ‘uid’
or ‘cn’ in the case of a person)
● Each node has 1 or many attribute values associated with it. Each
attribute can have 1 or many values

7. LDAP Basics (cont.)
● ‘objectClass’ is a mandatory attribute which specifies
the schema (attribute constraints) for the given node
● Multiple ‘objectClass’ attributes can be combined
together to achieve inheritance
● Example ‘objectClass’ (common schema) attributes:
dcObject, organizationalUnit, person, organizationalPerson,
inetOrgPerson, inetLocalMailRecipient
● CN (Canonical Name) is another common attribute
used to provide a unique name for a directory object

8. LDAP Schemas
● Many standard schemas exist including:
– People schemas - person, organisationalPerson, inetOrgPerson,
posixAccount, mailLocalRecpient, strongAuthenticationUser
– Group schemas – groupOfUniqueNames, posixGroup,
organisationalRole, roleMember
– Host / Network schemas – domain, ipHost, ipNetwork, ipProtocol,
ipService, ieee802Device, bootableDevice
● An invaluable schema repository from Alan Knowles at the
Hong Kong Linux Centre:
– http://ldap.akbkhome.com/

9. LDIF File Format
● LDIF (LDAP Data Interchange Format) is used to
import/export from a LDAP directory server and run updates
dn: cn=GForge Admin
User,ou=WebAdmin,ou=Users,dc=ldap,dc=sjua
objectClass: inetOrgPerson
objectClass: posixAccount
objectClass: top
givenName: GForge Admin
sn: User
cn: GForge Admin User
uid: gforgeadmin
userPassword: {MD5}6z8f1uQp3reOfghTFrecJQ==
uidNumber: 1000
gidNumber: 544
homeDirectory: /opt/gforge5
mail: acidumirae@gmail.com

10. Custom Schemas
● LDAP schemas uses SNMP style OIDs (Object Ids) for
uniquely defining schema elements
● Apply for IANA enterprise number here:
– http://www.iana.org/cgi-bin/enterprise.pl
● Private enterprise number OID prefix is 1.3.6.1.4.1 eg.
Metaparadigm uses 1.3.6.1.4.1.11137
● Information on custom schemas can be found here:
– http://www.openldap.org/doc/admin/schema.html

11. Linux LDAP Servers
● OpenLDAP is the primary open-source LDAP
implementation based on Univ. Michigan LDAP
http://www.openldap.org/
● Sun provides the iPlanet Directory Server/Sun One Java DS
● Oracle provides an LDAP server using an Oracle database
backend
● Many others available (Novell DS, Fedora DS, Apache DS,
OpenDS, Innosoft, etc.)
● Linux can also integrate with LDAP servers running on
other platforms such as Microsoft Active Directory or
Novell eDirectory

12. Commercial LDAP Servers
● Novell eDirectory ● CA Directory
● Sun One Identity Server ● Lotus Domino
● Microsoft Active Directory ● Nexor Directory
● Apple Open Directory ● View 500
● Siemens DirX ● Isode's M-Vault
● Oracle Internet Directory ● aeSLAPD
● IBM Tivoli Directory ● ...
http://www.paldap.org/ldap-server-software

13. Scalability and Fault Tolerance
● OpenLDAP supports real-time directory replication to
provide load-balancing and high availability
● OpenLDAP supports single master, multiple slaves
● Most LDAP aware applications can be configured to use
multiple LDAP servers (providing fallback servers)
● Multiple master support is in the works (currently alpha)
● OpenLDAP can be integrated with ‘heartbeat’ and ‘mon’ to
provide fault tolerance http://www.linux-ha.org/

14. Setting up OpenLDAP
● Configuration is located in: /etc/openldap/slapd.conf
● We need to include the schemas we are using
include /etc/ldap/schema/core.schema
include /etc/ldap/schema/collective.schema
include /etc/ldap/schema/corba.schema
include /etc/ldap/schema/cosine.schema
include /etc/ldap/schema/duaconf.schema
include /etc/ldap/schema/dyngroup.schema
include /etc/ldap/schema/inetorgperson.schema
include /etc/ldap/schema/java.schema
include /etc/ldap/schema/misc.schema
include /etc/ldap/schema/nis.schema
include /etc/ldap/schema/openldap.schema
include /etc/ldap/schema/ppolicy.schema
include /etc/ldap/schema/samba.schema
● Next we specify a database
database hdb
suffix "dc=ldap,dc=sjua"
rootdn "cn=admin,dc=ldap,dc=sjua"
rootpw {SSHA}IrKtxIFV+2UbdD8JiL5ZuTsAx/cPuN2h
directory /var/lib/ldap

15. Setting up OpenLDAP (cont.)
● We can now start slapd (Standalone LDAP daemon)
# /etc/init.d/ldap start
● Next step is to add data to the directory using the LDIF
example presented earlier
# ldapadd -D cn=admin,dc=ldap,dc=sjua -W < init.ldif
Enter LDAP Password: xxxxx
adding new entry "dc=ldap,dc=sjua"
adding new entry "ou=WebAdmin,ou=Users,dc=ldap,dc=sjua"
adding new entry "uid=gfrogeadmin,ou=WebAdmin,ou=Users,dc=ldap,dc=sjua"

16. Tunning OpenLDAP
● We need to add additional indexes for performance
index objectclass eq
index cn pres,sub,eq
index sn pres,sub,eq
## required to support pdb_getsampwnam
index uid pres,sub,eq
## required to support pdb_getsambapwrid()
index displayName pres,sub,eq
index uidNumber eq
index gidNumber eq
index loginShell eq
index memberUid eq
index uniqueMember eq,pres
● We need to add ACLs for security
access to attr=userPassword by self write by anonymous auth by * none
access to dn="" by * read
access to *
by self write
by users read
by anonymous auth

17. Tunning OpenLDAP (cont.)
● Setup logging in syslog.conf (default is LOCAL4)
local4.* /var/log/sldap.log
● Make sure ‘slapd’ runs as non privileged user
● Make ‘slapd’ bind to SSL port for security
– need signed certificates with openSSL and modify slapd.conf
TLSCertificateFile /etc/openldap/ldap.sjua.cer
TLSCertificateKeyFile /etc/openldap/ldap.sjua.key
– modify init script to bind to SSL port
/usr/libexec/slapd -h 'ldap://ldap.metaparadigm.com/
ldaps://ldap.metaparadigm.com/'
-l LOCAL4 -u ldap -g ldap

18. LDAP Search Filters
● LDAP uses a simple ‘search filters’ syntax (RFC2254)
● LDAP queries return all attributes of matching entries (or specifically
selected attributes) which match the search filter
LDAP query particles are enclosed within parenthesis in the form of
( attribute <matching rule> value ) ie. (cn=GForge Admin User)
● Matching rules include (=, =~, >=, <=)
● * can be used as a wildcard within the value
● These can be combined together using the boolean operators: and, or
and not (&, |, !) eg:
– (&(cn=GForge Admin User)(objectClass=posixAccount))
– (&(objectClass=inetOrgPerson)(!(ou=People)))
– (|(cn=GForge Admin*)(cn=GForge*))

19. LDAP Search Filters (cont.)
● The following example ldap search retrieves the names and email
address of all users with a givenname of ‘Gforge Admin’ or ‘Orange
Admin’
ldapsearch -xLLL -h ldap.sjua -b ou=Users,dc=ldap,dc=sjua
'(&(|(givenname=GForge Admin)(givenname=Orange Admin))(ob-
jectClass=inetOrgPerson))' cn mail
dn: cn=GForge Admin
User,ou=WebAdmin,ou=Users,dc=ldap,dc=sjua
cn: GForge Admin User
mail: acidumirae@gmail.com
dn: cn=Orange Admin
User,ou=WebAdmin,ou=Users,dc=ldap,dc=sjua
cn: Orange Admin User
mail: aokhotnikov@softjourn.com
● Very easy to incorporate this into shell scripts with awk or sed

20. LDAP Applications
● Authenticate users in web applications
(OrangeHRM, gForge, DokuWiki, etc.)
● Authenticate users in Samba, Apache, ProFTPd, etc.
● Possible NSS (Name Service Switch) integration
● Possible PAM (Pluggable Authentication Module)
● Possible mail routing: Sendmail, Postfix, etc.
● Shared Address Book (Evolution, Mozilla, Outlook,
Eudora, web clients, etc.)
● Programming Libraries (Perl, Java, PHP, etc.)

21. LDAP Browsers and Editors
● Directory Administrator
http://diradmin.open-it.org
● GQ
http://biot.com/gq/
● Java LDAP Browser
http://www.iit.edu/~gawojar/ldap/
● phpLDAPadmin
http://phpldapadmin.sf.net/

22. Migration to LDAP
● Padl migration tools
– http://www.padl.com/OSS/MigrationTools.html
– passwd, group, hosts, networks, services, etc…
● We have migrated users from OrangeHRM using
custom PHP scrip that was generating LDIF files
– some issues with Samba – NTPassword is MD4
– minor issues with gForge – multiple
installations(dirty database)

23. Resources
● OpenLDAP: http://openldap.org
● Practical LDAP from Metaparadigm Pte Ltd.
http://gort.metaparadigm.com/ldap/
● Ubuntu Documentation: OpenLDAP Server
https://help.ubuntu.com/8.10/serverguide/C/openldap-server.html
● Ubuntu Documentation: Samba and LDAP
https://help.ubuntu.com/8.10/serverguide/C/samba-ldap.html
● Introduction to LDAP and Single Sign-On
http://tapor.ualberta.ca/Resources/Techdocs/completed/ldappresentation.pdf
● LDAP and Directory Services
http://ldap.mtu.edu/docs/public/mtu_dsinfo/techiefest/techiefest_files/v3_document.htm