The document provides information about natural resources and human geography. It discusses topics like energy resources and industrialization, renewable and non-renewable resources, land resources, and resource management. Renewable resources include biomass, hydropower, geothermal energy, solar, and wind. Non-renewable resources include oil, natural gas, coal, and nuclear energy. Land degradation and desertification are also covered.
natural resources- water, air , food , organic and inorganicNaveen Prabhu
This document discusses natural resources including renewable resources like soil, water and air and non-renewable resources like minerals and fossil fuels. It then focuses on forest resources, highlighting that forests cover about 1/3 of the world's land area and provide commercial and environmental benefits. The document also discusses overexploitation of forests through activities like shifting cultivation, fuel collection and infrastructure development. It notes the effects of deforestation and describes forest conservation methods.
Natural resources are materials that exist naturally and can be used by humans, including air, water, soil, plants, animals, and minerals. Resources are classified as renewable or non-renewable. Renewable resources like forests and water can replenish, while exploitation of non-renewable resources like minerals depletes them over time. Deforestation and mining activities can negatively impact the environment through pollution, habitat destruction, and increased natural disasters. Sustainable management of natural resources is important to balance human and environmental needs.
Grade 8 Social Science Unit (Chapter 3).pptxjaalallee31
This document provides information about natural resources and their utilization in three paragraphs:
1) It defines natural resources and classifies them as either renewable like water and plants or non-renewable like coal and petroleum. Most non-renewable resources cannot be recycled so conservation is important.
2) Natural resources contribute significantly to national wealth and economic development through revenues, jobs, and poverty reduction. Their sustainable utilization is key to meeting needs of present and future generations.
3) The Ethiopia's construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam aims to allow for more rational utilization of Nile River waters while promoting future cooperation and development in the region.
Environment means the surroundings or conditions of life, may be social, political, economic, cultural, natural etc.
Natural resources are used with other man made resources in order to produce goods in agriculture, industry or other spheres of economic activity.
Natural resources are classified as renewable and non-renewable. Renewable resources like water and soil can be used sustainably while non-renewable resources like coal are depleted over time. Some key natural resources are forests, water, minerals, food, land, and energy. Forests provide timber, fuel, and help regulate climate and soil fertility. Water is essential for life but faces threats from pollution, overuse, and natural disasters. Mineral extraction disturbs the environment and causes problems like acid mine drainage. Food resources rely on sustainable agriculture but current practices like the green revolution use pesticides that harm soils and ecosystems. Conservation of natural resources requires practices like organic farming, reducing pollution, and sustainable management of forests, lands,
This document summarizes various natural resources. It discusses forest resources, noting that about 33% of the world's land is forested. It also discusses water resources, noting that 97% is saltwater and 3% is freshwater. Mineral resources are discussed, including non-metallic and metallic minerals. Energy resources are categorized into non-renewable sources like coal, natural gas, petroleum and uranium, and renewable sources like wind, geothermal, biomass, hydropower and solar. Land resources refer to agricultural land and raw materials in the ground. Problems related to land include degradation from overuse of farmland.
The document discusses various topics related to natural resources and sustainable development. It defines sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It discusses the need to consider future resource availability and environmental impacts when using resources. It also covers sustainable development approaches like appropriate technology, reduce-reuse-recycle, and environmental education. Urbanization issues related to energy and solutions around public transport, renewable energy, and energy audits are summarized as well.
natural resources- water, air , food , organic and inorganicNaveen Prabhu
This document discusses natural resources including renewable resources like soil, water and air and non-renewable resources like minerals and fossil fuels. It then focuses on forest resources, highlighting that forests cover about 1/3 of the world's land area and provide commercial and environmental benefits. The document also discusses overexploitation of forests through activities like shifting cultivation, fuel collection and infrastructure development. It notes the effects of deforestation and describes forest conservation methods.
Natural resources are materials that exist naturally and can be used by humans, including air, water, soil, plants, animals, and minerals. Resources are classified as renewable or non-renewable. Renewable resources like forests and water can replenish, while exploitation of non-renewable resources like minerals depletes them over time. Deforestation and mining activities can negatively impact the environment through pollution, habitat destruction, and increased natural disasters. Sustainable management of natural resources is important to balance human and environmental needs.
Grade 8 Social Science Unit (Chapter 3).pptxjaalallee31
This document provides information about natural resources and their utilization in three paragraphs:
1) It defines natural resources and classifies them as either renewable like water and plants or non-renewable like coal and petroleum. Most non-renewable resources cannot be recycled so conservation is important.
2) Natural resources contribute significantly to national wealth and economic development through revenues, jobs, and poverty reduction. Their sustainable utilization is key to meeting needs of present and future generations.
3) The Ethiopia's construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam aims to allow for more rational utilization of Nile River waters while promoting future cooperation and development in the region.
Environment means the surroundings or conditions of life, may be social, political, economic, cultural, natural etc.
Natural resources are used with other man made resources in order to produce goods in agriculture, industry or other spheres of economic activity.
Natural resources are classified as renewable and non-renewable. Renewable resources like water and soil can be used sustainably while non-renewable resources like coal are depleted over time. Some key natural resources are forests, water, minerals, food, land, and energy. Forests provide timber, fuel, and help regulate climate and soil fertility. Water is essential for life but faces threats from pollution, overuse, and natural disasters. Mineral extraction disturbs the environment and causes problems like acid mine drainage. Food resources rely on sustainable agriculture but current practices like the green revolution use pesticides that harm soils and ecosystems. Conservation of natural resources requires practices like organic farming, reducing pollution, and sustainable management of forests, lands,
This document summarizes various natural resources. It discusses forest resources, noting that about 33% of the world's land is forested. It also discusses water resources, noting that 97% is saltwater and 3% is freshwater. Mineral resources are discussed, including non-metallic and metallic minerals. Energy resources are categorized into non-renewable sources like coal, natural gas, petroleum and uranium, and renewable sources like wind, geothermal, biomass, hydropower and solar. Land resources refer to agricultural land and raw materials in the ground. Problems related to land include degradation from overuse of farmland.
The document discusses various topics related to natural resources and sustainable development. It defines sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It discusses the need to consider future resource availability and environmental impacts when using resources. It also covers sustainable development approaches like appropriate technology, reduce-reuse-recycle, and environmental education. Urbanization issues related to energy and solutions around public transport, renewable energy, and energy audits are summarized as well.
The document discusses various topics related to natural resources and sustainable development. It defines sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It discusses the need to consider future resource availability and environmental impacts when using resources. It also covers urbanization issues related to energy use, the importance of water conservation, and methods like rainwater harvesting. Climate change causes and effects are addressed as well as the greenhouse effect and ozone layer depletion.
Natural resources are anything found in nature that can be used by humans, such as air, water, wood, and minerals. Resources can be classified based on their origin as biotic (living) or abiotic (non-living), and by their renewability as renewable or non-renewable. Extractive industries withdraw resources from nature through activities like mining, drilling, and forestry. While extraction can boost economies, it also risks depleting resources and causing environmental issues if not managed sustainably. Conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity and habitats while allowing sustainable use of natural resources.
The document discusses desertification, including its causes and impacts. It defines desertification as the degradation of dry lands, which can be caused by climate change or destructive land use practices. Excessive farming, overgrazing, deforestation, and poor irrigation are some of the main causes. Desertification has significant environmental, economic, and social impacts, including loss of vegetation, reduced soil fertility, decreased food production, water scarcity, and human migration. International agreements have aimed to combat desertification's effects and support sustainable development in affected regions.
Resources are anything available in the environment that satisfy human needs. They must be technologically accessible, culturally acceptable, and economically feasible. Resources are classified based on their origin and exhaustibility. Planning is required for judicious use of limited resources to prevent depletion and ensure equitable distribution. Soil is an important resource that is formed over millions of years but is degraded through deforestation, overuse of fertilizers, mining, and overgrazing. Gandhi advocated conserving resources by avoiding greed and exploiting nature through sustainable production methods.
Humans depend on natural resources from the environment to meet basic needs like food, water, and shelter. Resources can be renewable, like wind and sunlight, or nonrenewable, like fossil fuels which are limited. How people use the land depends on both environmental factors and human culture, and land use has changed over time as human needs and activities have impacted the environment. Managing resource use involves balancing economic benefits with reducing pollution and environmental impacts.
This document discusses Earth's natural resources. It defines resources as anything organisms use from the environment, categorizing them as renewable or non-renewable. Earth's main natural resources are discussed as atmospheric (air, wind, temperature), lithospheric (soil, minerals, rocks), hydrospheric (water in oceans, rivers, lakes), and biospheric (plants, animals). Atmospheric resources like air and solar energy are essential to life. Lithospheric resources include soil, minerals extracted for usage, and building materials. Hydrospheric resources encompass water in oceans, rivers, lakes used for life, agriculture and industry. Biospheric resources are plants and animals providing food, medicines and more.
This document discusses different types of resources and land resources. It classifies resources based on origin, exhaustibility, ownership, and development status. It describes individual, community-owned, national, international, potential, developed, stock, and reserve resources. The document also discusses problems related to resources, sustainable development, and the need for resource planning and conservation. Specifically regarding land resources, it provides details on India's land area distribution and major uses. It further explains land degradation causes and methods to stop degradation, as well as soil erosion and conservation techniques.
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT
WHAT ARE RESOURCES?
CLASSIFICATION OF RESOURCES
Types Of resources?
Boitic And Aboitic
Renewable and Non REnewable REsources
Renewable resources are ones that can be replenished naturally.
Some of these resources, like sunlight, air, wind, etc., are continuously available and their quantity is not noticeably affected by human consumption.
Resources from a human use perspective are classified as renewable only so long as the rate of replenishment/recovery exceeds that of the rate of consumption.
Exists without actions of humankind in the form of matter/energy which is available in the earth and get used by living thing.
Or exist as a separate entity such as fresh water, air and as well as a living organism such as a fish.
Or it may exist in an alternate form that must be processed to obtain the resource such as metal ores, petroleum, and most forms of energy.
Mountainous regions occupy one-fourth of the world’s terrestrial surface, most rich in diverse landscapes and hold on to the biodiversity and cultural diversity along with supporting 10% of humankind with their direct life support base. Most mountainous regions have been at the far periphery of mainstream societal concerns for a long time. Remote, relatively inaccessible, they were generally pictured as difficulty, unyielding and unprofitable environments. Very less have focused attention on mountainous people and cultures, primitive religion, marginal survival, unusual adaptation to very high altitude, fraternal polyandry to obliterate informed communication and more meaningful analysis in practical sense. Early research concentrated mainly on specialised studies with little cross disciplinary endeavour. During the last few decades there have been spasmodic accounts of the highland and lowland mainly induced by events of great economic or political significance and due to the degradation of highlands which are potential threats to subjacent lowland population centre. Recent developments, expanding highland research and awareness spread by institutions and governments have shone a new ray of light towards the bright future. However, increased awareness with political advocacy must be pursued further.
The document discusses natural resources with a focus on forests and water. It provides classifications of natural resources as either inexhaustible or exhaustible, renewable or non-renewable. Forests are described as a principal natural resource that provide productive, protective and regulatory functions. However, deforestation due to agriculture, grazing and commercial use is causing degradation of forests. Conservation efforts include afforestation and sustainable forest management. Water resources are also outlined, noting their uneven global distribution and increasing demand that exceeds replenishment in many areas. Conservation of water involves reducing agricultural, industrial and domestic waste.
This document discusses different types of resources and land resources in India. It defines resources as things available in the environment that can satisfy human needs if technologically accessible and economically/culturally feasible. Resources are classified by origin (biotic like humans, flora, fauna vs abiotic like rocks), exhaustibility (renewable like forests vs non-renewable like minerals), and ownership (individual, community, national, international). Land resources in India support life but improper use led to problems like depletion, inequitable distribution, and ecological issues. Conservation and planning are needed for sustainable development and management of resources.
This document is Aksh Sharma's science report file submitted to his teachers at PMS Public School for the 2020-21 session. It includes an acknowledgement and certificate section thanking those who helped him. The main content discusses natural resources in India under categories of biotic/abiotic and renewable/non-renewable resources. It specifically covers forests and wildlife, flora and fauna, uses and threats to forests, as well as water, soil, erosion, and conservation strategies.
Natural resources, Conservation, & its Depletion.Jonathan Vincent
This document discusses various types of natural resources including renewable and non-renewable resources. It covers forest resources, water resources, mineral resources, energy resources, and land resources. It describes the importance and uses of these resources as well as causes of depletion such as deforestation, overexploitation, and unsustainable practices. Conservation methods are also proposed such as recycling, reducing consumption, and judicious use of resources.
Desertification is land degradation in dryland areas caused by climatic variations and human activities. The main causes are deforestation, soil erosion, clearing land for construction, and population pressures. Deforestation removes trees that anchor soil and regulate rainfall. Soil erosion degrades and depletes soils, reducing their ability to support life. Construction activities and population growth increase pressure on limited resources. Desertification has environmental, economic and social impacts like reduced biodiversity, famine, and climate change. Combating desertification requires awareness, sustainable land management like tree planting, and community involvement. The document provides examples of desertification in regions like Africa, China, and the Mediterranean island of Malta.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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Similar to GEO1-Geography of Natural Resources.pdf
The document discusses various topics related to natural resources and sustainable development. It defines sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It discusses the need to consider future resource availability and environmental impacts when using resources. It also covers urbanization issues related to energy use, the importance of water conservation, and methods like rainwater harvesting. Climate change causes and effects are addressed as well as the greenhouse effect and ozone layer depletion.
Natural resources are anything found in nature that can be used by humans, such as air, water, wood, and minerals. Resources can be classified based on their origin as biotic (living) or abiotic (non-living), and by their renewability as renewable or non-renewable. Extractive industries withdraw resources from nature through activities like mining, drilling, and forestry. While extraction can boost economies, it also risks depleting resources and causing environmental issues if not managed sustainably. Conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity and habitats while allowing sustainable use of natural resources.
The document discusses desertification, including its causes and impacts. It defines desertification as the degradation of dry lands, which can be caused by climate change or destructive land use practices. Excessive farming, overgrazing, deforestation, and poor irrigation are some of the main causes. Desertification has significant environmental, economic, and social impacts, including loss of vegetation, reduced soil fertility, decreased food production, water scarcity, and human migration. International agreements have aimed to combat desertification's effects and support sustainable development in affected regions.
Resources are anything available in the environment that satisfy human needs. They must be technologically accessible, culturally acceptable, and economically feasible. Resources are classified based on their origin and exhaustibility. Planning is required for judicious use of limited resources to prevent depletion and ensure equitable distribution. Soil is an important resource that is formed over millions of years but is degraded through deforestation, overuse of fertilizers, mining, and overgrazing. Gandhi advocated conserving resources by avoiding greed and exploiting nature through sustainable production methods.
Humans depend on natural resources from the environment to meet basic needs like food, water, and shelter. Resources can be renewable, like wind and sunlight, or nonrenewable, like fossil fuels which are limited. How people use the land depends on both environmental factors and human culture, and land use has changed over time as human needs and activities have impacted the environment. Managing resource use involves balancing economic benefits with reducing pollution and environmental impacts.
This document discusses Earth's natural resources. It defines resources as anything organisms use from the environment, categorizing them as renewable or non-renewable. Earth's main natural resources are discussed as atmospheric (air, wind, temperature), lithospheric (soil, minerals, rocks), hydrospheric (water in oceans, rivers, lakes), and biospheric (plants, animals). Atmospheric resources like air and solar energy are essential to life. Lithospheric resources include soil, minerals extracted for usage, and building materials. Hydrospheric resources encompass water in oceans, rivers, lakes used for life, agriculture and industry. Biospheric resources are plants and animals providing food, medicines and more.
This document discusses different types of resources and land resources. It classifies resources based on origin, exhaustibility, ownership, and development status. It describes individual, community-owned, national, international, potential, developed, stock, and reserve resources. The document also discusses problems related to resources, sustainable development, and the need for resource planning and conservation. Specifically regarding land resources, it provides details on India's land area distribution and major uses. It further explains land degradation causes and methods to stop degradation, as well as soil erosion and conservation techniques.
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT
WHAT ARE RESOURCES?
CLASSIFICATION OF RESOURCES
Types Of resources?
Boitic And Aboitic
Renewable and Non REnewable REsources
Renewable resources are ones that can be replenished naturally.
Some of these resources, like sunlight, air, wind, etc., are continuously available and their quantity is not noticeably affected by human consumption.
Resources from a human use perspective are classified as renewable only so long as the rate of replenishment/recovery exceeds that of the rate of consumption.
Exists without actions of humankind in the form of matter/energy which is available in the earth and get used by living thing.
Or exist as a separate entity such as fresh water, air and as well as a living organism such as a fish.
Or it may exist in an alternate form that must be processed to obtain the resource such as metal ores, petroleum, and most forms of energy.
Mountainous regions occupy one-fourth of the world’s terrestrial surface, most rich in diverse landscapes and hold on to the biodiversity and cultural diversity along with supporting 10% of humankind with their direct life support base. Most mountainous regions have been at the far periphery of mainstream societal concerns for a long time. Remote, relatively inaccessible, they were generally pictured as difficulty, unyielding and unprofitable environments. Very less have focused attention on mountainous people and cultures, primitive religion, marginal survival, unusual adaptation to very high altitude, fraternal polyandry to obliterate informed communication and more meaningful analysis in practical sense. Early research concentrated mainly on specialised studies with little cross disciplinary endeavour. During the last few decades there have been spasmodic accounts of the highland and lowland mainly induced by events of great economic or political significance and due to the degradation of highlands which are potential threats to subjacent lowland population centre. Recent developments, expanding highland research and awareness spread by institutions and governments have shone a new ray of light towards the bright future. However, increased awareness with political advocacy must be pursued further.
The document discusses natural resources with a focus on forests and water. It provides classifications of natural resources as either inexhaustible or exhaustible, renewable or non-renewable. Forests are described as a principal natural resource that provide productive, protective and regulatory functions. However, deforestation due to agriculture, grazing and commercial use is causing degradation of forests. Conservation efforts include afforestation and sustainable forest management. Water resources are also outlined, noting their uneven global distribution and increasing demand that exceeds replenishment in many areas. Conservation of water involves reducing agricultural, industrial and domestic waste.
This document discusses different types of resources and land resources in India. It defines resources as things available in the environment that can satisfy human needs if technologically accessible and economically/culturally feasible. Resources are classified by origin (biotic like humans, flora, fauna vs abiotic like rocks), exhaustibility (renewable like forests vs non-renewable like minerals), and ownership (individual, community, national, international). Land resources in India support life but improper use led to problems like depletion, inequitable distribution, and ecological issues. Conservation and planning are needed for sustainable development and management of resources.
This document is Aksh Sharma's science report file submitted to his teachers at PMS Public School for the 2020-21 session. It includes an acknowledgement and certificate section thanking those who helped him. The main content discusses natural resources in India under categories of biotic/abiotic and renewable/non-renewable resources. It specifically covers forests and wildlife, flora and fauna, uses and threats to forests, as well as water, soil, erosion, and conservation strategies.
Natural resources, Conservation, & its Depletion.Jonathan Vincent
This document discusses various types of natural resources including renewable and non-renewable resources. It covers forest resources, water resources, mineral resources, energy resources, and land resources. It describes the importance and uses of these resources as well as causes of depletion such as deforestation, overexploitation, and unsustainable practices. Conservation methods are also proposed such as recycling, reducing consumption, and judicious use of resources.
Desertification is land degradation in dryland areas caused by climatic variations and human activities. The main causes are deforestation, soil erosion, clearing land for construction, and population pressures. Deforestation removes trees that anchor soil and regulate rainfall. Soil erosion degrades and depletes soils, reducing their ability to support life. Construction activities and population growth increase pressure on limited resources. Desertification has environmental, economic and social impacts like reduced biodiversity, famine, and climate change. Combating desertification requires awareness, sustainable land management like tree planting, and community involvement. The document provides examples of desertification in regions like Africa, China, and the Mediterranean island of Malta.
Similar to GEO1-Geography of Natural Resources.pdf (20)
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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9. Topics that are Cover
Energy Resources and Industrialization
Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources
Land Resources
Resource Management
2
10. 3
Objectives:
At the end of discussion, the students are
able to;
1. Identify, analyze, and explain the
principles of geopolitics.
2. Enumerate the resources that are
shown by the discussion.
3. Determine on How Energy Resources
and Industrialization affects the
Geography.
11. Energy Resources and
Industrialization
Abundant fossil fuels, together with the innovative
machinery they powered, ushered in an era of rapid
development that is transforming human society
today.
4
13. Transformation of agrarian-rural societies to industrial-
urban societies.
Dominating by manufacturing goods and services.
It is linked to the industrial revolution in England in the 18th
century.
More on innovating machinery.
It fastens the production process.
It improves economic growth quickly.
6
14. 7
Even though, it has a positive impact,
there are still a problem that are
presented such as;
Inequality
Poverty
Social Cohesion
Environmental degradation
16. 9
References:
Stephens, N. (2015, October 19). Energy Resources. Tulane
University. Retrieved April 2, 2022, from
https://www.tulane.edu/%7Esanelson/eens1110/energy.htm
Hayter, R., & Patchell, J. (2013). Geography of Industrialization.
Geography. https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199874002-0027
The Industrial Revolution (article). (n.d.). Khan Academy. Retrieved
April 2, 2022, from
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/big-history-
project/acceleration/bhp-acceleration/a/the-industrial-revolution
18. RENEWABLE RESOURCES
Renewable resources are those that are in infinite supply.
Major types of renewable energy include solar, wind,
hydroelectric power, biofuels, and geothermal energy.
Renewable resources also produce clean energy, meaning less
pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to
climate change.
19. Renewable
Resources include:
BIOMASS
Biomass refers to
organic material
from plants or
animals. This
includes wood,
sewage, and ethanol
(which comes from
corn or other plants).
HYDROPOWER
Hydropower, or
hydroelectric power,
is one of the oldest
and largest sources of
renewable energy,
which uses the
natural flow of
moving water to
generate electricity.
GEOTHERMAL
ENERGY
Geothermal energy
comes from the heat
generated deep within
the Earth’s core.
Geothermal reservoirs
can be found at tectonic
plate boundaries near
volcanic activity or deep
underground.
20. Renewable
Resources include:
RADIATION
Radiation from the
Sun can be used as
a power source as
well. Photovoltaic
cells can be used to
convert this solar
energy into
electricity.
WIND ENERGY
Wind energy
generates electricity
by turning wind
turbines. The wind
pushes the turbine’s
blades, and a
generator converts
this mechanical
energy into electricity.
22. NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES
nonrenewable resources are limited in supply and cannot be
used sustainably.
We depend on fossil fuels because they are energy-rich and
relatively cheap to process.
major problem with fossil fuels, aside from their being in
limited supply, is that burning them releases carbon dioxide
into the atmosphere.
23. Four (4) major
types of
nonrenewable
resources
OIL
Crude oil is a liquid
fuel fossil fuel that is
used mostly to
produce gasoline and
diesel fuel for vehicles.
Natural gas is
widely used for
cooking and for
heating homes.
NATURAL GAS
Coal is a solid fossil
fuel that is used for
heating homes and
generating power
plants.
COAL NUCLEAR
ENERGY
Nuclear energy
comes from
radioactive elements
24. RESOURCES
NONRENEWABLE
RESOURCES | NATIONAL
GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclope
dia/nonrenewable-resources/
RENEWABLE RESOURCES |
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC
SOCIETY
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclope
dia/renewable-resources/
“CHAPTER 13 - ENVIRONMENT AND
RESOURCES” IN “INTRODUCTION TO
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY” ON OPENALG
(MANIFOLDAPP.ORG)
https://alg.manifoldapp.org/read/introduction-to-human-
geography/section/4c74a40c-ca29-431f-9853-81698e2d2359
26. What is
What is
Land
Land Resources?
Resources?
The term “land resources” encompasses the physical, biotic,
environmental, infrastructural and socio-economic components of a
natural land unit, including surface and near-surface freshwater
resources important for management
27. Landforms such as hills, valleys, plains, river basins and
wetlands include different resource generating areas that
the people living in them depend on. Many traditional
farming societies had ways of preserving areas from which
they used resources.
Land is a major resource for agricultural development
worldwide. Land resource refers to the land available for
exploitation, like non-agricultural lands for buildings,
developing townships etc
28. Land as Resource
Land resource is our basic resource
It is a productive economic factor in
agriculture, forestry, grazing, fishing and
mining
It is considered as a foundation of social
prestige and is the basis of wealth and political
power
29. LAND DEGRATION
LAND DEGRATION
Land degradation is the process of deterioration of soil or
loss of fertility of soil. The causes of land degradation can be
divided into natural hazards, direct causes, and underlying
causes. Natural hazards are the conditions of the physical
environment which lead to the existence of a high
degradation hazard, for example steep slopes as a hazard for
water erosion. Direct causes are unsuitable land use and
inappropriate land management practices
30. CAUSES OF LAND DEGRATION
CAUSES OF LAND DEGRATION
POPULATION
HUMAN ACTIVITES
URBANIZATION
FERTILIZERS AND
PESTICIDES
DAMAGE TO TOP
SOIL
31. 1% 2% 3%
4% 5% 6%
IMPACT OF LAND
IMPACT OF LAND
DEGRATION
DEGRATION
Loss of soil organic
matter and nutrients.
Loss of soil
structure.
Loss of soil biodiversity
Soil pollution Reduced land value
and resilience to
future events.
Reduces ability to
adapt to climate
change
32. Sustainable Land
Sustainable Land
Management:
Management:
hus Sustainable Land Management (SLM) is crucial to minimizing land
degradation, rehabilitating degraded areas and ensuring the optimal use of
land resources for the benefit of present and future generations. Sustainable
Land Management is based on four common principles: • land-user-driven and
participatory approaches; • Integrated use of natural resources at ecosystem
and farming systems levels.
33. Managing irrigation
Managing irrigation
Management on overgrazing
Management on overgrazing
Managing mining and quarrying
Managing mining and quarrying
Some of the methods for sustainable management of
Some of the methods for sustainable management of
land are:
land are:
34. LANDSLIDE
LANDSLIDE
Landslides refer to a rapid down-slope movement of rocks or soil
mass under the force of gravity. It is also known as slope failure and
mass wasting. Landslides may be typed as mudflow where there is
down-slope movement of soil and debris flow, which is the
downslope movement of coarse material and rocks. Landslides may
occur when water from rain and melting snow, seeps through the
earth on a sloppy surface and encounters a layer of loose, unstable
material such as clay. Landslides mostly occur on unstable hillsides
by the action of rain or snow that seep through the soils and rocks
35. 1% 2% 3%
4% 5%
The important factors
The important factors
responsible for landslide
responsible for landslide
occurrence are as follows:
occurrence are as follows:
. Stability of slope The type of
earth and rock
material
The type of
vegetation
The role of ground
water conditions
and precipitation
Presence of streams
36. Impact on the Environment:
Landslides, though local in nature, occur
quite often in many parts of the world.
Landslides occur in the hilly regions; the
Himalayan region in India is particularly
prone to landslides. Every year landslides
occur, especially during the monsoon season
and cause much damage to life and
property. For example, Malpa landslide in
1999 in the Kumaon hills, took the lives of
many pilgrims who were going to
Mansarovar in Tibet.
37. Prevention, Control and Mitigation:
Prevention, Control and Mitigation:
Though landslides are a natural phenomenon and may occur
without human interference, in certain cases human activities
like deforestation, mining, etc. can also induce landslides.
Landslides can be controlled, to some extent, by adopting
initiatives, such as providing slope support and minimizing
human encroachment.
Mining activities should be monitored in the hilly, unstable regions. ii.
Plantation of trees should be undertaken on the unstable hilly slopes.
iii. By preventing human encroachment in the form of buildings,
roads, agriculture, grazing, etc. on unstable slopes
Minimizing human
Minimizing human
encroachment:
encroachment:
38. SOIL EROSION
SOIL EROSION
‘Soil erosion’ has been defined as the gradual removal of the top soil
by running water, wind, glacier, sea-waves, anthropogenic agents
and animals. – Soil erosion is a universal phenomenon. – According to
one estimate about 75, 000 million tonnes of soil is removed by these
agents annually.
39. Normal erosion
Normal erosion
This is caused by the gradual removal of topsoil by natural
processes. The rate of erosion is slow.
Accelerated erosion
Accelerated erosion
This is caused by manmade activities. In this case, the
rate of erosion is much faster than the rate of formation
of soil.
TYPES OF SOIL EROSION
TYPES OF SOIL EROSION
40. 1% 2% 3%
4%
5%
Causes of soil Erosion
Causes of soil Erosion
Running water Wind Erosion Anthropogenic
factors
Biotic agents: Landslides cause
soil erosion
41. Harmful Effects of Soil Erosion
• Loss of fertile top soil leading to gradual loss of soil fertility and agricultural
productivity.
• Loss of mineral nutrients from soil through leaching and flooding.
• Loss of soil ability to hold water and sediment
• Sediment runoff can pollute water courses and kill aquatic life
• Lowering of the underground water table and decrease in the percentage of soil
moisture.
• Drying of vegetation and extension of arid lands.
• Increase in frequency of droughts and floods.
• Silting of river and canal belts.
• Recurrence of landslides.
• Adverse effect on economic prosperity and cultural development.
42. 1% 2% 3%
4% 5%
SOIL CONSERVATION
SOIL CONSERVATION
Conservational till
farming or no-till
farming:ng water
Contour
farming
Terracing
Alley cropping or
Agro forestry
Wind breaks or
shelter belts
Unchecked soil erosion leads to poverty and
reduces the strength of a nation. Some of the
important steps for soil conservation areas under:
43. DESERTIFICATION
DESERTIFICATION
Natural resources are resources that exist without any actions of
humankind. Thus water, air, soil, minerals, coal, forests, crops, and
wildlife are all examples of natural resources.
44. CAUSES OF DESERTIFICATION
CAUSES OF DESERTIFICATION
Desertification is caused by two main categories of factors: natural
factors and, more importantly, human activities. The natural factors
causing desertification include the following:
1. The climate has a major influence through rainfall, solar radiation
and wind, which affect the rates of physical and mechanical erosion
as well as chemical and biological degradation of soil.
2. The relief of a land affects the rate of soil erosion by water.
3. The textile, structure, and chemical and biological status of soil are
predominant factors determining the soil properties in dry sub-
humid zones
45. HUMAN ACTIVITIES CAUSES DESERTIFICATION
1. Uncontrolled use of fire for regenerating pasture, for hunting or for agricultural clearing
2. Over-exploitation of woody resources, particularly for fuel wood and timber
3. Over-grazing of selective vegetation
4. Removal of hedges, which can act as wind breaks, on soil so that the soil is more
susceptible to erosion by wind
5. Over-harvesting which results in abandoned fields
6. Agricultural practices that destroy the soil structure such as intensive ploughing
7. Agricultural practices that result in continuous removal of soil nutrients
8. Monoculture of cash crops, leading to severe reduction in soil fertility
9. Inappropriate irrigation of soil, leading to salinization, waterlogging and abandoned
fields eventually.
46. The environmental impact of
desertification
Farmlands are important natural resources. Humans
rely on them for food. Desertification results in the loss
of farmlands, and significantly threatens the living
standard and well-being of people inhabiting the areas
concerned. This also leads to social problems such as
environmental refugees whose lands are too eroded for
cultivation or rearing livestock. Desertification also has
serious impact on the natural environment. It breaks
down the fragile balance that allows plant and animal
life to develop in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones. This breakdown of the equilibrium represents
the start of a process that destroys the natural and
stable ecosystem
48. >Resource Management was known as Human Resource
Management.
> Natural Resource Management refers to the management
of natural resources such as land, water, soil, plants, and
animals, with a particular focus on how management affects
the quality of life for both present and future generations.
RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT
49. > Resources management examines strategies and
technologies for resource development in order to
sustain economic growth without hampering the
environment.
>Resource allocation is spatial and temporal
the placing of resource uses in a pattern reflects the
goals, priorities, and aspirations of a community.
50. Resources Classification
There are the different basis for the classification of resources.
These bases are categorically given here
On the basis of origin, resources may be divided into:
• Biotic – Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere, such as
plants and their products, animals, birds and their products, fish and
other marine organisms. Mineral fuels such as coal and petroleum are
also included in this category because they are formed from decayed
organic matter.
• Abiotic – Abiotic resources include non-living things. Examples
include land, water, air and minerals including ores such as gold, iron,
copper, silver etc.
51. Considering their stage of development, natural resources may be referred
to in the following ways:
• Potential Resources – Potential resources are those that exist in a region
and may be used in the future. For example, petroleum may exist in many
parts of Nepal, having sedimentary rocks but until the time it is actually
drilled out and put into use, it remains a potential resource. • Actual
Resources – Actual resources are those that have been surveyed, their
quantity and quality determined, and are being used in the present time
• Reserve Resources – The part of an actual resource that can be developed
profitably in the future is called a reserve resource.
• Stock Resources – Stock resources are those that have been surveyed but
cannot be used by organisms due to lack of technology. Hydrogen is its
example
52. With respect to renewability, natural resources can be
categorized as follows:
• Renewable resources are ones that can be replenished or
reproduced easily. Some of them, like sunlight, air, wind, etc., are
continuously available and their quantity is not affected by
human consumption
• Non-renewable resources are formed over very long
geological periods. Minerals and fossil fuels are included in this
category. Since their rate of formation is extremely slow, they
cannot be replenished once they get depleted.
53. • On the basis of availability, natural resources can be
categorized as follows:
• Inexhaustible natural resources- Those resources
which are present in unlimited quantity in nature and
are not likely to be exhausted easily by human activity
are inexhaustible natural resources (sunlight, air etc.)
• Exhaustible natural resources- The amount of these
resources is limited. They can be exhausted by human
activity in the long run (coal, petroleum, natural gas, etc.)
54. On basis of an economic point of view, resources are
commonly divided into two major types :
• Stock or non-renewable, and
• Flow or renewable
55. Stock resources – all minerals and land – are
substances that have taken millions of years to form
and so from a human perspective are now fixed in
supply.
Flow resources – are defined as those which are
naturally renewed within a sufficiently short time span
to be of relevancy of human being