Layout and Grade task sheet
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A Layout/Grade Specialist performs several duties related to surveying and marking construction sites, including: 1. Laying out property lines, pipe locations, and other infrastructure using spray paint and lines. 2. Checking elevations of pipe, road grade, manholes, and catch basins to ensure proper installation. 3. Recording daily progress, infrastructure locations and dimensions, and elevation readings for inspection and construction documentation.
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Setting out of works
This document discusses various surveying instruments used for setting out engineering works. It describes the importance of setting out works, which involves transferring distances from plans to mark locations before construction. Key instruments discussed include dumpy levels, prismatic compasses, theodolites, and total stations. Dumpy levels are used to establish horizontal planes and measure height differences, while theodolites and total stations can measure both horizontal and vertical angles for layout. Total stations integrate electronic distance measurement with a theodolite for coordinate measurement. Maintaining accuracy is essential for setting out works.
Setting out 12042018
There are three main stages of setting out that must be carried out for construction projects:
1. Initial setting out of the site limits and boundaries
2. Setting out the foundations and major site elements in the first stage
3. Setting out precise design points and dimensions in the second stage
Horizontal and vertical control points must be established to accurately position all design aspects according to the drawings and specifications. Proper planning and protection of control points is important to ensure correct construction.
Setting out construction works 01
Introduction to Setting out construction works
Precautions in Setting out construction works
Setting out of Bridge
Setting out of bridges unit 6
Setting out of bridges involves determining the length and location of piers. The length of the centerline of long bridges is determined through triangulation by measuring angles and distances from endpoints. The locations of piers are found by computing angles and distances from the centerline endpoints and base lines perpendicular to the centerline on each bank. Piers can be located by sighting intersections from base lines or measuring pier distances marked on plans from base lines setup on both banks.
Setting out work
*Introduction
*Controls For Setting Out
*Horizontal control
*Vertical control
*SETTING OUT A BUILDING
*The equipment required for the job
*Method(1):-By using a Circumscribing Rectangle
*Method(2):- By using centre-line-rectangle
* Setting out of culverts
*SETTING OUT A TUNNEL
Setting out of bridges
The document discusses the process of setting out a bridge, which involves transferring the design plans accurately to the construction site. It describes how to determine the length of the center line using triangulation or traversing methods. It also explains two methods for determining the locations of bridge piers: 1) measuring angles and distances from base lines perpendicular to the center line, or 2) directly measuring pier distances on the plans and locating them using theodolites sighted from both sides of the center line. Accurately setting out the bridge is crucial before construction can begin.
Bezier Curve
A Bezier curve is a mathematically defined curve used in graphic applications. It is defined by four points: two anchors at the initial and terminal positions and two handles that control the shape of the curve. The curve can be altered by moving the handles. Bezier curves are commonly used to piece together complex curves from simpler component curves. Matching endpoints ensures continuity, while aligning handles ensures smooth tangency between connecting segments.
Bezier curve
Bezier curves are mathematical curves generated under the control of other points. They are represented by Bernstein polynomials and the degree of the polynomial determines the curve. Some key properties are that the curve passes through the first and last control points, is tangent to the edges connecting control points, and lies within the convex hull of control points. Bezier curves can be pieced together to form more complex curves and provide different levels of continuity between sections. They are widely used in computer graphics, animation, and font design.
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Setting out of works
This document discusses various surveying instruments used for setting out engineering works. It describes the importance of setting out works, which involves transferring distances from plans to mark locations before construction. Key instruments discussed include dumpy levels, prismatic compasses, theodolites, and total stations. Dumpy levels are used to establish horizontal planes and measure height differences, while theodolites and total stations can measure both horizontal and vertical angles for layout. Total stations integrate electronic distance measurement with a theodolite for coordinate measurement. Maintaining accuracy is essential for setting out works.
Setting out 12042018
There are three main stages of setting out that must be carried out for construction projects:
1. Initial setting out of the site limits and boundaries
2. Setting out the foundations and major site elements in the first stage
3. Setting out precise design points and dimensions in the second stage
Horizontal and vertical control points must be established to accurately position all design aspects according to the drawings and specifications. Proper planning and protection of control points is important to ensure correct construction.
Setting out construction works 01
Introduction to Setting out construction works
Precautions in Setting out construction works
Setting out of Bridge
Setting out of bridges unit 6
Setting out of bridges involves determining the length and location of piers. The length of the centerline of long bridges is determined through triangulation by measuring angles and distances from endpoints. The locations of piers are found by computing angles and distances from the centerline endpoints and base lines perpendicular to the centerline on each bank. Piers can be located by sighting intersections from base lines or measuring pier distances marked on plans from base lines setup on both banks.
Setting out work
*Introduction
*Controls For Setting Out
*Horizontal control
*Vertical control
*SETTING OUT A BUILDING
*The equipment required for the job
*Method(1):-By using a Circumscribing Rectangle
*Method(2):- By using centre-line-rectangle
* Setting out of culverts
*SETTING OUT A TUNNEL
Setting out of bridges
The document discusses the process of setting out a bridge, which involves transferring the design plans accurately to the construction site. It describes how to determine the length of the center line using triangulation or traversing methods. It also explains two methods for determining the locations of bridge piers: 1) measuring angles and distances from base lines perpendicular to the center line, or 2) directly measuring pier distances on the plans and locating them using theodolites sighted from both sides of the center line. Accurately setting out the bridge is crucial before construction can begin.
Bezier Curve
A Bezier curve is a mathematically defined curve used in graphic applications. It is defined by four points: two anchors at the initial and terminal positions and two handles that control the shape of the curve. The curve can be altered by moving the handles. Bezier curves are commonly used to piece together complex curves from simpler component curves. Matching endpoints ensures continuity, while aligning handles ensures smooth tangency between connecting segments.
Bezier curve
Bezier curves are mathematical curves generated under the control of other points. They are represented by Bernstein polynomials and the degree of the polynomial determines the curve. Some key properties are that the curve passes through the first and last control points, is tangent to the edges connecting control points, and lies within the convex hull of control points. Bezier curves can be pieced together to form more complex curves and provide different levels of continuity between sections. They are widely used in computer graphics, animation, and font design.
Algortimos del area y volumen de figuras plana
This document demonstrates algorithms to calculate the area and volume of irregular shapes using the example of a right triangle. It first presents a problem to calculate the area and volume of a right triangle with a base of 15cm and height of 20cm. It then shows the step-by-step process and formulas to calculate the area as 150cm^2 and the volume if formed as a prism as 540cm^3. Flowcharts are provided to illustrate the algorithm for each calculation. In conclusion, it notes that area results are in cm^2 and volume in cm^3, and algorithms provide the step-by-step process for mathematical operations.
Setting out of Tunnel
The document discusses how to transfer a center line alignment from the surface into an underground tunnel. Key points:
1) A center line is carefully transferred using plumb bobs suspended from the surface through a shaft into the tunnel below to mark the alignment points.
2) The plumb bobs are connected to wires that pass through grooved shafts to allow level movement.
3) Once level, a theodolite on the shaft floor is used to extend the line between the plumb bobs and transfer the center line alignment into the tunnel.
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True angle between lines and planes
1) To find the true angle between two planes, identify their common side and obtain the true line (TL) and elevation view (EV) of that common side in a plane where both planes are in the EV. Then measure the angle between the EVs.
2) To find the true angle between a line and a plane, project the line into the elevation view of the plane to obtain the true line of the line. Then measure the angle between the true line and elevation view in a plane where the plane is in the EV and the line is in the TL.
3) Proper identification of the common elements and their projections allows accurate measurement of true angles between lines and planes.
Earth work
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Earthwork notes
This document discusses various topics related to earthwork construction including:
1. Definitions of bank cubic yards, loose cubic yards, and compacted cubic yards and how they relate to soil volume changes during excavation and compaction.
2. Methods for calculating swell, shrinkage, load factors, and shrinkage factors to account for soil behavior during earthwork calculations.
3. Traditional and modern methods for calculating earthwork volumes for sitework, highways, and trenches using grids, cross sections, and software.
4. Key factors that influence soil compaction including moisture content, compactive effort, lift thickness, and compaction methods.
Geom 5point5
The document discusses theorems and properties related to triangles, including:
1) The triangle inequality theorem states that the sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the length of the third side.
2) If one side of a triangle is longer than another, the angle opposite the longer side is larger than the angle opposite the shorter side.
3) The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is greater than the measure of either of the two nonadjacent interior angles.
Internal loadings
The document describes a construction crane with a beam ABCD attached to a column by a cable and pulley system. It provides a free body diagram of the crane and asks to calculate the tension in the cable at point C and determine the internal forces in the beam cross section at point a-a. The given information is used to set up static equilibrium equations to solve for the unknown internal forces.
Lecture 04 angle corrections
1. A satellite station S was set up 12.10 m from station C inside triangle ABC, as C was a church spire and could not be occupied.
2. The angle CSA was measured to be 135°40'30" and angle ASB was 71°29'30".
3. Lengths AC and BC were 2511 m and 1894 m respectively.
4. Using the formula that relates the satellite station offset to the measured angles, the corrections for angles CSA and ASB were calculated.
5. The corrected angles were then used to calculate the angle ACB according to the formula for angles of a triangle.
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This document discusses construction surveying techniques for setting out buildings, roads, pipelines and other structures based on site plans. It describes establishing horizontal and vertical control points, then setting secondary and detail points to mark locations of features. Batter boards are used to temporarily reference building corners by stretching string lines between boards. For pipelines, offset stakes and batter boards give line and grade, with the string line run directly over the pipe centerline. An example problem outlines field steps to lay out a sewer from a house to an existing manhole based on given flow line elevations and minimum slope requirements.
levelling and contouring
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lecture_1a.ppt
The document discusses triangulation surveying. It begins by explaining that a triangulation system consists of a series of triangles connected by shared sides. It describes the key steps in a triangulation survey, including reconnaissance to select station locations, erecting signals, measuring angles and base lines, and performing computations. It also discusses corrections that must be applied to base line measurements, including for the steel tape's absolute length, temperature, and slope. Sample problems demonstrate computing corrections to determine a base line's true length.
ROAD PROFILING, CROSS SECTION & SETTING OUT SEWER LINE
1. The document describes procedures for conducting road profiling, cross sectioning, and setting out of a sewer line. It involves taking elevation readings along the road centerline at intervals and perpendicular to the centerline on both sides to create a profile and cross sections.
2. Errors that can occur include incorrect staff readings, instrumental errors in the level, and environmental factors like wind and sunlight. Care needs to be taken in setup, focusing, and reading of instruments.
3. The fieldwork involved establishing stations along the road centerline, taking elevation readings, and setting out points for the sewer line and manholes. This allowed plotting of the road profile and cross sections showing changes in elevation.
Profile and Cross-Section - Report
1. The document describes a civil engineering experiment to collect elevation data along a highway through profile leveling and cross-section leveling. Profile leveling provided centerline elevation readings at 20m intervals, while cross-section leveling obtained side elevations at one station.
2. The data collected included station positions, backsight, intermediate, and foresight elevation readings. This was used to plot the profile diagram showing the sloping road elevation, and cross-section diagram showing the center higher than the sides.
3. The conclusion was that the experiment successfully collected the required elevation data to analyze the road profile and cross-section, finding the centerline sloped down and was higher than both road sides at the
sunil.pptx
The document outlines the steps for a highway project which includes:
1) Conducting a reconnaissance survey and investigations to select an alignment for a new 1-1.5 km road between two points, including topographic surveying.
2) Producing a report justifying the selected alignment with geometric designs and drawings of the alignment, longitudinal section, and cross sections.
3) Planning the road network based on efficient traffic operation and minimum costs, and determining development priorities.
4) Conducting engineering surveys of the alignment to obtain profiles and details needed for design.
Tutor l1 setting out
1) There are several methods for accurately setting out and measuring angles on a construction site, including using a builders square, the 3:4:5 method, optical equipment, and satellite navigation.
2) Setting out a rectangular building involves establishing corner points and boundary lines, measuring lengths and checking for square corners using the building diagonals.
3) Temporary corner profiles are erected and marked with setting out lines to aid in transferring measurements underground once excavation is complete.
Tutor l1 setting out
1) There are several methods for accurately setting out and measuring angles on a construction site, including using a builders square, the 3:4:5 method, optical equipment, and satellite navigation.
2) Setting out a rectangular building involves establishing corner points and boundary lines through measuring, squaring, and checking diagonals to ensure 90 degree angles.
3) Correct building levels must be established, often by transferring a level from a site datum point, and then all four corners are built up to the same level, such as the damp proof course level.
Tutor l1 setting out
1) There are several methods for accurately setting out and measuring angles on a construction site, including using a builders square, the 3:4:5 method, optical equipment, and satellite navigation.
2) Setting out a rectangular building involves establishing corner points and boundary lines, measuring lengths and checking for square corners using the building diagonals.
3) Temporary corner profiles are erected and marked with setting out lines to aid in transferring measurements underground once excavation is complete.
Unit 1
Surveying is the measurement of positions and distances to the earth's surface. It is important for civil engineering projects as all planning, design, and construction is based on surveying measurements. Chain surveying is the simplest surveying method and involves measuring distances in the field without taking angular measurements. Key steps in chain surveying include reconnaissance, marking stations, running survey lines, and taking offsets to locate details. The principle is to divide the area into a network of triangles which can then be plotted from field measurements.
Abijit sharma 201818510 survey report
1. The document summarizes a survey camp conducted by students to perform topographical and leveling surveys. Total stations and auto levels were used to collect elevation data and create maps.
2. Topics covered include an introduction to surveying principles and objectives, descriptions of total stations and their functions, the leveling process, and methods for reducing elevation data.
3. The leveling survey was conducted to establish relative heights of points and develop maps showing ground configurations, while the topographical survey used a total station to determine point coordinates and depict terrain features on a map.
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This document demonstrates algorithms to calculate the area and volume of irregular shapes using the example of a right triangle. It first presents a problem to calculate the area and volume of a right triangle with a base of 15cm and height of 20cm. It then shows the step-by-step process and formulas to calculate the area as 150cm^2 and the volume if formed as a prism as 540cm^3. Flowcharts are provided to illustrate the algorithm for each calculation. In conclusion, it notes that area results are in cm^2 and volume in cm^3, and algorithms provide the step-by-step process for mathematical operations.
Setting out of Tunnel
The document discusses how to transfer a center line alignment from the surface into an underground tunnel. Key points:
1) A center line is carefully transferred using plumb bobs suspended from the surface through a shaft into the tunnel below to mark the alignment points.
2) The plumb bobs are connected to wires that pass through grooved shafts to allow level movement.
3) Once level, a theodolite on the shaft floor is used to extend the line between the plumb bobs and transfer the center line alignment into the tunnel.
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True angle between lines and planes
1) To find the true angle between two planes, identify their common side and obtain the true line (TL) and elevation view (EV) of that common side in a plane where both planes are in the EV. Then measure the angle between the EVs.
2) To find the true angle between a line and a plane, project the line into the elevation view of the plane to obtain the true line of the line. Then measure the angle between the true line and elevation view in a plane where the plane is in the EV and the line is in the TL.
3) Proper identification of the common elements and their projections allows accurate measurement of true angles between lines and planes.
Earth work
The document provides details on calculating earthwork for a road construction project in Tank Road, D.I. Khan, Pakistan. It describes measuring cross-sectional areas along the road to determine cut and fill volumes needed. Cross sections were taken every 25 meters using a total station. The cut and fill areas were calculated in AutoCAD and exported to Excel to determine total cubic meters of earthwork. The results tables show the cut and fill volumes calculated for 40 cross sections along 1 kilometer of roadway.
Earthwork notes
This document discusses various topics related to earthwork construction including:
1. Definitions of bank cubic yards, loose cubic yards, and compacted cubic yards and how they relate to soil volume changes during excavation and compaction.
2. Methods for calculating swell, shrinkage, load factors, and shrinkage factors to account for soil behavior during earthwork calculations.
3. Traditional and modern methods for calculating earthwork volumes for sitework, highways, and trenches using grids, cross sections, and software.
4. Key factors that influence soil compaction including moisture content, compactive effort, lift thickness, and compaction methods.
Geom 5point5
The document discusses theorems and properties related to triangles, including:
1) The triangle inequality theorem states that the sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the length of the third side.
2) If one side of a triangle is longer than another, the angle opposite the longer side is larger than the angle opposite the shorter side.
3) The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is greater than the measure of either of the two nonadjacent interior angles.
Internal loadings
The document describes a construction crane with a beam ABCD attached to a column by a cable and pulley system. It provides a free body diagram of the crane and asks to calculate the tension in the cable at point C and determine the internal forces in the beam cross section at point a-a. The given information is used to set up static equilibrium equations to solve for the unknown internal forces.
Lecture 04 angle corrections
1. A satellite station S was set up 12.10 m from station C inside triangle ABC, as C was a church spire and could not be occupied.
2. The angle CSA was measured to be 135°40'30" and angle ASB was 71°29'30".
3. Lengths AC and BC were 2511 m and 1894 m respectively.
4. Using the formula that relates the satellite station offset to the measured angles, the corrections for angles CSA and ASB were calculated.
5. The corrected angles were then used to calculate the angle ACB according to the formula for angles of a triangle.
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Similar to Layout and Grade task sheet
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This document discusses construction surveying techniques for setting out buildings, roads, pipelines and other structures based on site plans. It describes establishing horizontal and vertical control points, then setting secondary and detail points to mark locations of features. Batter boards are used to temporarily reference building corners by stretching string lines between boards. For pipelines, offset stakes and batter boards give line and grade, with the string line run directly over the pipe centerline. An example problem outlines field steps to lay out a sewer from a house to an existing manhole based on given flow line elevations and minimum slope requirements.
levelling and contouring
Leveling is a surveying technique used to determine differences in elevation between points. It involves measuring vertical angles and distances to establish spot elevations across an area. There are two main methods - direct and indirect. Direct contouring involves marking points along contour lines in the field, while indirect contouring uses spot elevations from which contours are interpolated on a map. Common techniques include using a level, staff, and plane table or theodolite to obtain elevations and positions of points, which are then contoured. Leveling is important for engineering projects to design facilities and earthworks efficiently based on terrain.
lecture_1a.ppt
The document discusses triangulation surveying. It begins by explaining that a triangulation system consists of a series of triangles connected by shared sides. It describes the key steps in a triangulation survey, including reconnaissance to select station locations, erecting signals, measuring angles and base lines, and performing computations. It also discusses corrections that must be applied to base line measurements, including for the steel tape's absolute length, temperature, and slope. Sample problems demonstrate computing corrections to determine a base line's true length.
ROAD PROFILING, CROSS SECTION & SETTING OUT SEWER LINE
1. The document describes procedures for conducting road profiling, cross sectioning, and setting out of a sewer line. It involves taking elevation readings along the road centerline at intervals and perpendicular to the centerline on both sides to create a profile and cross sections.
2. Errors that can occur include incorrect staff readings, instrumental errors in the level, and environmental factors like wind and sunlight. Care needs to be taken in setup, focusing, and reading of instruments.
3. The fieldwork involved establishing stations along the road centerline, taking elevation readings, and setting out points for the sewer line and manholes. This allowed plotting of the road profile and cross sections showing changes in elevation.
Profile and Cross-Section - Report
1. The document describes a civil engineering experiment to collect elevation data along a highway through profile leveling and cross-section leveling. Profile leveling provided centerline elevation readings at 20m intervals, while cross-section leveling obtained side elevations at one station.
2. The data collected included station positions, backsight, intermediate, and foresight elevation readings. This was used to plot the profile diagram showing the sloping road elevation, and cross-section diagram showing the center higher than the sides.
3. The conclusion was that the experiment successfully collected the required elevation data to analyze the road profile and cross-section, finding the centerline sloped down and was higher than both road sides at the
sunil.pptx
The document outlines the steps for a highway project which includes:
1) Conducting a reconnaissance survey and investigations to select an alignment for a new 1-1.5 km road between two points, including topographic surveying.
2) Producing a report justifying the selected alignment with geometric designs and drawings of the alignment, longitudinal section, and cross sections.
3) Planning the road network based on efficient traffic operation and minimum costs, and determining development priorities.
4) Conducting engineering surveys of the alignment to obtain profiles and details needed for design.
Tutor l1 setting out
1) There are several methods for accurately setting out and measuring angles on a construction site, including using a builders square, the 3:4:5 method, optical equipment, and satellite navigation.
2) Setting out a rectangular building involves establishing corner points and boundary lines, measuring lengths and checking for square corners using the building diagonals.
3) Temporary corner profiles are erected and marked with setting out lines to aid in transferring measurements underground once excavation is complete.
Tutor l1 setting out
1) There are several methods for accurately setting out and measuring angles on a construction site, including using a builders square, the 3:4:5 method, optical equipment, and satellite navigation.
2) Setting out a rectangular building involves establishing corner points and boundary lines through measuring, squaring, and checking diagonals to ensure 90 degree angles.
3) Correct building levels must be established, often by transferring a level from a site datum point, and then all four corners are built up to the same level, such as the damp proof course level.
Tutor l1 setting out
1) There are several methods for accurately setting out and measuring angles on a construction site, including using a builders square, the 3:4:5 method, optical equipment, and satellite navigation.
2) Setting out a rectangular building involves establishing corner points and boundary lines, measuring lengths and checking for square corners using the building diagonals.
3) Temporary corner profiles are erected and marked with setting out lines to aid in transferring measurements underground once excavation is complete.
Unit 1
Surveying is the measurement of positions and distances to the earth's surface. It is important for civil engineering projects as all planning, design, and construction is based on surveying measurements. Chain surveying is the simplest surveying method and involves measuring distances in the field without taking angular measurements. Key steps in chain surveying include reconnaissance, marking stations, running survey lines, and taking offsets to locate details. The principle is to divide the area into a network of triangles which can then be plotted from field measurements.
Abijit sharma 201818510 survey report
1. The document summarizes a survey camp conducted by students to perform topographical and leveling surveys. Total stations and auto levels were used to collect elevation data and create maps.
2. Topics covered include an introduction to surveying principles and objectives, descriptions of total stations and their functions, the leveling process, and methods for reducing elevation data.
3. The leveling survey was conducted to establish relative heights of points and develop maps showing ground configurations, while the topographical survey used a total station to determine point coordinates and depict terrain features on a map.
Survey camp report main (2nd) Part
This document summarizes techniques for topographic surveying, including linear measurement, theodolite traversing, and methodology. Linear measurement is used to determine distances between stations by ranging with rods. Theodolite traversing establishes control points by measuring angles and distances between stations to form a traverse. Methodology includes reconnaissance to plan station positions, traversing to connect lines of sight and measure angles and lengths, and measuring horizontal and vertical angles with a theodolite at each station.
Unit 5
Engineering surveys are conducted to determine quantities and collect data for designing engineering works like roads and railways. There are three main types of engineering surveys: reconnaissance surveying, preliminary surveying, and final location surveying. Reconnaissance surveying involves studying maps and aerial photography to evaluate potential routes and select the most suitable alternatives. Preliminary surveying involves more detailed study of a selected route, including establishing levels and recording topography. Final location surveying permanently establishes the centerline and collects all necessary information for construction plans.
Chain Surveying 2020.ppt
This document discusses chain surveying methods. It begins by defining land surveying and its purposes. It then describes the two main methods of surveying - triangulation and traversing. Chain surveying is introduced as a simpler method that uses triangulation but measures sides directly without angles. Key aspects of chain surveying covered include survey stations, base lines, check lines, tie lines, and taking offsets. The document provides details on setting out right angles and booking field notes. Chain surveying is performed through reconnaissance, marking stations, reference sketches, running survey lines, and locating details using offsets.
handbook of civil engineering
1. The document discusses surveying and civil engineering materials. It covers topics like surveying principles and measurements, civil engineering materials like bricks and cement, and components of buildings like foundations, beams, and roofs.
2. It also covers mechanical engineering topics like the working principles of different power plants, internal combustion engines, and refrigeration and air conditioning systems.
3. Surveying is defined as measuring distances and angles to determine locations on earth. It can be plane surveying which neglects curvature or geodetic surveying which accounts for curvature using spherical trigonometry. Common surveying equipment includes chains, tapes, ranging rods, and compasses.
Location survey for the Rural and urban areas
The document discusses location surveys that are carried out in rural and urban areas for transportation engineering projects. In rural areas, location surveys typically involve three stages - reconnaissance survey, preliminary line survey, and location survey. These aim to evaluate feasible routes and select the best route. In urban areas, the reconnaissance and preliminary surveys are often combined due to the complex environment. Final location surveys in both rural and urban areas precisely establish the project centerline and collect physical data needed for construction plans.
LEVELING AND CONTOURING
Leveling is a surveying technique used to determine differences in elevation between points. It involves measuring vertical distances between a fixed benchmark and other points using a leveling instrument, leveling rod, and trigonometric leveling. There are two main methods for leveling - the height of instrument method and rise and fall method. Leveling is used to establish elevations, construct contour maps, and determine cut/fill volumes for engineering projects.
surveying Work methodology
The document outlines the methodology for conducting a topographical survey of a site. It involves establishing horizontal and vertical controls by installing benchmarks and conducting traverse and leveling surveys. A topographic survey of the entire site will then be conducted, including cross-sectional surveys at intervals and measuring all ground features. Road layout and excavations will also be surveyed and marked. The benchmarks installed will serve as permanent reference points for construction stakeout activities.
ABC Report - 123 (gathered with reference)
1. The document summarizes a fieldwork report on traversing conducted by 4 students at Taylor's University Lakeside Campus. They measured angles and distances between stations A, B, C, and D in the campus parking lot using a theodolite.
2. The data collected was used to calculate angular errors, azimuths, latitudes, departures, and station coordinates. The total misclosure error was within an acceptable range.
3. Through this fieldwork, the students gained experience using traversing instruments like theodolites and were able to obtain accurate measurements and calculate results. It provided valuable practical lessons that will benefit their future work.
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ROAD PROFILING, CROSS SECTION & SETTING OUT SEWER LINE
Layout and Grade task sheet
- 1. Layout/Grade Specialist Duties GPS Level/Philadelphia Rod 1. Layout stations and property lines with spray paint 2. Use a line to show pipe layers/ trench excavator where pipe will be going and approximate elevation of bottom of gravel 3. Locate sidewalk and edge of pavement 4. Use locator to make gas lines and other services 5. Locate MH and catch basin locations and mark it out 6. Find road grade Left EP, Crown, Right EP (sub base, Gran B, top of road). 7. Setting of fire hydrants. 1. Check sub grade, B grade etc 2. Check top of pipe to ensure pipe is on proper grade 3. Use to set man hole and catch basins 4. When checking road grade, give operator an indication with spray paint the approximate elevation required. Keep daily progress recorded and have inspector sign off on daily basis if possible. Record any rock excavation or tree stump removal for each day Record services (City & Private) for each address under which date it was done. Need pipe type and pipe size for all services for the address. Approximate locations (station) recorded. Record Manhole and Catch basin information and approximate locations after being set Record length of mainlines from centre of one manhole to the next. Type of pipe and size of pipe need to be recorded as well. Ensure construction site is walk able for pedestrians. Ensure temporary sidewalk is set. No garbage is left in trenches. Finding HI: Use known benchmark (can get this from drawings or Owner), set up equipment and take shot to find back sight. To get Height of Instrument = Benchmark + Backsight (Need to find this every time instrument is set up and moved. *Need this for daily elevation calculations and checks. Distance from MH: Use GPS to find the distance from middle of manhole to current location or use stationing to find length for top of pipe calculations. Top of Pipe Readings: *Try to do at every station (within 10 metres apart generally). Calculate what elevation should be before using level and rod to find what it is at. Have your station “zero” information handy at all times. This is the information from the reference man hole. Need exact station, top of pipe and length from location to manhole.
- 2. Station “Zero” – Man Hole #1 Location Top of pipe – 3.674 STN 3+684.1 L=19.52 m Invert of pipe: 0.41m EX. HI 98.746 Grade of Pipe 0.98% 0.0098 STN LENGTH GRADE TP (THEO) TP(ACTUAL) ELEV. INVERT ELEV. 0 3+684.1 0.0098 3.674 95.072 94.662 3+703.62 19.52 0.0098 3.482 *TAKE SHOT* 95.264 95.674 Theoretical Top of Pipe = (TP Actual @ STN Zero) – (Length * Grade) *Take shot with rod and level to see if close to grade* *Find elevations from actual top of pipe reading* Finding Grade for Roadway: Proposed Elevation - HI– depth down in road (from drawing) *dependent on drawing elevations* Used to find Granular “B” and sub base elevations Left EP: ____________ Crown: _____________ @ STN ________ Right EP: ____________ *Do for even stations* Catch basins Left: Top of Grade (elevation), Bottom of bed (# on rod), Bottom of Gravel (# on rod) Right: Top of Grade (elevation), Bottom of bed (# on rod), Bottom of Gravel (# on rod)
- 3. Manhole Information: (Typical for payment and Owner) Sump = 0.221 MH ex = 95.084 TR = 95.359 Cut 0.275 1.24 m3 Root STM MH #4598 *Get catch basin and man hole information from manufacture label on them. Bottom of bed elev. Bottom of gravel elev. Find elev. Based on local and measurements to find bottom of bed, add approx. 15 cm to bottom of gravel.