The Paper tries to unveil the vital actions and counteractions of language and culture upon each other. A language neither can originate nor live without the culture. Language and culture, thus, are inseparable. Language rolls on the concrete passage of time encountering many alike and opposite processes like a culture, de cultures and re culture and gathers moss. Particularly, in post colonial context Odia language encounters some radical changes and reaps new products with respect to words, morphology, prefixes, suffixes and many more things. In post colonial context, we encounter a special kind of language called ‘hybrid language or ‘glocal language. The paper emphasizes the dimensions of language change with a global perspective as well as with local perspectives. Dr. Santosh Kumar Nayak ""Language in Glocal Cultural Context"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23304.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/odia/23304/language-in-glocal-cultural-context/dr-santosh-kumar-nayak
The article entitled Techniques and Gaps in Translation of Cultural Terms is an attempt to find out the techniques adopted in translates in cultural terms an observe gaps in the process of translation. The main purpose of this study has to evaluate the techniques of translation of cultural words and to find out the gaps. For this purpose, the researcher collected cultural terms as corpus of data for the study from Nepali cultural words and the corresponding translated words from the English language. They were categorized them into five different categories. Findings of the study shows that ten different techniques such as literal, addition, deletion, claque, back translation, borrowing, definition are to be found to have been employed in translating cultural words of the novel.
Nowadays, we need to learn how to communicate all over again, just like when we were children. This requires learning language as well as learning behavioral norms for good communication. However, this will be a bit different since we're adults learning how to communicate in someone else's culture, not our own.
Intercultural communication is the verbal and nonverbal interaction between people from different cultural backgrounds. Basically, 'inter-' is a prefix that means 'between' and cultural means… well, from a culture, so intercultural communication is the communication between cultures. Sometimes, this is used to describe a single person trying to interact in a foreign environment but more often, it is a two-way street, where people from both cultures are trying to improve their communication.
Cultural diversity and intercultural/crosscultural communication.Peter Stockinger
A general discussion of the following five topics :
1) The notion of“culture”.
2) The notion of“cultural identity”.
3) Challenges of intercultural (or“cross-cultural”) communication.
4) Typical and recurrent obstacles that impede a successful intercultural communication.
5) How to improve intercultural communication: the question of cultural awareness.
Using a theoretical concept by combining linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism – the
structure of our language; a set of specific selected words influence man’s perception of the world and language
use determines thought and action, data was collected and analysed qualitatively. The aim of the paper is to
illustrate the pertinence of culture in language use and actions with emphasis to explore the contextual symbolic
meanings of specific words in Africa nation states’ quest for peace. Specifically, in this paper we examine
carefully selected and uttered lexis and their significant meanings in Cameroon, South Africa and Uganda. The
results of the study confirmed that words have unique significance in relation to the culture, history and identity
of a particular African people. Words used in the Cameroon context, ‘all is well’, are mostly words of hope and
assurance in a war-free nation. The interpretation of some words, ‘Rhodes must fall’, generate disputes and
lead to violent actions in the search for peaceful and prosperous co-existence in an apartheid ridden country
like South Africa. Certain words of greetings, ‘you still exist’, though a total recall of pain and torture in a
period of turbulence and massacre in Uganda, portray gratitude and delightedness among citizens.
The article entitled Techniques and Gaps in Translation of Cultural Terms is an attempt to find out the techniques adopted in translates in cultural terms an observe gaps in the process of translation. The main purpose of this study has to evaluate the techniques of translation of cultural words and to find out the gaps. For this purpose, the researcher collected cultural terms as corpus of data for the study from Nepali cultural words and the corresponding translated words from the English language. They were categorized them into five different categories. Findings of the study shows that ten different techniques such as literal, addition, deletion, claque, back translation, borrowing, definition are to be found to have been employed in translating cultural words of the novel.
Nowadays, we need to learn how to communicate all over again, just like when we were children. This requires learning language as well as learning behavioral norms for good communication. However, this will be a bit different since we're adults learning how to communicate in someone else's culture, not our own.
Intercultural communication is the verbal and nonverbal interaction between people from different cultural backgrounds. Basically, 'inter-' is a prefix that means 'between' and cultural means… well, from a culture, so intercultural communication is the communication between cultures. Sometimes, this is used to describe a single person trying to interact in a foreign environment but more often, it is a two-way street, where people from both cultures are trying to improve their communication.
Cultural diversity and intercultural/crosscultural communication.Peter Stockinger
A general discussion of the following five topics :
1) The notion of“culture”.
2) The notion of“cultural identity”.
3) Challenges of intercultural (or“cross-cultural”) communication.
4) Typical and recurrent obstacles that impede a successful intercultural communication.
5) How to improve intercultural communication: the question of cultural awareness.
Using a theoretical concept by combining linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism – the
structure of our language; a set of specific selected words influence man’s perception of the world and language
use determines thought and action, data was collected and analysed qualitatively. The aim of the paper is to
illustrate the pertinence of culture in language use and actions with emphasis to explore the contextual symbolic
meanings of specific words in Africa nation states’ quest for peace. Specifically, in this paper we examine
carefully selected and uttered lexis and their significant meanings in Cameroon, South Africa and Uganda. The
results of the study confirmed that words have unique significance in relation to the culture, history and identity
of a particular African people. Words used in the Cameroon context, ‘all is well’, are mostly words of hope and
assurance in a war-free nation. The interpretation of some words, ‘Rhodes must fall’, generate disputes and
lead to violent actions in the search for peaceful and prosperous co-existence in an apartheid ridden country
like South Africa. Certain words of greetings, ‘you still exist’, though a total recall of pain and torture in a
period of turbulence and massacre in Uganda, portray gratitude and delightedness among citizens.
Expression of language, culture and spirituality in world explanatory dictionarySubmissionResearchpa
In article was written about literary meaning of language, culture and spirituality. Here was discussed about their dictionary meaning and meaning of these words in some writers works. by Lolakhon Khamidovna Nigmatova and Gudzina Viktoriya Anatolyevna 2020. Expression of language, culture and spirituality in world explanatory dictionary. International Journal on Integrated Education. 2, 6 (Mar. 2020), 101-105. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i6.126. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/126/124 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/126
Intercultural Communication by Claire KramschParth Bhatt
Intercultural or cross-cultural communication is an interdisciplinary field of research that studies
how people understand each other across group boundaries of various sorts: national, geographical,
ethnic, occupational, class or gender. In the United States it has traditionally been related
to the behavioural sciences, psychology and professional business training; in Europe it is mostly
associated with anthropology and the language sciences. Researchers generally view intercultural
communication as a problem created by differences in behaviours and world views among people
who speak different languages and who belong to different cultures. However, these problems may
not be very different from those encountered in communication among people who share the same
national language and culture.
Ecolinguistics is the study of language is relevant to many other fields of inquiry. Ecolinguistics is the study of language according to the environment it is used in (Derni, 2008).
Language is part of the environment where we live, it is to be speculated in accordance with this environment. And as language enters into almost every aspect of human life, many disciplines dealing with various aspects of human life can be used in correspondence with linguistic study.
Ecolinguistics also investigates the role of language in the development and possible solution of ecological and environmental problems (Fill, 1993 in Al-Gayoni, 2012:28). In the other words ecolinguistics is a study of preservation of linguistic diversity.
Presentation delivered to staff at Bangkok Patana School on 2nd May 2011, based on the findings of a group of staff who met several times in the academic year 2010-11 to explore the importance of intercultural issues in education. Visit http://interculturalism.blogspot.com for more of our findings.
To think about the elements which constitute culture. Differences between attitudes based on culture and on individual personality and how does culture affects communication. To use a visual aid and theoretic input to think about behavioural attitudes and culture.
Presentation by Alison Phipps, University of Glasgow, with Tawona Sitholé (Seeds of Thought), Gameli Tordzro (Pan African Arts Scotland) and Naa Densua Tordzro at the Conference on Languages and Tourism at the Institut für Afrikanistik und Ägyptologie, Universität zu Köln, 30 May 2016
Translation, a Bridge for Cultural Hybridity in a Globalized Literary Worldinventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Expression of language, culture and spirituality in world explanatory dictionarySubmissionResearchpa
In article was written about literary meaning of language, culture and spirituality. Here was discussed about their dictionary meaning and meaning of these words in some writers works. by Lolakhon Khamidovna Nigmatova and Gudzina Viktoriya Anatolyevna 2020. Expression of language, culture and spirituality in world explanatory dictionary. International Journal on Integrated Education. 2, 6 (Mar. 2020), 101-105. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i6.126. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/126/124 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/126
Intercultural Communication by Claire KramschParth Bhatt
Intercultural or cross-cultural communication is an interdisciplinary field of research that studies
how people understand each other across group boundaries of various sorts: national, geographical,
ethnic, occupational, class or gender. In the United States it has traditionally been related
to the behavioural sciences, psychology and professional business training; in Europe it is mostly
associated with anthropology and the language sciences. Researchers generally view intercultural
communication as a problem created by differences in behaviours and world views among people
who speak different languages and who belong to different cultures. However, these problems may
not be very different from those encountered in communication among people who share the same
national language and culture.
Ecolinguistics is the study of language is relevant to many other fields of inquiry. Ecolinguistics is the study of language according to the environment it is used in (Derni, 2008).
Language is part of the environment where we live, it is to be speculated in accordance with this environment. And as language enters into almost every aspect of human life, many disciplines dealing with various aspects of human life can be used in correspondence with linguistic study.
Ecolinguistics also investigates the role of language in the development and possible solution of ecological and environmental problems (Fill, 1993 in Al-Gayoni, 2012:28). In the other words ecolinguistics is a study of preservation of linguistic diversity.
Presentation delivered to staff at Bangkok Patana School on 2nd May 2011, based on the findings of a group of staff who met several times in the academic year 2010-11 to explore the importance of intercultural issues in education. Visit http://interculturalism.blogspot.com for more of our findings.
To think about the elements which constitute culture. Differences between attitudes based on culture and on individual personality and how does culture affects communication. To use a visual aid and theoretic input to think about behavioural attitudes and culture.
Presentation by Alison Phipps, University of Glasgow, with Tawona Sitholé (Seeds of Thought), Gameli Tordzro (Pan African Arts Scotland) and Naa Densua Tordzro at the Conference on Languages and Tourism at the Institut für Afrikanistik und Ägyptologie, Universität zu Köln, 30 May 2016
Translation, a Bridge for Cultural Hybridity in a Globalized Literary Worldinventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This ppt is all about Culture and linguistics relativity that is a part of sociolinguistics' subject.
I hope you would find all your quires here and it will help you alot.
Nowadays, teaching languages has evolved more than ever. This has been the result of many
researches that aimed at simplifying the job of educators and the task of learning. Therefore, in this globalized
world there has been an urgent need to see how language can be taught without threatening the native culture.
In this respects scholars have haggled to find techniques that can help students develop their cultural
awareness. Besides being culturally aware it has been of a great importance to see how language and culture
can mingle in a smooth way so that students can be able to think locally (respect their native culture) but work
globally in a way thatenables them to see both the positive and negative aspects of cultural differences. They
construct their own standpoint by becoming tolerant towards the foreign culture and sovereign to their own.
Exercising Eco-Linguistic Approach in Teaching English: Proposed Conventions for TESOL/TEFL Pedagogy
Dr. Elena Shelestyuk, Chelyabinsk State University, Russia
The linguistic ecology approach to teaching a language entails the preservation of linguistic and cultural diversity. To be legitimized as an international auxiliary language (IAL) for world communication, English should …
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Call for Papers/Ahwaz Conference
Academics and university lecturers are cordially invited to present their research in English, Arabic or Persian:
The Fourth Annual International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
Ahwaz, Iran
1-2 February 2020
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
This paper purports to be a starting point to revisit existing approaches dealing with the origin and spread of languages in the light of the changed circumstances of the Twenty-first century without in any way undermining their applicability across space and time. The origin of spoken languages is intricately and inseparably interwoven and intertwined with the origin of human species as well, and in this paper, we propose a ‘Wholly-independent Multi-Regional hypothesis of the origin of Homo sapiens’ in response to both the highly-controversial and arguably antiquated ‘Out-of-Africa theory’ which we have stridently and vehemently opposed, along with all its protuberances and the contending Multi-Regional Hypothesis as well. The key tenets of this paper are therefore articulated based on this fundamental premise which is likely to upend existing presumptions and paradigms to a significant degree. Having said that, we must hasten to add that the evolutionary biology of language encompassing physical anthropology or genetics and other related areas of study, are wholly outside the purview of this paper. Structural linguistics and semantics are also outside the scope of this paper. In this paper, we examine the origins of spoken and written languages in pre-historic, proto-historic, historic, pre-globalized and post-globalized contexts and propose an ‘Epochal Polygenesis’ approach. As a part of this paper, we also provide a broad overview of early and current theories of the origin and spread of languages so that readers can compare our approaches with already existing ones and analyse the similarities and differences between the two. We propose and define several new concepts under the categories of contact-based scenarios and non-contact based scenarios such as the autochthonous origin of languages, the spread of properties of languages from key nodes, the ‘Theory of linguistic osmosis’ and the need to take historical and political factors into account while analysing the spread of languages. In this paper, we also propose among others, the ‘Theory of win-win paradigms’ and the ‘Net benefits approach’. We also emphasize the need to carry out a diachronic and synchronic assessment of the dynamics of languages spread and propose that this be made a continuous process so that the lessons learnt can be used to tweak and hone theories and models to perfection. This paper is likely to significantly up the ante in favour of a dynamics-driven approach by undermining the relative torpor now observed in this arguably vital sub-discipline and contribute greatly to the rapidly emerging field of language dynamics. We also hope that synchronic linguistics will finally get its due place under the sun in the post-globalised world, and will become a major driving force in linguistics in the Twenty-First Century.
Although language acquisition and language use is innate and inherited, and there is legitimate debate over the extent of this innateness, every individual’s language is “acquired by man as a member of society,” along with and at the same time as other aspects of that society’s culture in which people are brought up. Society and language are mutually indispensable. Language can have developed only in a social setting, however this may have been structured, and human society in any form even remotely resembling what is known today or is recorded in history could be maintained only among people utilizing and understanding a language in common use.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD23304 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 1273
structure and survival. Sapir and Whorf Hypothesis is a very
important in this context. Linguistic relativity and linguistic
determinism are the two significant ingredients in this
regard.
“Words are the most significant tools of cultural symbols.
That is to say, poems, stories, fictions, epics and myths are
the main ingredients and components of a culture in a
society. Myth, Levis Strauss (1976) believes, in a language
expresses universal realities in symbols. On the whole, the
elements of culture are the entirety of socially transmitted
and common behavior patterns, prototypes, samples, arts,
beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work
and thought.” (Mahadi 2012, p.232)
In order to define the symbiosis between culture and
language, C. Geertz in his book “The Interpretation of
Cultures”. (New York: Basic Books. 1973) says that culture
"Interprets symbols through 'thick description'with agoalof
'enlarge the possibility of intelligible discourse between
people quite different from each other.” Culturehasitsmany
manifestations. Religion is one of the products of culture. It
establishes pervasive moods, naturalizes conceptions and
holds the societal system tight. Here, in this context we can
also focus on ‘Sapir and Whorf hypothesis’. (Sapir, 1921;
Whorf, 1956; Berlin and Kay, 1969; Lucy, 1992a, Lucy
1992b; Levinson, 2000; Gilbert, et al. 2008) This hypothesis,
which was propounded by Edward Sapir and was expanded
by Whorf later on, comprises two consistent and unified
ingredients, i.e., linguistic relativity (that determines the
structural, semantic and morphological orientations or
changing nature of foreign language by the structure of
native language) and linguistic determinism(where astrong
model of linguistic determinism is found guided by one’s
native language). ‘Culture’ is moreover close to ‘civilization’.
Some define it as synonymous to civilization. We can recall
the statements of Herder about ‘culture’ with reference to
the society here that: "nothing is more indeterminate than
this word, and nothing is more deceptivethan itsapplication
to all nations and periods" (Williams 1976, p. 79). Sapir-
Whorf hypothesis clearly says that language is the
expression of society and our ‘thought’ which also takes its
dip in the same society. Similarly, the peculiarities,
characteristics, literary terms and specificity of alanguageis
thoroughly guided by the society. Hence, each society
functions as an independent system which produces its
language with complete reference to its own culture.
However, it could not be compared with other language as
the guiding and originating sources are different. Since, the
cultures and traditions of different nations/countries vary
from each other very often we encounter misconceptions
through/in language. In fact, language is a carrier of allthese
things from very early point of time. But in the process of
interaction and exchange a nation may accept the words/
linguistic objects of another nation as it is or with slight
modification or by modifying that ‘linguistic object’
according to own cultural frame. The word or the term that
is much familiar and much easy to understand, implies its
familiarity and closeness with the ‘culture’ or the great
tradition of the concerned nation. Again, Sapir-Whorf
hypothesis emphasizes on the influence of language on
‘thought’ and they more or less agree to this opinion that
memory functions in accordance with the relationship
between language and culture. The language which is well
caught and easily remembered by the brain is that much
close to the cultural matrix of the region. Language is a code
and commonly used expressions are therefore much closer
to us (any member of that society). Hence, cod ability is very
important in this regard and it is not simply a matter of
existence or presence of single-word lexemes. Therefore, the
understanding and speaking of any language is highly
guided/ affected by the factor called ‘nativity’. “Particular
languages are associated historically with particular
cultures; the languages provide the key to the associated
cultures, and especially to their literature; the languages
themselves cannot be fully understood otherwisethaninthe
context of the cultures in which they are inextricably
embedded; subsequently, language and culture are studied
together. It so happens that English and the other major
languages of Europe are, in many respect, highly
unrepresentative of the languages of the world. English, in
particular, has been used in the administration of an empire
of great cultural diversity. It is spoken as a native language
by members of many different ethnic groups and adherents
of many religions, living in many parts of the world. It is
widely employed by anthropologists, missioners and writers
of all kinds, not only in the description of every known
society, but also in novels, plays and etc., which have their
setting in countries and societies in which English is not
normally spoken. The above points indicate that English, to
an even greater extent than other European languages, has
been enlarged and modified by loan-translation in almost
every area of its vocabulary. The correlation between the
semantic structure of English and the cultures of its native
speakers are therefore much morecomplexanddiversethan
are the correlations between language and culture in the
vast majority of human societies.” (Mahadi, p. 234)
Therefore, language, in most of the cases, is contextual and
conditional. Now, the hour in which we are using languages,
are again not pure. These have undergone different
processes of amalgamation and hybridization through
different processes. We are living in a post-colonial era and
using post-colonial languages being post-colonial products
ourselves. It is not only applicable to the commonwealth
countries or the third world nations but also each and every
nation involved in the process of globalization and
international and inter-cultural relation making. Since
language is the vector of culture, by virtue of culture study
and cultural analysis we can measure and ensure about the
diffusion and displacement of cultural elements. Therefore,
“it can be concluded that there is a very close relationship
between language and culture in general, and a specific
language and its culture in particular. That is, culture has a
direct effect on language. In fact, the two issues are closely
correlated and interrelated. Language is the symbolic
presentation of a nation or a specific community. In other
words, language is the symbolic presentation of a culture.”
(Mahadi 2012, p. 234) We encounter very often some
peculiar and crucial cultural drifts in between states and
nations. “Another very curiouscoincidenceisfoundbetween
a myth from the Pelew Islands and several from the North
Pacific coast.” (Boas 1940, p. 444) Similarly, we see various
similarities between Indian (Odishan) folk talesand Russian
folktales. There are few other remarkable similarities found
in between the folk products of Pelew Islands and North
Pacific coast. However, one can easily mark the distinctive
similarities between the cultural aspects of two nearby
places than a farther one.
Multiplex Dimensions of Language Mobility
Language is a complex ‘cross product’ of time and culture. It
is not at all a scalar quantity. It is a vector one since it has a
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD23304 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 1274
specific direction with respect to thechangingdimensionsof
time and socio-cultural praxis. It has proportionate relation
with the time as well as the culture and acts as a Sinusoidal
function [y= a sin (b x +c)]. Sometimes with the elementslike
morpheme, phoneme, word and mytheme etcetera language
behaves as a logarithm function [y = a ln (x) + b]. Language
hardly acts as a linear function but in most of the cases it
behaves typically with certain specialties. Sometimes it
functions like polynomial and/or rational function and in
some other time it functions as an exponential one. Rapid
industrial changes, post-colonial politics and post-modern
philosophy of the society have made the language multi-
directional and multi-divisional. Human language is well
organized and well formed like a sedimentary rock
underneath the sea. The huge ordeal and escapades and
socio-cultural & socio-political passage of experience
motivates the language to take a diversion and to bring
about vicissitude and undergo the processes like
reconstruction, transmutation,modulationpermutationand
metamorphosis.Languagetakesitsshapebytheprocessesof
adopting and shedding various things with reference to its
different aspects like phonetics, phonology, morphology,
syntax, semantics and pragmatics.Languageneedsfollowing
few things in general like: 1. the concept,2.Consciousness, 3.
Theme and context, 4. Selected words and, 5. Selected
morphemes and morphology, 6. Selected and appropriate
sentence and syntax, 7. Appropriate medium, 8. Systematic
phonemes and sounds. The encoder and decoder, bothofthe
participants in a communication process, are the characters
of communication. Language is only a device, a means of
transmitting the emotion and feelings of human being. The
most significant aspect of these facts is both the participants
of communication and the functional device of
communication- both are embedded in cultural matrix.
Language is of the society, by the society and for the society.
Therefore its name is connected to the concerned society,
e.g., French, Chinese, Portuguese, Spanish, Danish, English,
German, Japanese, Odia, and Bengali, Gujarati etceteraofthe
respective geographical area like state or country/nation.
The social form of language is ‘Langue’.
Language is the representative of human consciousness
expressed with collective efforts of the arbitrary sounds
originating from the two different areas of ‘dominant’
brain(left hemisphere) such as Broca’s Area(responsiblefor
speech, speaking and writing) and Wernicke’s Area
(responsible for understanding language). Similarly the
areas like visual cortex and auditory cortex are also
significant in this light. By the process called ‘cortical
stimulation mapping’ we know the speech producingarea of
brain called Broca’s Area.
(Fig.1.1. Showing Broca’s Area in the Human Brain fit
in Human Skull)
Again, minor damage in the particular area may lead to
permanent/ temporary loss of speech of the person and/or
grammatical disorder. Again, this is the area where we
encounter grammatically and culturally coherent sentence
producing capacity.
(Lateral View of Human Brain Pointing Broca’s Area
and Wernicke’s Area)
We often encounter various sulci and gyri in a particular
language during its evolutionary mobility. Disorders and
damages in brain, especially in the concerned area, result in
‘aphasia’. But apart from these internal problems many
external factors are there which cause language to undergo
mutation and evolution for a metamorphosis.
“[…] it is commonly concluded that aside from a few rules of
grammar and pronunciation there is nothing else to explain
about hu8man language. But it turns out that there is a great
deal to explain. If we “step out-side” language and look at it
as an object to be studied and described and not merely
used, we discover an exciting sphere of human knowledge
previously hidden from us.” (Akmajain 2006, p.03)
Language is associated with the Limbic system of our brain
which is the centre of our emotions, learning and memory.
The cingulate gyri, hypothalamus, amygdale and
hippocampus are those significant systems which indirectly
help producing language and in its mobility.
Language in Post-Colonial Glocal Cultural Context
Language is a byproduct of culture and hence, in this so
called post-colonial era it is a post-colonialproductnow.The
processes like a culture, de-culture and re-culture are seen
now-a-days. Post-colonial politics, thus, gets reflectedbythe
amalgamation of multiple local terms, or by the fusion of
multiple local and foreign terms, or by conversion of foreign
terms in the similarity of local terms, or the conversion of
local terms as foreign terms, or by direct assimilation of
foreign terms and addition of the same in the local word
stock etcetera are the various processes we encounter
during this period.
“Culture is also a matter of habit, and it is habit thatbecomes
tradition and tradition that gives risetoculture.Localpeople
begin with habitual actions and go on to create common
stereotypes. Condon further explained that stereotypes
assign group characteristics to individualpurelyonthebasis
of their cultural membership. The culturalstereotypesaffect
how people think, speak, act, and interact withoneanother.”
(1940, p.2)
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Sometimes we see we have lost some cultural fragments or
the cultural unit as a whole. Some other time we encountera
denatured form of culture and similarly we see the fusion of
two different cultures which resultin anew culture.Allthese
three processes have widened thedimensionsof vocabulary,
accent and other linguistic assets of a colonized language.
Words like:
Byron> Baaigana, Shakespeare> shekapiyara, Alexander>
Alksyandra, Sikandar or the terms like:
Goldeniaa (Golden + iaa), Rascalbaaji (Rascal + Baaji),
Mentaaliaa (Mental + Iaa), Professorgiri(Professor+Giri),or
the terms like:
Bottle > Botal[a], Table> Tebul[a], Chair> Chiaar[a], Arm
Chair> Aaraam[a] Chiaar[a], Box> Baaksa, or the terms like
School > /= School, Bag >/= Bag, Bat>/= Bat, Luck >/= Luck,
Lock >/= Lock etcetera
Leonard Bloomfield has pointed out many directions of
language change like: broadening, narrowing, metonymy,
elevation, degradation, euphemism and hyperbole. All these
forms of changes expect various socio-cultural, socio-
political and psychological dimensions of languagemobility.
Language is a subject to change as it is associated with
culture which means appropriate change as per the
requirements of the time. The language which is more
flexible and generous keeps the potency to live more and
more in the head, heart and spirit of people, time and space.
“No human language is fixed, uniform, or unvarying; all
languages show internal variation. Actual usage varies from
group to group, and speaker to speaker, in terms of the
pronunciation of a language, the choice of words and the
meaning of those words, and even the use of syntactic
constructions. To take a well-known example, the speech of
Americans is noticeably different from the speech of the
British, and the speech of the British, and the speechof these
two groups in turn is distinct from the speech of Australians.
When groups of speakers different noticeably in their
language, they are often said to speak differentdialectsof the
language.” (Akmajain 2006, p.275)
The culture inhibits a language in particular in order to
express its private and inherited philosophy. Some
differences may be seen in between British and American
dictions.
BRITISH TERM AMERICAN TERM
Garage Service Station
Vest Undershirt
Grasshopper Happy grass (Virginia)
Darling(Wife) Honey (to spouse)
Telephonist Switchboard operator
Underground Subway
Lift Elevator
Action reply Instant replay
Anti-clockwise Counter clockwise
Biscuit Cookie
Garden Yard; lawn
Zebra crossing Crosswalk
Windscreen Windshield
Walking frame Walker
Verge (of a road) Shoulder
Trolley Shopping cart
Trainers Sneakers
Trading estate Industrial park
Trade union Labor union
Starter Appetizer
Solicitor Lawyer
Sleeping partner Silent partner
Semibreve (in music) Whole note
Ring road Beltway
Recorded delivery Certified mail
These dialectical variations and typical words used for a typical purpose and the difference betweenthetwo languagesclearly
shows that American Culture is more flexible, wide hearted, funny and more informal than that of the British one. Further, in
this case “although the notion of mutual intelligibility seems like a reasonable criterionin definingdialects,thesituationcanbe
considerably complicated by social and political factors.” (Akmajain 2006, p. 279) Therefore, thepeopleofNorthern Chinacan
hardly understand some of the terms of Southern China. Similarly, the case of Odisha, one of the rising and significantstatesof
India, we encounter such problems in between eastern Odisha and Southern Odisha as well as in Western Odisha and vice
versa. ‘Chhenaa’(a milk product-food/ cow dung) term has hell and heaven difference in meaning in between eastern and
western Odisha. The word like ‘Tandraa’ (sleeping /hurried)hasthatkindofproblemin betweeneastern andsouthern Odisha.
“Cultural learning helps us to discover that there are a multitude of ways of viewing the world. Understandingtherelationship
between culture and linguistics will help us to develop instructional strategies and pedagogies for teaching second languages.
In the information driven world, language ability gradually becomes an essentialskill. Accordingto Kramsch(1993),culturein
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language learning is not an expendable skill. For achieving true linguistic comprehension, culture and language should be
learned together. After all, the more cultural concepts welearn,themorelanguageabilitieswegain; themore languagewegain,
the more competitiveness we have.” (1940, p.9) In this process a rigorous exchange of culture has been experienced by both
colonizer and the colonized and in this way English language, with different mechanisms, has harvested some words like:
1. Bungalow (Slightly modified; derived from Hindi word ‘Banglaa’)
2. Loot (Directly absorbed with the same meaning of ‘to Rob’)
3. Bangle (Derived from the word ‘bangri’)
4. Avatar (Directly absorbed from Sanskrit which means ‘incarnation’)
5. Chutney (Directly absorbed; used in most of the Indian languages; mostly in north-eastern languages)
6. Juggernaut (which means a huge, powerful and overwhelming force. ‘Takes its inspiration from Lord Jagannath, a great
cultural symbol of Odisha’)
7. Jungle (Directly absorbed)
8. Punch (Directly absorbed; Derived from original Sanskrit term ‘pancha’ with the complete cultural conceptof17th century
associated with it. At that time a drink had five types of different ingredients and thissocio-culturalphenomenonhas been
accepted as a whole.)
9. Roti (Accepted directly)
10. Dacoit (Slightly modified but used in that particular sense; derived from Hindi word ‘dakait’)
11. Nirvana (directly absorbed and used with equal meaning to ‘salvation’)
Similarly, some other English words could be linked with other Indian terms. e.g.
1. Market- it has link with Kannada
word ‘maaru-kette’ which means
a flat form for (Kette) selling
(Maaru) and buying.
2. Parameter- link with
‘paaramiraaha’ in Sanskrit.
3. I am- Ayam aham
4. Path- Patha
5. Sun- San, Sanaatan, Souru
6. Daughter- Duhitruu
7. Fathere- Pitru/ Pitara
8. Mother- Maatru, Maatara
9. Brother- Bhraatara
10. Navy- Naaba
11. Heart- Hrid, Hrithay
12. Cow- Gow
13. Same- Sama
14. Dual- Dva, Dua
15. Pariah- Para
16. Cave- Cuva, guha
17. No- Nih, naa
18. Youth- Youva
19. Mind- Mana
20. New- Naba
21. Cash- Kassa
22. Van- Vaahaana
23. End- Anth
24. Map-maapa
25. Create- Kri, Krita
26. Cut- Kaat
27. Atttraction- Aakarshion
28. Man- Manva, manu
29. Name-naama
30. Cone, corner- kona
31. Door- dvaar
32. Destiny- distha
33. Divine- divyan, divya
34. Inter-anter
35. Dental-danta
36. Dam-damh
37. Demon-durman
38. Donate-daana, daanath
39. Mid-madhya
40. Dexterous- dakshya
41. School, shoal- shaalaa
42. Prime- parama
43. Sew-siiv, siivyati
44. Snug-sigdha
45. Sugar-sharkaraa
46. Praise- prasanshaa
47. Serpent-sarpa
48. Committee- samiti
49. Gravitation-gurutvaakarshan
50. Serve-sebaa
51. Gravity-gruhati
52. Nose-naasaa
53. Mouth-mukh
54. Shoulder-skandh
55. Hand-hasta
And many terms are there whose socio-linguisticnatureand
cultural importance still exists even after undergoing
phonetic and linguistic metamorphosis and surprisingly
even after centuries and millennia past. This indicates
languages’ interlink and adhesiveness. The Indo-European
family is the biggest ever linguistic family of the world and
hence many of the languages are interrelated to each other
by different means. Similarly, in the multi-cultural and
multi0lingual nation like India, we encounter similar
situations. The case of linguistic exchange and similarity is
seen in between Odisha, Bengal and Assam. The three
languages of these three states are inter-related as because
the origin of these three streams is one and thatis‘Maagadhi
Prakrit’. Again, many of the India languages have absorbed
most of the Sanskrit terms and hence possess a similitude in
between. In fact, this is not hybridity, but it helps a lot and
plays a significant role in blending or in the process of socio-
linguistic amalgamation. It can be concluded herewith that
the ‘generic similitude’ or the resemblance in Phyla, Super-
Class, Class, Sub-Class, Order, Sub-Order etcetera helps a
step ahead in the procedure of ‘specific hybridization’.
Hybridization has its multifold dimensions and facets with
specific modus operandi. But it is true that theprocesseslike
Industrialization, international relations, ruler-ruled/
colonizer-colonized and globalization etcetera relationhave
always been a cause of cultural exchange and linguistic
hybridity. Some hybrid terms in English are here in this
context, e.g. Aquaphobia,Automobile, Hydrophobia,Beatnik,
Biathlon, Bigamy, Bigram, Bioluminescence, Chocoholic,
Claustrophobia, Democide, Divalent, Dysfunction,
Eigenvalue, Electrocution, Eusociality, Genocide, Geo-
Stationary, Hetera-Normative, Heterosexual, Homosexual,
Hexavanent, Hypercreative, Hypertension, Hypervisor,
Liposuction, Macro-Instruction, Mattergy, Mega-Annum,
Meritocracy, Metadata, Micro-Instruction, Microvitum,
Minneapolis, Monoculture, Monolingual, Multigraph,
Neonate, Neuroscience, Neurotransmitter, Nonagon,
Oleomargarine, Pandeism, Periglacial, Polyamory,
Polydeism, Quadraphonic, Quadriplegia, Sociology,
Sociopath, Television, Tonsillectomy, Vexillology, Socio-
Cultural, Geo-Spacial and many more.
Some of the similar Non-English hybrid terms are: bitkhopn-
ist, khamunda-le, kiso-logya, maarav-izatsya, miluim-
nik,(examples of ‘hybrid of Hebrew descent word and non-
semitic descent suffix’); anti-hitnatkut, post-milkhamti, pro-
aravi (hybrids of modern Hebrew and international
prefixes); shababnik (hybrid of Arabik ‘shabaab’ and ‘nik’ of
Yiddish and Russian descent). Some Japanese words may be
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produced with‘Chinese pronunciation’andaccents(on’yomi
from ‘Chinese morphemes’) and some others are
pronounced with ‘Japanese pronunciation’ with ‘Japanese
morphemes’ (kun’ yomi). These are called ‘jubako’ or ‘yuto’.
Specific and well organized pronunciation techniques are
associated with it. These are, therefore, called ‘autological’
words. The first character of jubako is pronounced with
Chinese morpheme/ pronunciation and the second is
pronounced with kun’ yomi, i.e. Japanese pronunciation.
Similarly, the reverse thing happens in ‘yuto’. Some hybrid
terms are there which fall neither under the category of
‘jubako’ nor in the ‘yuto’ category. We can observe the same
thing in Odia language which has widely been affected by
Hindi and English today. The terms like basa> bas, chaala >
chaal, rakha> rakh, utha> uth, kara>kar, and almost all verbs
are affected with this tendency. This also reaps new kind of
meaning or slight deviation in meaning in the term. Because
one gives respect/love and honour to the ‘respondent’while
the next (second) one doesn’t. This is the basicdifference we
feel after this change/ hybridity at accent/ phonetic level.
Language is a potential social institution and it is thoroughly
guided by the concerned society. It is, again, “shaped and
being shaped by the society.” (Armour-Thomas & Gopaul-
McNicol, 1998) Kuo and Li say, “According to the National
Standards for Foreign Language Education project (1996),
students cannot truly master new language until they have
mastered the cultural context in which the new language
occurs. This means that understanding a new culture is an
important element in achieving the success in second
language acquisition.” (2006, pp. 5-6) Language affects
culture and vice versa. Halliday describes the seven
important functions of language which have very close
relation with culture. The different functions are:
Instrumentalfunction,Regulatoryfunction,Representational
function, Interactive function, Personal function, Heuristic
function, and Imaginative function. (Halliday 1973, p. 10)
Therefore, second language learning is more or less a
process of culture learning. “Without culture, we cannot
understand the lives and motivations of others and connect
with their concerns and interests. Culture is inherent in our
being and a powerful human tool to develop our society, add
to our knowledge, and establish the relationships between
people. However, culture is fragile. The traits of culture are
constantly changing and easily lost. If we do not value it, we
will lose it eventually.” (ibid- p. 2-3) Each language is unique
itself with its various elements. Ergo, language changes in its
following four tires like: ‘Phonology/‘Phonetics’which is the
basis of every language and which deals with the sound
system of a language, ‘Semantics’ which involves the
meaning of word patterns and sound patterns and
organization, ‘Grammar’ of a language which is a cross
product of morphology and syntax of a particular language
and the fourth one is ‘Paradigmatics’ which is quite
significant as it deals with the context of the text (language)
and therefore keeps the potency to change the whole
orientation of language.
Hybridity in Music: A Post-Colonial Harvest
Music is also a language like dance and other performingart.
But music is also much closely related to verbal language or
the language related to the human organ of speech. Bruno
Nettle, a professor of anthropology and music at University
of Illinois defines the range of ‘ethnomusicology’ from the
“folk and what used to be called “primitive”, i.e. tribal or
possibly ancient music to “all human music”. (Nettle,pp.2-3)
He states with a deep realization with regard to the
musicologists that “at some level of conceptualization, they
regard all music as equal. Each music, they believe,isequally
an expression of culture, and while cultures may differ in
quality, they are bound to believe in the fundamental
humanity, hence goodness, of all peoples.”(ibid, p.10) The
colonial practices of the colonizers have affected the
colonized people and hence, they are called as the products
of colonialism that are, in fact, giving pace to the wave of
post-colonialism. The colonial wavehasputimmenseimpact
over the economical, societal, political and educational
matrices of the contemporary society. In addition to this,
cultural has manifested them in different societal forms, art,
language, literature and music undergoing transformation
and reconstruction. Different elements when brought
together may repel or fuse or both repulsion and fusion may
occur. Here, form a hybrid product. That product may be a
product of language, literature, philosophy, political idea,
music, dance form or a new kind of culture itself.
Particularly, in the process of mutual interaction, the
diaspora of migrants play a significant role in this process of
socio-cultural-fusion where music and musical instruments
are also coming in contact with each other and participating
in the process of mutual interaction. Thus, structurally and
functionally, we reap a kind of hybrid sound/music which
forms a semi-new world according to nature of the product
and a completely new one as the worldcannotbetrammeled
with the marges of language, land, political territory or any
other boundary. There are three types of motivations found
in the non-western societies which are closely related to
colonization which has given birth to hybrid cultures and
hybrid music thereby. Nettl has welldiscussed marked these
three things in his essay ‘Cultural Grey-Out’. The syndromes
are: “the desire to leave traditional culture intact, survival
without change” (Nettl, 1983, p. 347). Another individual/
societal desire is entire Westernization, “that is, simple
incorporation of a society into the Western culturalsystem.”
(Nettl, 1983, 347) And the third one is very peculiar and
hybrid in nature too which is moderate comparedtothefirst
two and is the stimulation, incitement and rationale of
“modernization,” to which Nettl expounds and explicates as
“the adoption and adaptation of Western technology and
other products of Western culture, as needed,
simultaneously with an insistence that the core of cultural
values will not change greatly and does not match those of
the West” (ibid, p. 348). Since 1960s we encounter a trigger
of change of orientation in cultureand language asareaction
of colonial action. Then only we face a hybrid culture in
music.
Now, in music we found different hybrid instruments where
we see a fusion of the East and the West. In Odisha,
musicians and music directors like Gudly Rath have worked
many more and have amalgamated multiple music/
instruments/ techniques etcetera by fusing two different
cultures. Ritual songs, popular music and many traditional
things have now merged with modern musical elements.
Even Chaangu, Tablaa, Mridanga, Turee and many other
Odishan instruments have been now used with western
instruments like violin, Casio, Cellos, Mandolin, Dobro,
Appalachian dulcimer, hammered dulcimer, autoharp
etcetera. Many instruments like ‘Yothu-Yindi’ have taken
their origin from the Australian aboriginal community or
some other aboriginal communities. In 1970s, an exclusive
aboriginal pop-music group was formed. It was powered by
the business of music industry and trigged success.
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Therefore, the bands like “the Galiwin’ku pop group, Soft
Sands … accommodated familiar Western music styles by
playing a mixture of Country and Western andGospelsongs”
(Stokes 1994, p. 146). It brings a kind of Glocalculturetothis
land. Therefore, we not only encounter, structure, de-
structure and restructure of sounds, music, cultures and
traditions but also we see multiple melting andfusinghearts
of two different hemi-spheres. The “restructuring of song
texts by incorporating a mixture of ritual symbolism and
concern with colonial-hegemony builds further resistance
against European musical values” (Stokes 1994, p. 147). In
musical instruments, on the opposite end of a spectrum we
see another band such as Cibo-Matto which reflects the
fusion of both the cultures of the colonizer and thecolonized.
Thus, we encounter culture as a post-colonial hybrid
product. Since, 1960s, Ravi Shankar is one of the
experimental classical musician who has tried to fuse
classical Indian music with western sounds of Harrison. The
dance tracks like ‘Soundz of the Asian Underground’ are the
perfect examples of this hybrid culture. Singers like Ashwin
Batish and other present Indian singers, directors are well
acquainted with these practices. Batish has show hybridity
with the help of Sitar and Tablas with Synthesizer and
Guitar. The album “When I Was Born for the Seventh Time” is
a significant and conspicuous collection of hybrid musicand
musicology. It not only played a significant role in this field
but also inspired the forthcoming generation with much
hope and possibilities of blending Eastern and Western
matrices of music, musical instruments, languages and
musicological ideas and ideals. Tjinder Singh is one of the
finest examples of those singers who have some hybrid
musical practices. Hesings lyrics in English, Panjabilanguage
with some French linguistic apparatus. Another example of
hybridity is album ‘Lambarena: Bach to Africa’. Similarly, in
Odisha, many singers have experimented in this field
beautifully as they have interacted with multiple cultures
and their music. Ruturaj Mohanty, Sona Mohapatra, Ananya
Sritam Nanda and Sniti Mishra are some of the prominent
names in this regard. However, this has brought a new and
glocal musical taste to the time.
Conclusion
On the basis of above discussions and analysis it may firmly
be confirmed that language in post-colonial era has brought
significant changes in its forms and features. Sometimes we
encounter roots, sometimes prefixes and some other times
suffixes are the causal entities which act as post-colonial
linguistic agents as they mingle and amalgamatetogivebirth
a newer term to which we say a hybrid one. These hybrid
terms are the consequence of so called glocal culture as
language is culture-genic by nature. More and more through
studies should be done in this filed in order to understand
the cultures and civilizations involved.
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