The document discusses the close relationship between technology and business over time. [1] Technology has always played a role in how businesses operate, from the basic tools and methods used in early bartering systems to modern computers and internet platforms. [2] As technology advanced through developments like money, industrialization, and computers, it created new business opportunities and changed how existing businesses function. [3] Today, technology and business are inextricably linked, with most businesses relying on technology to operate and new technology companies emerging as major global businesses.
The document traces the origins and evolution of trade from the earliest exchanges between humans in New Guinea 17,000 years ago to the development of modern markets. It discusses how specialization and trade allowed for increased innovation and benefits for communities. Early cities formed near rivers and developed writing, governments, and advances in science. Trade routes expanded the spread of ideas, religions and technologies between civilizations. The development of money and markets facilitated further growth in trade and the industrial revolution marked a new era of mass production.
The document discusses the history of New York City from its founding by the Dutch in the early 1600s. It describes how New York grew to become the largest city in the world by the late 19th century due to immigration, industrialization, and rapid urban expansion. It also discusses Robert Moses' impact on the city's infrastructure and development in the 1920s-1950s through projects like highways and bridges.
The document discusses various aspects of cities in the contemporary world, including London and Bombay. It provides historical context on the formation and development of modern cities through industrialization and colonialism. Specific details are given on the industries, population structure, transportation, and social issues faced in 18th century London. The challenges of rapid urbanization and efforts to improve living conditions through planned housing and public health initiatives are also summarized.
Hi,
This is a presentation for the concepts based on the syllabus for Class X from CBSE/NCERT.
This is my first presentation on slideshare.
Hoping that you would like it & it will for sure add value for students.
Regards,
N.Hymavathy
Industrialization led to rapid urbanization in Western countries during the modern period. However, as late as the 1850s, most areas were still rural. In 1851, over three quarters of adults in Manchester, England were migrants from rural areas, demonstrating the large influx of people moving to cities for work. Bombay similarly saw huge migration into the city, as the establishment of textile mills and expansion of trade and railways attracted many workers from surrounding rural districts. This rapid migration overwhelmed Bombay's infrastructure and housing capacity, leading to overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions for much of the urban population.
New York City: The Crossroad of World TradeKristi Beria
1) New York City struggled to remain the economic and cultural center of America but was able to capitalize on developments in other cities. The merger of AOL and Time Warner helped keep New York's headquarters and status.
2) Chicago grew rapidly in the late 19th century, pioneering skyscrapers and urban design. The 1893 World's Fair transformed the city's landscape and civic identity.
3) New York's population exploded in the early and mid-19th century due to immigration and the Erie Canal, leading to overcrowding and slum conditions. Tensions rose during economic crises and the Civil War draft.
The document discusses the development of modern cities through the examples of London and Bombay. It describes how London grew rapidly during the Industrial Revolution due to migration from rural areas. By the late 19th century, over 1 million Londoners lived in poor conditions with inadequate housing and public health issues. Efforts were made to improve the living conditions of the working class through planned housing, public transport expansion, and creating green spaces in the city. The modern city emerged through industrialization, colonial rule, and changing ideas about urban planning and public welfare.
Merchants were originally considered a low class in Japanese society but grew more powerful over time. As castle towns developed, artisans and merchants inhabited them, with merchants being the wealthiest residents. Coinage systems helped merchants operate, though standards varied between locations. Ukiyo-e woodblock prints gained popularity during the Edo period, often depicting scenes of daily life and entertainment.
The document traces the origins and evolution of trade from the earliest exchanges between humans in New Guinea 17,000 years ago to the development of modern markets. It discusses how specialization and trade allowed for increased innovation and benefits for communities. Early cities formed near rivers and developed writing, governments, and advances in science. Trade routes expanded the spread of ideas, religions and technologies between civilizations. The development of money and markets facilitated further growth in trade and the industrial revolution marked a new era of mass production.
The document discusses the history of New York City from its founding by the Dutch in the early 1600s. It describes how New York grew to become the largest city in the world by the late 19th century due to immigration, industrialization, and rapid urban expansion. It also discusses Robert Moses' impact on the city's infrastructure and development in the 1920s-1950s through projects like highways and bridges.
The document discusses various aspects of cities in the contemporary world, including London and Bombay. It provides historical context on the formation and development of modern cities through industrialization and colonialism. Specific details are given on the industries, population structure, transportation, and social issues faced in 18th century London. The challenges of rapid urbanization and efforts to improve living conditions through planned housing and public health initiatives are also summarized.
Hi,
This is a presentation for the concepts based on the syllabus for Class X from CBSE/NCERT.
This is my first presentation on slideshare.
Hoping that you would like it & it will for sure add value for students.
Regards,
N.Hymavathy
Industrialization led to rapid urbanization in Western countries during the modern period. However, as late as the 1850s, most areas were still rural. In 1851, over three quarters of adults in Manchester, England were migrants from rural areas, demonstrating the large influx of people moving to cities for work. Bombay similarly saw huge migration into the city, as the establishment of textile mills and expansion of trade and railways attracted many workers from surrounding rural districts. This rapid migration overwhelmed Bombay's infrastructure and housing capacity, leading to overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions for much of the urban population.
New York City: The Crossroad of World TradeKristi Beria
1) New York City struggled to remain the economic and cultural center of America but was able to capitalize on developments in other cities. The merger of AOL and Time Warner helped keep New York's headquarters and status.
2) Chicago grew rapidly in the late 19th century, pioneering skyscrapers and urban design. The 1893 World's Fair transformed the city's landscape and civic identity.
3) New York's population exploded in the early and mid-19th century due to immigration and the Erie Canal, leading to overcrowding and slum conditions. Tensions rose during economic crises and the Civil War draft.
The document discusses the development of modern cities through the examples of London and Bombay. It describes how London grew rapidly during the Industrial Revolution due to migration from rural areas. By the late 19th century, over 1 million Londoners lived in poor conditions with inadequate housing and public health issues. Efforts were made to improve the living conditions of the working class through planned housing, public transport expansion, and creating green spaces in the city. The modern city emerged through industrialization, colonial rule, and changing ideas about urban planning and public welfare.
Merchants were originally considered a low class in Japanese society but grew more powerful over time. As castle towns developed, artisans and merchants inhabited them, with merchants being the wealthiest residents. Coinage systems helped merchants operate, though standards varied between locations. Ukiyo-e woodblock prints gained popularity during the Edo period, often depicting scenes of daily life and entertainment.
Best Way To Write An Introduction For An EssaJen Williams
The document provides instructions for requesting an assignment writing service from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if pleased. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, and the company offers refunds for plagiarized work.
The document discusses the effects of corporal punishment on children. It begins by defining corporal punishment as the use of physical discipline to make a child behave, and notes different methods include spanking and hitting. The rest of the document is not shown, but provides more context on HelpWriting.net about the negative psychological and behavioral effects corporal punishment can have on children, such as increased aggression, mental health issues, and poorer parent-child relationships.
Reviews Research Paper Wr. Online assignment writing service.Melody Rios
This document provides an overview of the history of estate and asset taxation. It discusses how taxation of transfers of property and estates dates back to ancient Egypt and Rome. In the US, the Stamp Act of 1797 was the first to require taxes on wills and estates. However, estate and inheritance taxes became more permanent ways to raise funds for wars. The Revenue Act of 1862 established the first federal inheritance tax. While this tax was removed after wars, the Revenue Act of 1916 established the core foundation of the current US estate tax system. The essay then discusses how estate taxes have changed over two periods since 1916.
The Baroque era saw the emergence of public opera houses, with the first opening in Venice, Italy in 1637. Early Baroque composers included Francesco Cavalli, Antonio Cesti, Jean-Baptiste Lully, and Henry Purcell. Later Baroque composers included Alessandro Scarlatti, Antonio Vivaldi, Jean-Philippe Rameau, George Frederic Handel, and others. By the 1630s, opera began attracting larger crowds by adding elements from popular comic theater and magical transformations, reflecting its Baroque nature.
The document discusses the history of banking and perspectives on usury (charging interest) from various religions. It notes that in the past, the Church prohibited usury as a grave sin. Over time, money-lenders began issuing notes backed by gold deposits but created much more in notes than they held in reserves, establishing the basis of modern banking. Religions like Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam generally prohibit usury. The document criticizes the current banking system for creating money from nothing and argues for a more socially responsible financial system.
What Is A Business Case Study And How To Write WitTonya Roberts
Marius was an 8-year-old Romanian boy who lived a normal life until a tragic accident took the lives of his parents and left him injured, though he remained positive through his recovery process. Despite losing both of his parents in the accident, Marius had the support of his older sister and brother who helped care for him. The short document outlines Marius's life before and after the accident that changed his circumstances and left him without his parents but with family to support him.
Bartering was one of the earliest forms of currency, where goods and services were directly exchanged between individuals. Cowrie shells then became prevalent as currency in China around 1200 BC. Around 1000 BC, the Chinese began manufacturing metal currency out of copper and bronze, which evolved into coins. The Greeks, Macedonians and Persians then refined coin making, using precious metals like silver, which became the standard around 500 BC. Paper currency was first developed in China in 118 BC using leather and then paper, but its overuse led to devaluation. Modern concepts of currency continue to change with the rise of electronic payments.
A brief history of money from barter to bitcoin. This presentation covers the essential characteristics of money and how it has evolved from barter to commodities to cash and finally to digitized currency, also known as "cryptocurrencies"--the most popular of which is bitcoin.
The document summarizes three major eras in human civilization - the Agrarian era, the Modern era, and the Digital era. It provides details on technological developments and innovations that occurred during each era, including the development of cities in ancient times, efficiency improvements during the Industrial Revolution, and the current era dominated by digital technologies and the internet. The document also discusses potential future developments, but notes that the future is difficult to predict with certainty.
Money originated before written history, with early concepts including Aristotel's "metallist" theory and Plato's "cartalist" theory. People traded goods directly, but unequal exchanges were common since goods lacked standard values. To solve this, money was invented as a standard unit of exchange. Gold and silver coins were the most common forms of money throughout history. Paper money was first developed in China during the Song Dynasty, originating from merchant receipts. Banking evolved from temples to distinct buildings under the Romans, though moneylenders still charged high interest rates. Banking was established in the British Empire by 1776 when Adam Smith's theories limited state involvement in banking.
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONan extract fromA Short History of the W.docxkailynochseu
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
an extract from
A Short History of the World
BY
H. G. WELLS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kindly made available for free to students by Gutenberg.org. Some business organizations are actively trying to prevent free use of documents by students. Gutenberg.org needs your support in their quest to make education affordable, and documents with expired copyrights available for free. Please consider making a donation Gutenberg's cause.
Link
(Links to an external site.)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----
NOTE TO STUDENTS: [Comments in brackets [like this] are edits by Assistant Professor Engh, SLCC. [ . . . ] indicates deletions.]
THERE is a tendency in many histories to confuse together what we have here called the mechanical revolution, which was an entirely new thing in human experience arising out of the development of organized science, a new step like the invention of agriculture or the discovery of metals, with something else, quite different in its origins, something for which there was already an historical precedent, the social and financial development which is called the
industrial revolution
. The two processes were going on together, they were constantly reacting upon each other, but they were in root and essence different. There would have been an industrial revolution of sorts if there had been no coal, no steam, no machinery; but in that case it would probably have followed far more closely upon the lines of the social and financial developments of the later years of the Roman Republic. It would have repeated the story of dispossessed free cultivators, gang labor, great estates, great financial fortunes, and a socially destructive financial process. Even the factory method came before power and machinery. Factories were the product not of machinery, but of the “division of labor.” Drilled and sweated workers were making such things as millinery cardboard boxes and furniture, and coloring maps and book illustrations and so forth, before even water-wheels had been used for industrial purposes. There were factories in Rome in the days of Augustus. New books, for instance, were dictated to rows of copyists in the factories of the book-sellers. The attentive student of Defoe and of the political pamphlets of Fielding will realize that the idea of herding poor people into establishments to work collectively for their living was already current in Britain before the close of the seventeenth century. There are intimations of it even as early as More’s
Utopia
(1516). It was a social and not a mechanical development.
Up to past the middle of the eighteenth century the social and economic history of western E.
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting an assignment request on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, and HelpWriting guarantees original, high-quality work or a full refund.
This document provides background information on global collateral accounts and the accumulation and centralization of gold and precious metals over centuries of global trade and warfare. It discusses how vast amounts of gold were accumulated in Asia through trade along the Silk Road, how European powers sought to gain control of these assets, and how this led to the formation of institutions like the Bank for International Settlements to centralize global gold reserves following World War I.
This document discusses steps to request writing assistance from the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines 5 steps: 1) Create an account with a password and email, 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline, 3) Review bids from writers and choose one, placing a deposit, 4) Review the completed paper and authorize final payment if satisfied, and 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with the promise of a full refund for plagiarized work. The document encourages choosing this service with confidence that needs will be fully met.
The document provides instructions for requesting and completing an assignment writing request on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a refund option for plagiarized work. The conclusion restates the website's commitment to original, high-quality content.
NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...BBPMedia1
Nathalie zal delen hoe DEI en ESG een fundamentele rol kunnen spelen in je merkstrategie en je de juiste aansluiting kan creëren met je doelgroep. Door middel van voorbeelden en simpele handvatten toont ze hoe dit in jouw organisatie toegepast kan worden.
The Steadfast and Reliable Bull: Taurus Zodiac Signmy Pandit
Explore the steadfast and reliable nature of the Taurus Zodiac Sign. Discover the personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights that define the determined and practical Taurus, and learn how their grounded nature makes them the anchor of the zodiac.
Best Way To Write An Introduction For An EssaJen Williams
The document provides instructions for requesting an assignment writing service from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if pleased. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, and the company offers refunds for plagiarized work.
The document discusses the effects of corporal punishment on children. It begins by defining corporal punishment as the use of physical discipline to make a child behave, and notes different methods include spanking and hitting. The rest of the document is not shown, but provides more context on HelpWriting.net about the negative psychological and behavioral effects corporal punishment can have on children, such as increased aggression, mental health issues, and poorer parent-child relationships.
Reviews Research Paper Wr. Online assignment writing service.Melody Rios
This document provides an overview of the history of estate and asset taxation. It discusses how taxation of transfers of property and estates dates back to ancient Egypt and Rome. In the US, the Stamp Act of 1797 was the first to require taxes on wills and estates. However, estate and inheritance taxes became more permanent ways to raise funds for wars. The Revenue Act of 1862 established the first federal inheritance tax. While this tax was removed after wars, the Revenue Act of 1916 established the core foundation of the current US estate tax system. The essay then discusses how estate taxes have changed over two periods since 1916.
The Baroque era saw the emergence of public opera houses, with the first opening in Venice, Italy in 1637. Early Baroque composers included Francesco Cavalli, Antonio Cesti, Jean-Baptiste Lully, and Henry Purcell. Later Baroque composers included Alessandro Scarlatti, Antonio Vivaldi, Jean-Philippe Rameau, George Frederic Handel, and others. By the 1630s, opera began attracting larger crowds by adding elements from popular comic theater and magical transformations, reflecting its Baroque nature.
The document discusses the history of banking and perspectives on usury (charging interest) from various religions. It notes that in the past, the Church prohibited usury as a grave sin. Over time, money-lenders began issuing notes backed by gold deposits but created much more in notes than they held in reserves, establishing the basis of modern banking. Religions like Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam generally prohibit usury. The document criticizes the current banking system for creating money from nothing and argues for a more socially responsible financial system.
What Is A Business Case Study And How To Write WitTonya Roberts
Marius was an 8-year-old Romanian boy who lived a normal life until a tragic accident took the lives of his parents and left him injured, though he remained positive through his recovery process. Despite losing both of his parents in the accident, Marius had the support of his older sister and brother who helped care for him. The short document outlines Marius's life before and after the accident that changed his circumstances and left him without his parents but with family to support him.
Bartering was one of the earliest forms of currency, where goods and services were directly exchanged between individuals. Cowrie shells then became prevalent as currency in China around 1200 BC. Around 1000 BC, the Chinese began manufacturing metal currency out of copper and bronze, which evolved into coins. The Greeks, Macedonians and Persians then refined coin making, using precious metals like silver, which became the standard around 500 BC. Paper currency was first developed in China in 118 BC using leather and then paper, but its overuse led to devaluation. Modern concepts of currency continue to change with the rise of electronic payments.
A brief history of money from barter to bitcoin. This presentation covers the essential characteristics of money and how it has evolved from barter to commodities to cash and finally to digitized currency, also known as "cryptocurrencies"--the most popular of which is bitcoin.
The document summarizes three major eras in human civilization - the Agrarian era, the Modern era, and the Digital era. It provides details on technological developments and innovations that occurred during each era, including the development of cities in ancient times, efficiency improvements during the Industrial Revolution, and the current era dominated by digital technologies and the internet. The document also discusses potential future developments, but notes that the future is difficult to predict with certainty.
Money originated before written history, with early concepts including Aristotel's "metallist" theory and Plato's "cartalist" theory. People traded goods directly, but unequal exchanges were common since goods lacked standard values. To solve this, money was invented as a standard unit of exchange. Gold and silver coins were the most common forms of money throughout history. Paper money was first developed in China during the Song Dynasty, originating from merchant receipts. Banking evolved from temples to distinct buildings under the Romans, though moneylenders still charged high interest rates. Banking was established in the British Empire by 1776 when Adam Smith's theories limited state involvement in banking.
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONan extract fromA Short History of the W.docxkailynochseu
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
an extract from
A Short History of the World
BY
H. G. WELLS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kindly made available for free to students by Gutenberg.org. Some business organizations are actively trying to prevent free use of documents by students. Gutenberg.org needs your support in their quest to make education affordable, and documents with expired copyrights available for free. Please consider making a donation Gutenberg's cause.
Link
(Links to an external site.)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----
NOTE TO STUDENTS: [Comments in brackets [like this] are edits by Assistant Professor Engh, SLCC. [ . . . ] indicates deletions.]
THERE is a tendency in many histories to confuse together what we have here called the mechanical revolution, which was an entirely new thing in human experience arising out of the development of organized science, a new step like the invention of agriculture or the discovery of metals, with something else, quite different in its origins, something for which there was already an historical precedent, the social and financial development which is called the
industrial revolution
. The two processes were going on together, they were constantly reacting upon each other, but they were in root and essence different. There would have been an industrial revolution of sorts if there had been no coal, no steam, no machinery; but in that case it would probably have followed far more closely upon the lines of the social and financial developments of the later years of the Roman Republic. It would have repeated the story of dispossessed free cultivators, gang labor, great estates, great financial fortunes, and a socially destructive financial process. Even the factory method came before power and machinery. Factories were the product not of machinery, but of the “division of labor.” Drilled and sweated workers were making such things as millinery cardboard boxes and furniture, and coloring maps and book illustrations and so forth, before even water-wheels had been used for industrial purposes. There were factories in Rome in the days of Augustus. New books, for instance, were dictated to rows of copyists in the factories of the book-sellers. The attentive student of Defoe and of the political pamphlets of Fielding will realize that the idea of herding poor people into establishments to work collectively for their living was already current in Britain before the close of the seventeenth century. There are intimations of it even as early as More’s
Utopia
(1516). It was a social and not a mechanical development.
Up to past the middle of the eighteenth century the social and economic history of western E.
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting an assignment request on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, and HelpWriting guarantees original, high-quality work or a full refund.
This document provides background information on global collateral accounts and the accumulation and centralization of gold and precious metals over centuries of global trade and warfare. It discusses how vast amounts of gold were accumulated in Asia through trade along the Silk Road, how European powers sought to gain control of these assets, and how this led to the formation of institutions like the Bank for International Settlements to centralize global gold reserves following World War I.
This document discusses steps to request writing assistance from the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines 5 steps: 1) Create an account with a password and email, 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline, 3) Review bids from writers and choose one, placing a deposit, 4) Review the completed paper and authorize final payment if satisfied, and 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with the promise of a full refund for plagiarized work. The document encourages choosing this service with confidence that needs will be fully met.
The document provides instructions for requesting and completing an assignment writing request on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a refund option for plagiarized work. The conclusion restates the website's commitment to original, high-quality content.
NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...BBPMedia1
Nathalie zal delen hoe DEI en ESG een fundamentele rol kunnen spelen in je merkstrategie en je de juiste aansluiting kan creëren met je doelgroep. Door middel van voorbeelden en simpele handvatten toont ze hoe dit in jouw organisatie toegepast kan worden.
The Steadfast and Reliable Bull: Taurus Zodiac Signmy Pandit
Explore the steadfast and reliable nature of the Taurus Zodiac Sign. Discover the personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights that define the determined and practical Taurus, and learn how their grounded nature makes them the anchor of the zodiac.
IMPACT Silver is a pure silver zinc producer with over $260 million in revenue since 2008 and a large 100% owned 210km Mexico land package - 2024 catalysts includes new 14% grade zinc Plomosas mine and 20,000m of fully funded exploration drilling.
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Anny Serafina Love - Letter of Recommendation by Kellen Harkins, MS.AnnySerafinaLove
This letter, written by Kellen Harkins, Course Director at Full Sail University, commends Anny Love's exemplary performance in the Video Sharing Platforms class. It highlights her dedication, willingness to challenge herself, and exceptional skills in production, editing, and marketing across various video platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram.
3 Simple Steps To Buy Verified Payoneer Account In 2024SEOSMMEARTH
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Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...my Pandit
Explore the fascinating world of the Gemini Zodiac Sign. Discover the unique personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights of Gemini individuals. Learn how their sociable, communicative nature and boundless curiosity make them the dynamic explorers of the zodiac. Dive into the duality of the Gemini sign and understand their intellectual and adventurous spirit.
The Most Inspiring Entrepreneurs to Follow in 2024.pdfthesiliconleaders
In a world where the potential of youth innovation remains vastly untouched, there emerges a guiding light in the form of Norm Goldstein, the Founder and CEO of EduNetwork Partners. His dedication to this cause has earned him recognition as a Congressional Leadership Award recipient.
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2. I firmly believe that technology does not only have a bearing on national and
international business, but technology and business are strongly inter related. One grows
with the other, and necessitates a realization of an unique concept of the holy union of
business and technology, which I would like to call “biztech”. In the following article I
will try to establish this idea.
The first thing that might strike a bit odd to my readers is the use of the word “holy”. Let
me clarify why I chose this word before some holy people raise an eyebrow(pun was
unintentional!!). The word holy means spiritually whole or sound; dedicated to a
religious purpose . This union of technology and business although man made, we
throughout the entire human evolution had no idea how we are shaping up something of
such magnitude which not only dictate the way we earn our living, but also how we live
our life. Although its materialistic in nature, but still there is some wholesomeness to this
idea which makes it have an uncanny resemblance to spirituality, so earthly yet so
heavenly. Its religious purpose is to serve mankind. Well I would not like my readers to
delve into the philosophy of this article straight away, which I shall certainly reintroduce
at the end. So without further adieu, lets dive into the sea of original purpose!
The moment we come across the term “business”, the first thing that flashes in our inner
eye are bundles of cash. Money gives us the power to buy what we need, what we want,
what we cant live without. But, lets dig a bit deeper, what was going on in this world
before the advent of cash, or money in the standard form?
We had the barter system, hence the ancestor of monetary system is the barter system.
Bartering is a medium in which goods or services are directly exchanged for other goods
and/or services without a common unit of exchange(without the use of money). A farmer
could exchange his produce for the fish obtained by a fisherman or the cloth produced by
a weaver. So farmer produced his crops using own methods, the fisherman caught his
fishes using his own methods, again the weaver weaved clothes in his own method.
3. Now, if the farmer didn’t have the method to farm, he wouldn’t be able to exchange his
product for anything else. The same can be said about the weaver and the fisherman.
Now, this method which is unique to each of these people can be called technology. So
we see that technology had a hand to play even at the very nascent form of business.
Lets move forward in time and witness how unknowingly man had used both technology
and business in unison.
Soon man found out that barter system had its convoluted drawbacks. Dickering over the
relative value of different things tends to be time-consuming and troublesome, and so
societies tended to converge towards a common medium of exchange. Aztecs used cacao
beans, the main ingredient of chocolate, though it seems a bit unlikely that this was the
origin of the modern term of "bean-counter" for an accountant; livestock was common
among herding cultures; slaves were sometimes used, too, but they were much harder to
control than cattle and so not as popular; and many cultures used salt, including the
Romans for a time, leading to the modern term "salary". The use of salt and cacao
beans(main ingredient of chocolate) points towards the development of technology. Thus
making it necessary account for it in business as well.
The medium that gradually gained widespread acceptance was precious metals such as
gold and silver. Ancient Egypt was one of the first lands to establish transactions using
precious metals, though their forms were variable -- rings, bars, wafers, and so on. Coins
are said to have been invented by the Lydians, a people of Asia Minor, sometime after
640 BC, using stamped ingots of "electrum", a naturally occurring amalgam of silver and
gold. The scheme was refined by King Croesus, ruler of Lydia from 560 to 546 BC, who
introduced coins of true gold. He became identified with wealth in the antique expression
"rich as Croesus".
Introduction of coinage was a great boost to commerce, simplifying transactions and
allowing them to be conducted more rationally over long distances. The Greeks picked up
the idea of coins from the Lydians; since the Greeks had a colonial and trading empire
that ringed the Mediterranean, they spread their coinage, such as the "stater" and various
multiples of the "drachma", along all the shores of the sea. When Alexander the Great
engaged in a campaign of conquest in the 4th century BC that took him to the borders of
India, he kept his troops loyal by paying them in coin, and also helped spread the idea
further.
I need to mention to my readers where I am driving home with these information so far.
Its pretty hard not see the technological factor involved even in developing the idea of
money as we know today.
Coins are still with us, though they are now little more than tokens made of non-precious
metals.
Lets have a look at paper money……
When the first paper money was introduced in China a millennium ago, many must have
thought it was just as great a joke. Who would rest their fortunes in mere pieces of paper?
Kublai Khan, the Mongol emperor who ruled China in the 13th century, emphasized that
it wasn't a joke when he decreed that those who refused to accept paper money would be
executed. He also confiscated all gold and silver, even that carried in by foreign visitors.
This was the purpose of Chinese paper money: to ensure total state control over precious
metals. It was effectively a totalitarian measure.
4. Once again paper money came into existence because of paper. Thus again showing us
how technology is paving the way to the basic idea of money.
chinese paper money did work well enough for a time; Marco Polo was impressed by the
system during his visit to the Middle Kingdom. However, if there was a tendency to
debase coins, the temptation to simply print more paper money regardless of the
consequences was often irresistible, and public confidence in paper money was weak
anyway. In 1294, paper money was forcibly introduced in Persia, but led to economic
disaster. Even in China, paper money had been more or less abandoned by the 15th
century.
The notion of paper money began to reemerge in Europe at the end of the 17th century.
According to tradition, the first European to introduce paper money was a Swedish
banker named Johan Palmstruch, whose Stockholm Banco began to issue the stuff in
1661. The offering went well enough at first, but success led to the bank's overextension.
Palmstruch, like any good modern banker, called to the government for financial help.
Unlike a modern banker, he was taken to trial for mismanagement and sentenced to
death, though the sentence was commuted to life imprisonment.
Even though its looks like a big slap on paper money, paper money did not die. Needless
to say that till now a lot of inventions took place, thus technology was moving ahead too.
Like the invention of guns, cannons etc. lets see how technology and business get even
more intimate.
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major
changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transport had a profound effect on the
socioeconomic and cultural conditions starting in the United Kingdom, then subsequently
spreading throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world. The onset of the
Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human history; almost every aspect
of daily life was eventually influenced in some way.
Starting in the later part of the 18th century there began a transition in parts of Great
Britain’s previously manual labour and draft-animal–based economy towards machine
based manufacturing. It started with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the
development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal. Trade
expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads and railways.The
introduction of steam power fuelled primarily by coal, wider utilisation of water
wheels and powered machinery (mainly in textile industries) underpinned the dramatic
increases in production capacity. The development of all-metal machine tools in the first
two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines
for manufacturing in other industries. The effects spread throughout Western
Europe and North America during the 19th century, eventually affecting most of the
world, a process that continues as industrialisation. The impact of this change on society
was enormous. As this process took place, businesses grew rapidly all over the world. All
parts of the world were getting more and more accessible. Every business men want more
money thus, making it inevitable for all of them to make use of technology.
5. …..AND GOES ON!!!!
Hence all industries started booming, many business houses grew from local providers to
global giant in the following years. Once again we cannot fail to see the link between
business and technology. If industrial revolution made business and technology star
crossed lovers, the later half of 20th century made them inseparable. Lets have a look at
that.
Now we move into the electronic age, which witnessed the birth of the “blockbuster” of
all of mankinds creation……COMPUTER. Not only did it change our lifestyle at a
blazing pace, but paved the way for things we couldn’t even dream of earlier. The very
concept of money I discussed earlier got concocted into something entirely different.
Modern computer-based commerce is rooted in the "charge card", which evolved roughly
in parallel with the computer.
The first modern charge card was issued by Diner's Club in 1950, being created in part by
a financier named Frank X. McNamara, who as the story has it was embarrassed when he
came up short for a restaurant bill. The original Diner's Club card actually made of
pasteboard, with plastic not introduced until 1955. The Diner's Club card was only really
honored by a network of restaurants, making it a convenience for the wealthy so they
didn't have to carry around large amounts of cash or fumble with checks.
Soon this shaped into credit cards, ATM cards as we know it today. Once again I would
like my readers to draw their attention how technology and business is going hand in
hand. With the introduction of credit and debit cards, it gave banks and financial
institution another business opportunity.
The electronics industry paved ways for different gadgets, which were not only used by
businesses to sell to consumers, but was used to run the business as well. The rise of the
Internet also saw the introduction of purely online financial transaction systems.
6. The most popular at present is the "PayPal" system, which was founded in 1998 and as of
2009 had 70 million accounts worldwide.
A very simple example would be Microsoft excel, which was developed to maintain data
of various formats. It was sold to many businesses, thus making it a big business for
Microsoft, and what did these businesses do with excel, they used it to run their own
business. If the were any drawbacks because of the technology, Microsoft improved their
product, which lead further business. One can easily see how things are running in
circles, it can make any one giddy.
Lets have a look at the decade of 2000-2009:
In 2002: AOL and Time Warner merged to form a company of at 200 billion dollars,
Although Time Warner sold AOL to the public for 3 billion dollar spin off in 2009.
The year 2000 started with a bang which it wasn’t, the feared y2k bug never really
showed up, although millions of dollars were spent to develop a fix.
In the year 2000 nasdaq peaked at over 5000, but within months thanks to internet bubble
burst, it crashed way below 2000. Funny, that we could get this information because of
technology, which was again the root of this downfall.
But nevertheless technology was infront and centre, in 2001 Jimmy Wales launched
Wikipedia , the ambitious online encyclopedia project, which anyone can access and edit
the contents.
If Wikipedia was a private company it would be worth 5 billion dollars.
That year apple introduced i-pod, ensuring their reign in digital media for the rest of the
decade, which again is worth millions of dollars. Then Apple came up with the hot and
slick i-pad
In 2004 google was launched, it’s a high profile company worth over 100 billion dollars
today. In the same year Mark Zuckerberg started social networking website facebook.
Which today is worth atleast 10 billion dollars.
2005 saw the launch of youtube by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen and Jawed Karim, in just 18
months google bought youtube for 1.5 billion dollars.
In 2006 twitter was launched, it ended the decade as the technology “it” company, if we
can call twitter technology that is!!
In 2007 apple launched the i-phone which revolutionized the phone industry, the way it
did to music industry.
So what we see here ?????
New businesses were born from new tecnologies, again to keep the same businesses
running and growing needed technology as well. One cant live without the other, and
7. each is feeding on the other and growing exponentially. They both are parasite and hosts
for each other, and slowly mutating into one whole organism “biztech”.
Every business today makes use of technology to run their day to day affairs, and then
there are businesses who run on selling and improving the very same technology!!!!
This business and technology love affair would put Shakespeare’s star crossed lovers
Romeo and Juliet to shame!
At the Forrester’s IT Forum 2007. The seven things Forrester Research Chairman and
Chief Executive Officer George Colony would say to any CEO in the world>>>
1. It's not IT anymore … it's BT.
The gloss: BT is now your business, and your business is technology: information
technology affects revenue, profit, market share, cost reduction and the loss of a
ton of money if one of those wires you used to equate with IT gets cut.
2. When it comes to technology … stop being clueless.
The gloss: A board of directors would never let a CEO get away with not
knowing anything about finance or marketing. The CEO has to understand in
general terms what the technology is about and how it is changing his or her
business and customers.
3. It's not always the CIO's fault … in some cases, it's your fault.
The gloss: The big, expensive SAP implementation blew up, so you fired the CIO.
What about you, who brought in customer resource management but didn't
change the way the sales force is organized or how the company does business, so
it failed? BT is not about fault; it is about collaboration.
4. You need four players to get business technology right.
The gloss: The four are: a CEO who is not clueless about IT; technology
8. knowledgeable business executives, or TKBEs; the CIO; and a "techie" on the
board of directors.
5. The CIO should not be -- indeed cannot be -- the driving force behind
business process change and innovation.
The gloss: Process and innovation is about the business, which is run by other
executives.
6. Technology+process+organization.
The gloss: Technology can't function in a vacuum; it needs the right process and
the right organization to work.
7. When you're looking for your next CIO, look for a teacher.
The gloss: IT executives are in the business of helping other executives
understand what technology can do for the business.
So is technology an important factor having a bearing on businesses world wide??? Its
not a factor anymore, its one and the same. Like I said I would certainly delve a bit into
philosophy……..We humans have managed to outdo ourselves, we created something
time and again which is moving us up the ladder of civilization. But more often than not
we don’t realize the potential of our invention, our own ideas which it bears on the future.
We are inventing gadgets, which even we don’t understand. Is “biztech”one such a
concept which will surpass our understanding? Or is it a part of cosmic pattern which we
fail to recognize? Or is the human brain the holy grail?