Law of thermodynamics or food chain JNVU
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SIMPLE AND EASY LANGUAGE WITH WITH MORE ATTRACTIVE COLOUR BASED ON TOPIC OF SIDE.. AND CLEAR PICTURES OF FOOD CHAIN AND FOOD WEB.
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This document discusses energy flow through ecosystems. It begins by explaining photosynthesis and how plants use energy from the sun to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water. Producers, like plants, use this energy primarily for themselves through cellular respiration. Consumers cannot produce their own energy and obtain it by eating producers or other consumers. This transfer of energy between trophic levels can be represented by food chains or energy pyramids, which show that the amount of available energy decreases at each level. Food webs illustrate the complex interconnected feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem.
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The document discusses energy flow through ecosystems. It explains that:
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When organisms consume other organisms, only a fraction of the energy is transferred between trophic levels. A zebra obtains less than 100% of the grass's energy, and a lion obtains less than 100% of the zebra's energy. On average, only about 10% of the energy at one trophic level passes to the next level. Energy moves through an ecosystem in food chains from producers to primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers, and then to decomposers. Food webs are more complex than food chains, involving multiple predator-prey relationships. Ecological pyramids illustrate the decrease in biomass and numbers of organisms at higher trophic levels in a ecosystem.
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1) Food chains and webs describe the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem, with producers like plants at the bottom and various consumers at higher trophic levels.
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A food chain shows how organisms obtain energy and nutrients by consuming other organisms. Food chains begin with autotrophs, like plants, that produce their own food. Herbivores then eat the plants, and carnivores eat the herbivores or other carnivores. This continues with increasing trophic levels until reaching top predators with no natural predators. At each level some energy is lost, with decreasing amounts of energy being passed to higher levels.
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1) Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy that powers life on Earth. It produces oxygen as a byproduct and begins the carbon cycle.
2) Only about 1-2% of the sunlight that hits a forest is used by living organisms, with the rest warming the environment or being reflected.
3) Energy is lost at each trophic level as it moves through a food chain according to the 10% rule, limiting the length of food chains to 4-5 levels. Omnivores can access multiple trophic levels.
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A food chain shows how organisms obtain energy and nutrients by consuming other organisms. Food chains begin with autotrophs, like plants, that produce their own food. Herbivores then eat the plants, and carnivores eat the herbivores or other carnivores. This continues with increasing trophic levels until reaching top predators with no natural predators. At each level some energy is lost, with decreasing amounts of energy being passed to higher levels.
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3) Energy is lost at each trophic level as it moves through a food chain according to the 10% rule, limiting the length of food chains to 4-5 levels. Omnivores can access multiple trophic levels.
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ecosystem of environment.
An ecosystem can be visualised as a functional unit of
nature, where living organisms interact among themselves
and also with the surrounding physical environment.
Ecosystem varies greatly in size from a small pond to a
large forest or a sea. Many ecologists regard the entire
biosphere as a global ecosystem, as a composite of all
local ecosystems on Earth. Since this system is too much
big and complex to be studied at one time, it is convenient
to divide it into two basic categories, namely the
terrestrial and the aquatic. Forest, grassland and desert
are some examples of terrestrial ecosystems; pond, lake,
wetland, river and estuary are some examples of aquatic
ecosystems. Crop fields and an aquarium may also be
considered as man-made ecosystems.An ecosystem can be visualised as a functional unit of
nature, where living organisms interact among themselves
and also with the surrounding physical environment.
Ecosystem varies greatly in size from a small pond to a
large forest or a sea. Many ecologists regard the entire
biosphere as a global ecosystem, as a composite of all
local ecosystems on Earth. Since this system is too much
big and complex to be studied at one time, it is convenient
to divide it into two basic categories, namely the
terrestrial and the aquatic. Forest, grassland and desert
are some examples of terrestrial ecosystems; pond, lake,
wetland, river and estuary are some examples of aquatic
ecosystems. Crop fields and an aquarium may also be
considered as man-made ecosystems.An ecosystem can be visualised as a functional unit of
nature, where living organisms interact among themselves
and also with the surrounding physical environment.
Ecosystem varies greatly in size from a small pond to a
large forest or a sea. Many ecologists regard the entire
biosphere as a global ecosystem, as a composite of all
local ecosystems on Earth. Since this system is too much
big and complex to be studied at one time, it is convenient
to divide it into two basic categories, namely the
terrestrial and the aquatic. Forest, grassland and desert
are some examples of terrestrial ecosystems; pond, lake,
wetland, river and estuary are some examples of aquatic
ecosystems. Crop fields and an aquarium may also be
considered as man-made ecosystems.An ecosystem can be visualised as a functional unit of
nature, where living organisms interact among themselves
and also with the surrounding physical environment.
Ecosystem varies greatly in size from a small pond to a
large forest or a sea. Many ecologists regard the entire
biosphere as a global ecosystem, as a composite of all
local ecosystems on Earth. Since this system is too much
big and complex to be studied at one time, it is convenient
to divide it into two basic categories, namely the
terrestrial and the aquatic. Forest, grassland and desert
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Ecosystem PPT_735_compressed.pptx
This document discusses ecology and ecosystems. It defines ecology as the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. An ecosystem is defined as a group of interacting organisms and their environment. Key components of an ecosystem include biotic factors like plants, animals and microbes, and abiotic factors like sunlight, water and nutrients. Energy flows through ecosystems via food chains and webs with plants as producers, herbivores as primary consumers, and carnivores and decomposers at higher trophic levels. Ecosystems recycle nutrients and allow continual exchange of matter and energy flow.
Ecosystem PPT_735_compressed.pptx
This document defines key concepts in ecology including ecology, ecosystem, and food chains/webs. It begins by explaining that ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. An ecosystem consists of both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components that interact. Food chains represent the transfer of energy as organisms eat each other, while food webs illustrate the interconnected food chains in an ecosystem. Together, food chains and webs allow energy to flow and matter to cycle through the ecosystem.
Biosphere fc-fw
The biosphere encompasses all life on Earth and its environments. Ecology is the study of relationships between organisms and their environment. The biosphere contains interconnected levels of organization from the global biome level down to populations and individuals within ecosystems. Ecosystem diversity is determined by factors like size, latitude, and available energy from primary producers like plants. Ecologists study ecosystems through observation, experimentation, and modeling of energy flow and food webs.
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The document discusses key concepts about energy flow in ecosystems including food chains, food webs, trophic levels, and energy pyramids. It defines producers as organisms that produce their own food (e.g. plants), consumers as organisms that consume other organisms, and decomposers as organisms that break down dead organic matter. The document provides examples of food chains and webs and explains how energy decreases at each trophic level and is lost as heat between levels in an energy pyramid.
Ecosystems
This document discusses ecosystems and their components. It defines an ecosystem as consisting of both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components that interact in a particular environment. It then describes different types of ecosystems like forest, grassland, aquatic, and artificial ecosystems. The key components of ecosystems discussed are producers, consumers, decomposers, and reducers. Energy flow through ecosystems is also summarized, along with the concepts of food chains, food webs, and ecological pyramids. Specific examples of aquatic, forest, and desert ecosystems are provided.
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Ecosystemenergyflowpart2 111005093440-phpapp01 (2)
Ecosystemenergyflowpart2 111005093440-phpapp01 (2)
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Law of thermodynamics or food chain JNVU
- 1. Jai Narain Vyas University Zoology department M.Sc 2nd semester 2017 Law of thermodynamics or Food chain Submitted by Bharat Nogia
- 2. Fundamentals Of Ecology • Oikos – environment , logs- study • Ecosystem- A.G. Tansley (1935) • Ecology –Ernst Haeckel • “A basic and functional ecological unit which includes all biotic and abiotic components of a given area and involves their mutual interaction”
- 3. Law of thermodynamics 1st law of thermodynamics- According to this law ‘ energy can’t be created and can’t be destroyed it can be transferred from one form to another. 2nd law of thermodynamics- ‘ The entrophy of isolated system always increases’ Energy flow is alwas unidirectional .
- 4. 10 % energy transfer law A large amount of energy is lost at each trophic level, during its flow. It is estimated that 80-90 % of the energy is lost at each trophic level . only about 10% energy is transferred fro one level to the next level.
- 5. Food chain • ‘The chain of organism (at different trophic level), in which organism are linked together for their food requirement , is called food chain’. • Food chain can better be expressed as ‘ a sequence of eaters, being eaten’
- 7. What’s in a Food Chain? • Producers • Consumers • Decomposers
- 8. Producers • They convert this energy to into chemical energy by photosynthesis. • They work as transducer so ‘zsigmondy’ also called it transducers • SUN is ultimate source of energy. 6CO2+12H2O SUNLIGHT C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O
- 9. Three Types of Consumers • Herbivores • Carnivores • Omnivores
- 10. Herbivores • Animals who eat plants such as: –grasshoppers –rabbits –squirrels –deer –pandas
- 11. Carnivores • Animals who only eat other animals such as: –tigers –lions –hawks –wolves –cougars
- 12. • Animals who eat both plants and animals such as: –humans –bears Omnivores
- 13. • A food chain in an ecosystem represents the flow of energy and matter. It can be shown as below. Secondary consumer Primary consumer Producers Teritiary consumer
- 14. Food web • In an ecosystem islolated food chain does not exist. Their ia an interconnection of various food chains in ecosystem. • This is interconnection of many food chains. • A food web express the pettern of energy and nutrients flow.
- 15. Food web
- 16. References • Conceptual biology ( Agrawal)
- 17. Thank You