This document provides an overview of writing technical papers using LaTeX and managing references. It discusses LaTeX document structure, basic elements of a technical paper like title, abstract, sections, lists, tables, figures, and equations. It also covers labels and cross-referencing, references and citations, and managing references using BibTeX and JabRef. The document is part of a campus lecture series aimed at training researchers in necessary technologies and tools.

1. Writing a Technical Paper using LATEX and Managing
References
Komala Anamalamudi
Research Officer, RRC
Madanapalle Institute of Technology& Science, Madanapalle
15 April 2015
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2. Know Thy Program
Campus Lecture Series
Objective: To train the researchers in necessary technologies and tools
Target Audience: Ph.D scholars, Faculty and PG students
Started in March, 2015 with a lecture on MATLAB for Numerical
Methods
Thanks to Dr.Suryanarayana Raju Pakalapati
Every month with a Promising topic
This month’s topic: on LATEX...
Upcoming Lectures
Statistics for Researchers
Research Methodology
Mathematical Modeling
Writing Science in plain English
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3. Outline
Introduction to LATEX
LATEX Vs. Word
Software needed to work with LATEX
LATEX Document Structure
Basic Elements of a Technical Paper
Title
Abstract
Sections
List Structures
Tables
Figures
Equations
Labels and Cross-referencing
References and Citation
Managing References
Using BibTeX
Using JabRef
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4. Introduction to LATEX
LaTeX is a macro package based on TeX
It is created by Leslie Lamport in 1985
TeX is a programming language developed by Donald Knuth in 1977
to typeset documents
TeX represents the Greek letters τ, , χ and τ χ means art and craft
Programming in TeX is cumbersome
* Comprehensive TeX Archive Network(CTAN- www.ctan.org)
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5. LATEX Vs. Word
LATEX Word
WYSIWYM WYSIWYG
Logical Design Visual Design
We need to know necessary commands Need not know necessary com-
mands
We don’t see the final version of the
document while editing
We can always see
Focus on structure and content Focus on superficial layout issues
The layout, fonts, tables and so on are
consistent throughout the document
Not consistent
Mathematical formulae can be easily
typeset
Difficult
Indexes, footnotes, citations and
references are generated easily
References Menu
Suitable for Complex Documents and
Scientific Papers
Letters and Memos
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6. Software needed to work with LATEX
TeX Distribution Operating System
TeX Live Linux, Mac OS X, Windows
MacTeX Mac OS
MiKTeX Windows
Let us install
MiKTeX 2.9
Default Editor is TeXworks
TeXMaker
IDE to work with LaTeX in Windows/Linux
Provides : auto-completion of commands, spell check, macros
JabRef 2.10
A GUI based reference management system
Default reference management system is BibTeX
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7. How does it work? I
LaTeX document contains text and commands. Commands begin
with . It works like HTML. HTML uses browser to publish where as
LaTeX uses compiler.
The input to LaTeX compiler is the .tex file and the output is DVI or
PS or PDF document.
The commands in the source file tell LaTeX how to typeset the text.
Let us start with LaTeX
1 Open TeXworks
2 Type the following code:
documentclass{article}
begin{document}
Hello World!
end{document}
3 Save the file with name first.tex
4 Run the file(i.e Execute through the pdfLaTeX compiler)
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8. How does it work? II
5 A pdf document with the name first.pdf will be generated and some
intermediate files would be generated
Typesetting using LaTeX is like programming. The steps
involved:a) creating the source file;b) compile/execute;c) generating
the output.
If anything breaches syntax rules, errors would be generated.
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9. Document Structure I
documentclass{...}
usepackage{...}
begin{document
. . .
end{document}
The part of the text preceding begin{document} is called preamble.
It contains commands that apply to the whole document
documentclass
Syntax: documentclass[options]{class}
Example:documentclass[11pt,a4paper,twocolumn]{article}
Some classes are:
article
IEEEtran
report
book
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10. Document Structure II
letter
beamer
usepackage
is used to include additional packages and enhance capabilities of
basic LaTeX
Syntax: usepackage[options]{package}
usepackage{package1,package2,package3}
Example: usepackage{color}
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11. Basic Elements of a
Technical Paper
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12. Title I
Almost all the documents start with title, author. This is called top
matter in general.
Example 1:
begin{document}
title{How to Structure a LaTeX Document}
author{Andrew Roberts}
date{December 2004}
maketitle
end{document}
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13. Title II
Example 2:
title{How to Structure a LATEX Document}
author{Andrew Roberts
School of Computing,
University of Leeds,
Leeds,
United Kingdom,
LS2 1HE
texttt{andyr@comp.leeds.ac.uk}}
date{today}
maketitle
(is a forced line break)
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14. Abstract
A pre-defined command begin{abstract} is available for article and
report classes.
Example:
documentclass{article}
begin{document}
begin{abstract}
Your abstract goes here...
...
end{abstract}
...
end{document}
If you want to rename the heading to Summary, give
renewcommand{abstractname}{ Summary}
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15. Sections I
LaTeX provides 7 levels of depth in defining sections.
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16. Sections II
Example:
section{Introduction}
This sections content...
section{Structure}
This sections content...
subsection{Top Matter}
This subsections content...
subsubsection{Article Information}
This subsubsections content...
To avoid numbering for sections, use
section*{Introduction}
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17. List Structures I
Three types of lists:(a)Enumerate(b)Itemize(c)Description
Syntax:
begin{list type}
item The first item
item The second item
item The thirdldots
end{list type}
Example 1:
begin{enumerate}
item The first item
item The second item
item The thirdldots
end{enumerate}
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18. List Structures II
Example 2:
begin{itemize}
item The first item
item The second item
item The thirdldots
end{itemize}
Example 3:
begin{description}
item[First] The first item
item[Second] The second item
item[Third] The thirdldots
end{description}
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19. List Structures III
Nested Lists:
begin{enumerate}
item The first item
begin{enumerate}
item Nested item 1
item Nested item 2
end{enumerate}
item The second item
item The third etc ldots
end{enumerate}
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20. List Structures IV
Inline lists:
usepackage{paralist}
% ...
begin{document}
textbf{ Inline lists}, which are sequential in nature, just like
enumerated lists, but are begin{inparaenum}item formatted within
their paragraph;item usually labelled with letters; and item usually
have the final item prefixed with emph{and} or emph{or}
end{inparaenum} like this example. ...
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21. Tables I
Tables are used to represent tabular information.
In LaTeX figures and tables are aligned at the beginning of a page or
end of page or in a new page where only figures and tables are there.
Example 1:
begin{table}
begin{tabular}{|l |l |}
hline
textbf{TeX Distribution}&textbf{Operating System}hline
TeX Live& Linux, Mac OS X, Windowshline
MacTeX& Mac OShline
MiKTeX&Windowshline
end{tabular}
end{table}
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22. Tables II
Example 2:
begin{table}
caption{A sample table}
label{t:sample}
begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
hline
multicolumn{2}{|c|}{ITEM}&multicolumn{1}{|c|}{PRICE}hline
pens& dozen & 100hline
pencils&dozen& 90hline
end{tabular}
end{table}
Online tools to create complex tables; Embed the code in source file
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23. Figures
Pictures can be drawn in LaTeX using picture environment.
To include readily available pictures into LaTeX document, we can
use the command
includegraphics[options]{image-name}
For this, give usepackage{graphicx} in the preamble
Example:
begin{figure}
includegraphics[scale=0.5]{mits}%mits.png is in current directory
caption{Logo}
label{f:ml}% for referencing
end{figure}
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24. Equations I
Typesetting mathematics is one of LaTeX’s greatest strengths.
Useful Packages
amsmath
mathtools
* mathtools package is superior to amsmath package.
Math Mode Environments
1 $ Formula $
2 ( Formula )
3 [ Formula ]
4 begin{math} Formula end{math}
5 begin{displaymath} Formula end{displaymath}
6 begin{equation} Formula end{equation}
7 begin{eqnarray} Formula end{eqnarray}
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25. Equations II
Try to produce this:
axˆ 2+bx+c=0
Try to produce this:
s=ut+frac{1}{2}atˆ 2
Try to produce this:
r=frac{-bpm{sqrt{bˆ 2-4ac}}}{2a}
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26. Equations III
Try this:
nu(t)=RI[1-expleft (-{frac{t}{tau {m}}} right )]
Try this:
nu(t)=nu {r}expleft (-frac{t-t {0}}{tau {m}} right
)+frac{R}{tau {m}}int {0}ˆ {t-t {0}}expleft (
-frac{s}{tau {m}} right )I(t-s)ds
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27. Labels and Cross-Referencing
An important feature in LaTeX is cross-referencing
We can reference almost anything that is numbered(Sections, tables,
figures, formulas etc.,).
The commands used for this are:
label{marker}
The object to be referenced will be given a name
ref{marker}
The object marked can be referenced
pageref{marker}
Prints the number of page where the object is.
Activity:
Label all the objects you created until now ; write a paragraph of
plain text; reference the objects in the paragraph
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28. References/Bibliography and Citation I
It’s a common practice to include references in to the the document
that pertains to academic/research writing.
LaTeX follows two types of bibliography management
systems:Embedded and External Systems.
In embedded system, references are added at the end of the
document using thebibliography environment.
In external system, references are stored in an external file database
and would be linked to the LaTeX document.
BibTeX is the reference storage system that comes with LaTeX.
We can also use tools such as JabRef, Mendeley for this.
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29. References/Bibliography and Citation II
Example:
begin{thebibliography}{9}
bibitem{lamport94}
Leslie Lamport,
emph{LaTeX: A Document Preparation System}.
Addison Wesley, Massachusetts,
2nd Edition, 1994.
end{thebibliography}
Citation:
To cite a particular reference, cite{cite-key} is to be used where ever
it is necessary.
Ex: cite{lamport94}
Multiple Citations:
cite{cite-key1, cite-key2, cite-key3}
nocite{cite-key} can be used to include the reference but not to cite
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30. Managing References I
By using BibTeX, we can store references in a database file.
BibTeX database is stored as a .bib file.
To store the references in a separate database file, we should be clear
with the type each reference/bibliography item.
The BibTeX file would contain a list of references. Each item starts
with type. type indicates type of the bibliography item such as
book, article, conference
Example:
@article{greenwade93,
author = ”George D. Greenwade”,
title = ”The {C}omprehensive {T}ex {A}rchive{N}etwork
({CTAN})”,
year = ”1993”,
journal = ”TUGBoat”,
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31. Managing References II
volume = ”14”,
number = ”3”,
pages = ”342- -351”
}
Entry Type Required Fields Optional Fields
article author, title, journal,
year
volume, number, pages, month,
note
book author/editor, title, pub-
lisher, year
volume/number, series, ad-
dress,edition, month, note
booklet title author, howpublished, address,
month, year, note
conference author, title, booktitle,
year
editor, volume/number, series,
pages, address, month, organi-
zation,publisher, note
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32. Managing References III
Entry Type Required Fields Optional Fields
inbook author/editor, title,
chapter and/or pages,
publisher, year
volume/number, series, type,
address, edition, month, note
incollection author, title, booktitle,
publisher, year
editor, volume/number, series,
type, chapter, pages, address,
edition,month, note.
inproceedings author, title, booktitle,
year
editor, volume/number, series,
pages, address, month, organi-
zation,publisher, note
manual title author, organization, address,
edition, month, year, note
mastersthesis author, title, school, year type (eg. ”diploma thesis”),
address, month, note
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33. Managing References IV
Entry Type Required Fields Optional Fields
misc none author, title, howpublished,
month, year, note
phdthesis author, title, year, school address, month, keywords, note
proceedings title, year editor, volume/number, series,
address, month, organization,
publisher,note
techreport author, title, institution,
year
type, number, address, month,
note
unpublished author, title, note month, year
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34. Linking BibTeX database to LaTeX document
bibliographystyle{plain}
bibliography{sample}
To link multiple files:
bibliography{sample1,sample2,...,samplen}
Activity:
Take 4 references;
put them in .bib file;
link it to your document;
cite them and observe the output.
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35. JabRef
JabRef is a Reference Management tool. It’s a GUI tool developed in
Java
It eases the creation and maintenance of BibTeX files.
It’s so simple to use and is user-friendly.
Let’s start with JabRef...
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36. References
[1] “Latex,” Wikibook.
[2] L. Lamport, “Latex users guide & reference manual: A document
preparation system,” Addison-Wesley Publishing Company,, vol. 67,
p. 78, 1993.
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37. Thank You!
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38. Questions?
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