This document compares labor-based and equipment-based rural road construction technologies in Nepal. Labor-based technology uses local labor and hand tools, while equipment-based uses mechanized tools. Labor-based has longer duration but lower capital costs, is suitable for agricultural off-seasons, and provides more local employment. Equipment-based has shorter duration but higher capital costs and requires repair/maintenance services. A case study in Makwanpur district found labor-based roads improved livelihoods and food security more than equipment-based roads. The conclusion is that labor-based technology is more appropriate for rural road construction in Nepal due to sustainability, local employment benefits, and support for agricultural markets.

1. Comparative analysis of labor based
and equipment based rural road
construction technology in Nepal
Presented by:-
Tsering Ngutuk Gurung
(PAS076MSIEM017)

2. outline

3. background

5. introduction
LABOR-BASED TECHNOLOGY:-
 It is a technology that applies labor
force for production and execution of
road construction with use of locally
available non-mechanical tools.
 If the activities cannot performed
alone by labor then introduction of
simple or intermediate equipment is
deployed for increasing efficiency
and effectiveness.

6. introduction
EQUIPMENT BASED
TECNOLOGY:-
 The construction of road
using highly mechanized tools
with skilled manpower is
called equipment based
technology.
 Though it's highly efficient
and effective, it requires huge
capital cost for operation,
maintenance, repair and
transportation to the site.

7. Objectives of
construction
technology
Reducing construction costs
Good work planning
Carefully selecting and training workers and
managers
Efficiently scheduling labor, materials, and
equipment
Properly organizing work

8. Suitability of two methods in context of rural
road
LBM
Long project duration
Low capital cost
High maintenance cost
Suitable for agriculture slack
season
Availability of large number of
unemployed workforces
EBM
Short project duration
High capital cost
Low maintenance cost
Suitable for any seasons
Availability of highly mechanized
tools with repair and
maintenance services

9. Selection criteria for above methods
Available funds for rural road project
Stated project durations
Economic status of project affected people
Prevalent employment opportunities
Condition of human resources; skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled
Geographical situation of related site
Acquaintedness with technology
Gender equality and participatory approach
Sustainability and environment friendly

10. Is the selected method is sustainable?
Labor-based method is comparatively more sustainable than equipment based method
by following parameters:-
A. Environment sustainability
Minimization of slope cutting preservation of the vegetative cover
Mass balancing
Environment friendly construction method
Proper water management
Bio-engineering

11. Is the selected method is sustainable?
Labor-based method is comparatively more sustainable than equipment based method
by following parameters:-
B. Sustainable communities
Poverty alleviation through income and employment generation
Decentralization and participatory approach
Local level capacity building
Social equity and gender balance
C. Sustainable economy
Sustainable economic development
Optimum utilization of local resources
Foreign exchange control
Sustainable maintenance

12. Is EBM an
appropriate
technology?
Not at all, due to following
reasons:-
 Frequent natural disasters
like landslides, debris fall
and resulted flooding
 Pollution
 Disturbances to natural
resources during
construction (drill and blast)

13. A case study of Makwanpur district
Name of Road Total length (km) Length considered (km) Technology
Dandabas-Pakani 15 15 LB (GTZ)
Pakani Kharka-Baikuntha 13 13 EB
Sitalchowk-Jatiya Pokhari 6 2.5 EB

14. A case study of Makwanpur district
Dandabas-Pakani LB road
• Financial and livelihood improvement with
ensured additional three month of food
security
• Increased in commercial vegetable
farming due to market linkage (90% of
2130 households)
• Average days of work engagement in road
corridor-149
• Total direct cost:-NRs1821700 /km
• Enhanced participation of dalit
households and females
Pakani-Baikuntha EB road
• EB is adopted due to presence of
alignment in forest and lack of local
labourers
• It reduced cost of the 5m wide road to
about NRs 619,000 per km
• Only functional for seven months
• Average days of work engagement in road
corridor-149
• Total direct cost:-NRs619600 /km

15. Conclusion
• LB is an appropriate technology for rural road construction in Nepal.
• Outbound mobility to aboard can be stopped by creation of short
term employment opportunities and flourishing market access to the
rural agricultural products.
• The sustainability of natural resources can be achieved through the LB
technology and implementation of traditional and ancient technology
in a collaborative way.

16. THANK YOU!