The document traces the origins and evolution of trade from the earliest exchanges between humans in New Guinea 17,000 years ago to the development of modern markets. It discusses how specialization and trade allowed for increased innovation and benefits for communities. Early cities formed near rivers and developed writing, governments, and advances in science. Trade routes expanded the spread of ideas, religions and technologies between civilizations. The development of money and markets facilitated further growth in trade and the industrial revolution marked a new era of mass production.